Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 1 of 12
`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 1 of 12
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`EXHIBIT 16
`EXHIBIT 16
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 2 of 12
`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-
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`1113 Ultimate Computer Refinance
`
`
`
`Microsoft-“Press
`
`DEFS_ANCORA00002094
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 3 of 12
`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 3 of 12
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`MN
`
`MEMORIAL LIBRARY
`W
`
`Microsoft Press
`
`Cgmgputer
`Iblctmlmry
`
`Third Edition
`
`MicrosofrPress
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`DEFS_ANCORA00002095
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 4 of 12
`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 4 of 12
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`_
`
`I Mud-l.
`
`‘."
`
`I
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`5
`
`PUBLISHED BY .
`Microsoft Press
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`‘
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
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`Copyright © 199? by Microsoft Corporation
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`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
`in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging—in—Pttblication Data
`Microsoft Press Computer Dictionary. -- 3rd ed.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 1-5723l-446-X
`
`i. Computers—Dictionaries.
`I. Microsoft Press.
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`2. Microcompu[era-Dictionaries.
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`QA76.15.M54 I997
`004'.t)3—~dc21
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`9115489
`CIP
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`Printed and bound in tlte United States of America.
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`Macintosh, Power Macintosh. QuiekTime. and TrueType are registered trademarks of Apple Computer.
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`registered trademarks and ActiveMovie. ActiveX, and Visual J++ are trademarks of Microsoft
`Corporation. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Other product and company names
`mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
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`Acquisitions Editor: Kim Fryer
`Project Editor: Maureen Williams Zimmerman. Anne 'I’aussig
`Technical Editors: Dail Magec Jr., Gary Nelson. Jean Ross. Jim Fuchs. John Conrow, Kurt Meyer.
`Robert Lyon, Roslyn Lutsch
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`I throw
`Moment-1|
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`iiiblei'i‘iliy OI \‘Fijr '.".‘.1'
`:[i —. N‘atjlsfl
`. _'.i .‘
`'
`:5 I" “flint
`.1"“"'-;~1494
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 5 of 12
`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 5 of 12
`alert box
`
`the particular host adapter used. AC'mHjmf: ASP]
`
`tA‘S-P-I’, a spa. See also adapter. SCSI.
`.21:
`\dot‘A—EW it. On the Internet, the major geo—
`
`graphic domain specifying that an address
`located in United Arab iimiralcs.
`
`is
`
`.af \dot‘A-FW it. On the Internet, the major geo-
`
`gntphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in Afghanistan.
`AFDW \A'F-I)-W'\
`ii. See Active Framework for
`
`Data Warehousing.
`AFIPS \fi'lips\
`it. Acronym for American Federa—
`tion of Information Processing Societies. An orga-
`nization formed in 1961 for the advancement of
`
`computing and informs[ion—related concerns. The
`US. representative of the International Federation
`of Information Processing. AFIPS was replaced by
`
`the Federation on Computing in the United States
`(FOCUS) in 1900.
`
`AFR \A‘F—KW :1er Acronym for away from. key—
`board. A phrase occasionally seen in live chat ser-
`vices on the interact and online infonnation
`
`scwices as an indication that one is momentarily
`unable to answer. See also chatI (definition ll.
`.af.mil
`\dot-A—F‘dot-mil’.
`dot—A~I*“doL—M-l-L’\
`
`it.
`
`the major geographic domain
`On the Internet.
`specifying that an address belongs to the United
`States Air Force.
`
`AFS \A‘F—SW it. Acronym for Andrew File System.
`Carnegie-Mellon’s distributed file system for facili—
`tating accessibility Io ren'iole files in large net~
`works.
`
`\dot‘A—GW it. On the Internet, the major geo-
`.33,
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in Antigua and Barbuda.
`
`agent \a’iant\ n. 1. A program that performs a
`background task for a user and reports to the user
`when the task is done or some expected event has
`taken place. 2. A program that searches through
`arcl'tives or other repositories of information on a
`topic specified by the user. Agents of this sort are
`used moSI often on the Internet and are generally
`dedicated to searching a single type of informa-
`tion repository.
`such as postings on Usenet
`groups. Spiders are a type of agent used on the
`Internet. Afso coiled intelligent agent. Se ’ arise spi—
`
`der. 3. In client/server applications. a process that
`mediates between the client and the server. 4. In
`
`Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), a
`
`program that monitors network traffic. See also
`SNMP.
`
`.ai \dot‘A-IW it. On the Internet, the major geo-
`
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in Anguilla.
`AI \A~I’\
`it. See artificial intelligence.
`.aiff \clot‘A-I-F-F’\
`ii. The file extension that iden-
`
`tifies audio files in the sound format originally
`
`used on Apple and Silicon Graphics (56!) com-
`puters.
`AIFF \A‘ I—F—F '\ n. The sound format originally used
`
`on Apple and Silicon Graphics (561! computers.
`AIFF stores wavefonn files in an 8-bit monaural
`format. See (“'50 wax-’eforrn.
`
`AIX \A‘l-X‘\ ii. Acronym for Advanced Interactive
`Executive. A version of the UNIX system provided
`by IBM for its UNIX workstations and its PCs.
`.ak.us \dot—A—K‘dot—U—S'\ H. On the Internet. the
`
`major geographic domain specifying that an
`address is located in Alaska. United States.
`
`.31 \dot‘A-L‘\
`
`it. On the Internet, the maior geo-
`
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in Albania.
`
`alarm \a-liirmW H. A visual or auditory signal from
`a computer alerting the user to an error or [award—
`ous situation.
`
`\o-lart‘\ n. 1. On the Macintosh and in many
`alert
`graphical user
`interfaces, an audible or visual
`alarm that signals an error or represents a warning
`of some sort. See raise alert box. 2. In program-
`ming, an asynchronous notification sent by one
`thread to another. The alert interrupts the recipient
`thread at defined points in its execution and
`
`“nurses it to execute an asynchronous procedure
`“all. See aim asynchronous procedure call, thread
`{definition 11.
`
`alert box \a~lort’ boks‘i n. An tin-screen box.
`
`in
`
`:1 graphical user interface, that is used to deliver a
`message or warning. An alert hos from Windows.
`See the illustration. Compare dialog box.
`
`
`
`Alert box.
`
`
`
`I t‘h'umtm'al met he mums: bitumen lam tti-‘lli 1: us tam-l J
`——_
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 6 of 12
`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 6 of 12
`BISYNC
`binding time
`
`information (such as a memory address. a data
`type. or an actual value}. See also binding time,
`dynamic binding, static binding.
`in a
`binding tilne \l'iin'deng tim‘\ n. The point
`program‘s use at which binding of information
`occurs, usually in reference to program elements
`being bound to their storage locations and values.
`The In: rat common binding times are during com-
`pilation tcompiledime binding). during linking
`{link-time binding). and during program execution
`(tun-time binding).
`.S‘ee air” bind, compile—time
`binding, link-time binding, run-time binding.
`BinHexl \bin'heks‘t
`ti. 1. A code for converting
`binary data files into ASCII
`text so they can be
`
`transmitted via email to another computer or in a
`newagroup post. This method can be used when
`standard ASCII characters are needed for transmis—
`
`sion, as they are on the Internet. Biol-[ex is used
`
`most frequently by Mac users. See (rise MIME.
`2.An Apple Macintosh program for converting
`binary data files into ASCII text and vice versa
`using the Binl—Iex code. Currrpaie uudecode'.
`uuenct ide '.
`rib. To convert a binary file
`BinHexJ ‘thin'helrfl
`into printable ?—bit ASCII text or to convert the
`resulting ASCII
`text
`tile back to binary format
`using, the Binl'lex program. Comprm.’ uudecode").
`u uencodc 2.
`
`binomial distribution \bi—nt'i'me-ai dis-trn-bytfil
`shard H.
`In statistics, a list or a Function that
`
`describes the probabilities of the possible values
`of a random variable chosen by Int-ans of a Ber-
`
`noulli sampling process. A Bernoulli process has
`three characteristics: each trial has only two possi-
`ble trutcrrates—~sttt'cess or
`laiiure: each trial
`is
`
`independent of all other trials; and the probability
`of success for each trial is constant. A binomial dis-
`
`Iribution can be used to calculate the probability
`
`ol‘ getting a specified number ol' successes in a
`Bernoulli process. For example, the binomial dis
`tribution can be uric-d to calculate the probability
`of getting a ? three times in 30 rolls of a pair of
`thee. Afro coiled Bernoulli distribution.
`
`it. The study of living organ—
`bionics \l)i~on 'iks‘\
`isms. their characteristics. and the ways they lunc—
`
`h‘. Acronym for basic
`BIOS \bi'os, B‘l—O-S'l.
`input/output system. On IKE-compatible comput—
`ers.
`the set of essential software routines that test
`
`the operating system,
`hardware at startup, start
`and support the transfer of data among hardware
`devices. The BIOS is stored in read-only memory
`(ROM) so that it can be executed when-the com-
`
`to perfor-
`puter is turned on. Although critical
`mance. the BIOS is usually invisible to computer
`users. See also AMI BIOS. CMOS setup, Phoenix
`BIOS, ROM [3105. Compare Toolbox.
`bipolar \bi‘pfi'lafl
`(Stuff. 1. Having two opposite
`states, such as positive and negative. 2. In infor-
`mation transfer and processing, pertaining to or
`
`characteristic of a signal in which opposite volt-
`age polarities represent on and off,
`true and
`
`false. or some other pair of values. See ditto nort-
`return to Zero. Compare unipolar. 3. In electron—
`ics. pertaining to or characteristic of a transistor
`having two types of charge carriers. See rtiso tran—
`sistor.
`
`it. See business information system.
`BIS \B‘ I-S’\
`bistable \bi‘stft'bl‘t adj. Of, pertaining to, or char-
`acteristic ot‘a system or device that has two possi~
`ble states. such as on and off. See also flip—flop.
`bistable circuit Uni-stab] sar'kad it. Any circuit
`that has only two stable states. The transition
`between them must be initiated from outside the
`
`circuit. A bistable circuit is capable of storing I bit
`of information.
`bistable multivibrator \bT-stft‘bl
`
`mul-tT-vT‘bra-
`
`it. See Flip-{lop
`tar, nttII-te-\-'i'bra-tar\
`BISYNC \bi'sEnM it. Short for binary synchro-
`
`nous communications protocol. A communica—
`tions
`standard devvloperl by
`IBM. BISYNC
`transmissions are encoded in either ASCII or
`
`EBCDIC. Messages can be of any length and are
`sent in units called frames, optionally“ preceded by
`
`a message header. BISYNC uses synchronous
`transmission. in which message elements are sep-
`arated by a specific time interval, so each frame is
`preceded and followed by special characters that
`enable the sending and receiving machines to syn-
`chronize their clocks, STX and ETX are control
`
`characters that mark the beginning and end of the
`
`lion, with a view toward creating hardware that
`can simulate or duplicate the activities ol’ a birth agi-
`cal system. See also cybernetics.
`
`message text; BCC is a set of characters used to
`verify the accuracyr of transmission. See the illus—
`tration on the next page. Also cuffed BSC.
`
`
`
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 7 of 12
`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 7 of 12
`
`Enhanced [DE
`
`1990—192, and in compound adjectives where one
`part is hyphenated or consists of two words, as in
`pre—Civil “far. The en dash is named alter a typo—
`graphical unit of measure, the on space, which is
`half the width of an em space. See also em space.
`
`(footprint em dash, hyphen.
`End key \end’ ke\
`it. A cursor-control key that
`moves the cursor to a certain position. usually to
`the end of a line, the end of a screen, or the end
`
`of a file, depending on the program.
`endless loop \end' las ltfiph it. See infinite loop.
`end mark \end" mitrld n. A symbol
`that desig-
`nates the end of some entity, such as a file or word
`processing document.
`ii. A code placed by a
`end-of-file \eiid'av-til’\
`program after the last byte of a file to tell the corn-
`puter‘s operating system that no additional data
`follows. In ASCII. end-of-l'ile is represented by the
`decimal value 26 (hexadecimal 1A} or the Ctrl—Z
`
`control character. Acronym: EDF (E'O—F').
`end-of-lext \cnd‘av-tekst '\ n.
`In data transmis—
`
`sion. :1 character used to mark the end of a text
`
`file. Ended—text does not necessarily signify the
`end of transmission; other information, such as
`
`error—checking or transmission control characters,
`can be included at the end of the file. In ASCII,
`
`end—of—text is represented by the decimal value 5
`{hexadecimal 05}. Acronym: ETX (ET—X").
`end-of—transmission \end‘av—tntnz-mish‘an‘t
`
`n.
`
`A character representing the end of a transmission.
`In ASCII. the end-of—transmission character has the
`
`decimal value 4 [hexadecimal {Vi}. Acronym: EOT
`(ITO-Tl
`
`endpoint \cnd‘point't n. The beginning or end of
`a line segment.
`end user \end’ yo‘fi‘zafl n. The ultimate user of a
`computer or computer applicatitiin in its finished,
`marketable form.
`
`\end‘yothi-zar
`End-User License Agreement
`li’sans a—gre‘mand n. A legal agreement between
`a software manufacturer and the software's pur-
`chaser with regard to terms of distribution, resale,
`and restricted use. Acmrr-vm; EULA tycfi'lo, FILT-
`L—A’),
`
`line-r3)r Star \en'sr—je stiir‘\ H. A symbol affixed to
`systems and components
`that
`tlentiites
`lower
`power—consumption design. Energy Star
`is
`the
`name of an Envirt'rnmental Protection Agency pro-
`
`gram that encourages PC manufacturers to build
`systems that are energy efficient. Requirements
`dictate that systems or monittin‘s be capable of
`automatically entering a "sleep state” or a lower
`power-consumption state while the unit is inac-
`tive, where [he low-power state is defined its 50
`walls or less. Systems and monitors that comply
`with these guidelines are marked with an Energy
`Star sticker.
`
`engine \en'jam It. A processor or portion of a
`program that determines how the program than
`ages and manipulates data. The term engine is
`most often used in relation to a specific program;
`for example, a database engine contains the tools
`for manipulating a database.
`(Tomprire liacltwend
`processor, front—end processor.
`Enhanced Expanded Memory Specification
`\en—hansd‘
`elts-pan"dad mcm'ar-t‘:
`spcs‘a—fa—
`kfi‘sham it. Set-'EEMS.
`
`Enhanced Graphics Adapter \en—hansd" gral"iks
`a-dap'tar\ it. See EGA.
`Enhanced Graphics Display \en—hansd‘ gntf'iks
`dis—plfiW H. A PC video display capable of produc-
`ing graphic images with resolutions ranging lrtmt
`jZO X 200 Lhrough (340 X 400 pixels, in color or in
`black and white. Resolution and color depth
`
`depend on the vertical and horizontal scanning fre—
`quencies of the display. the capabilities ot‘the video
`display controller card. and available video RAM.
`Enhanced [DE \en-hansd‘
`I-D-E'\
`it. Short
`for
`
`Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics. An exten-
`sion of the [DE standard, Enhanced IDE is a hard—
`
`ware interface standard for disk drive designs that
`house control circuits in the drives themselves.
`It
`
`allows for standardized interfaces to the system
`
`bus while providing for advanced features, such as
`3:331:55.
`burst data
`transfer
`and direct data
`
`Enhanced IDE accommodates drives as large as
`
`8.4 gigabytes (IDE supports up to 528 megabytes).
`It supports the. ATA—Z interlace, which permits
`transfer rates up to 13.?) megabytes per second
`t'lDlj permits up to 5.3 megabytes per second],
`and the ATAPI interface. which connects drives for
`
`CD-ROMS, optical discs and tapes, and multiple
`channels. Most PCs have Enhanced IDE drives,
`
`which are cheaper than SCSI drives and provide
`much of the same functionality. Acmrt‘t’m: HIDE
`{13“ I~D—E "l. Scerrfso IDE, SCSI.
`
`IV“
`-
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 8 of 12
`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 8 of 12
`filtering program
`
`FIR port
`
`designated output destination. A database filter, for
`example. might flag information of a certain age.
`2. In communications and electronics. hardware or
`
`software that selectively passes certain elements of
`a signal anti eliminates or minimizes others. A filter
`on a communications network, for example. must
`
`be designed to transmit a certain frequency but
`attenuate (dampen) Frequencies above it (a low—
`pass filter}, those below it (a highpass filter), or
`those above and below it (a bandpass filter}. 3. A
`
`pattern or mask through which data is passed to
`weed out specified items. For instance, a filter tiSed
`in e-mail or in retrieving newsgroup messages can
`allow users to filter out messages from other users.
`See (rise e—niail filter, mask. 4. In computer graph-
`ics. a special effect or production effect
`that
`is
`applied to bitmapped images: for example. shifting
`pixels within an image. making elements of the
`image transparent. or distorting the image. Some
`filters are built into a graphics program, such as a
`paint program or an image editor. Others are sep—
`arate software. packages that plug into the graphics
`program. See also bitmapped graphics. image edi—
`tor. paint program.
`
`it. A
`filtering program \fil’tar-éng pro‘gram\
`program that filters inl‘ol‘matit'in and presents only
`results that match the qualifications defined in the
`program.
`
`FilterKeys \fil 'tar-kéz'\ n. A Windows 95 accessi—
`bility control panel feature that enables users with
`physical disabilities to use the keyboard. With liil—
`Ierlx'eys.
`the system ignores brief and repeated
`keystrokes that result from slow or inaccurate fin—
`
`ger movements. See 5:!er accessibility. Crunjiai‘e
`Mouseiieys. ShowSounds, SoundSentrv. Sticky~
`Keys, ToggleKeys.
`Final-Form-Text DCA \fT nal-li’it‘m—teltst’ D-C-A ’\
`
`copy, and delete files; and to launch applications.
`items in the system are. often represented as icons,
`and a mouse or similar pointing device is used to
`
`manipulate these items. The Finder was the first
`commercially successful graphical user interface.
`and it helped launch a wave of interest in icon-
`based systems. See also M u ltiFinder.
`finger]
`\I’Eng'or‘t
`it. An internet utility. originally
`limited to UNIX but now available on many other
`
`platforms. that enables a user to obtain informa-
`
`tion on other users who may be at other sites (if
`those sites permit access by finger}. Given an e-
`mail address. finger returns the user's full name. an
`
`indication of whether or not the user is currently
`logged on, and any other irifta'ination the user has
`chosen to supply as a profile. Given a first or last
`name,
`finger returns the logon names of users
`whose. first or last names match.
`
`rib. To obtain information on a
`\fEng’ar‘t
`Finger“3
`user by means of the finger program.
`n. A
`fingerprint reader \lEttg'-ar-print
`ré‘dafl
`scanner that reads human fingerprints for animal'-
`ison to a database of stored fingerprint images.
`FIPS Itfips, F‘l-I’-S'\
`it. St.“ Federal
`information
`Processing Standards.
`
`firewall \tir’wiih a. A security system intended to
`
`protect an organization's network against external
`threats. such as hackers. coming from another net—
`
`wrtirk. such as the lnternet. A firewall prevents
`enn‘tputers
`in the organization's network from
`communicating directly with computers external
`to the network and vice versa. Instead, all commu-
`
`nication is routed through a proxy server outside
`of the organization’s network. and the proxy
`server decides whether it is safe to let a particular
`message or file pass through to the organization’s
`netwrirk.
`
`n. A standard in Document Content Architecture
`
`firmware \farnt 'wftfl
`
`it. Software routines stored
`
`for storing documents in ready-to-print
`(DCA)
`form for interchange between dissimilar progra ms.
`A related standard is Revisable»Fortn—'l‘ext DCA
`
`( RFI'DCA ). .‘lCiUlt‘Fm: F FTDCA (1:~ F-T D-C-A "). See
`also DCA (definition 1). (firmware Revisahle—li‘orm—
`Text [)CA.
`find \find\ ch...9eese;trcl1‘a.
`Finder \fl'n’dofl n. The standard interface to the
`
`Macintosh operating system, allowing the user to
`view the contents of directories (folders): to move.
`
`(ROM). L'nlike r'andt'im
`in read-only memoryr
`access memory (RAM). read-only memory stays
`
`intact even in the absence of electrical power.
`
`input/output
`low—level
`and
`routines
`Startup
`instructions are stored in firmware. It falls lJetween
`software and hardware in terms of ease of modifi—
`
`cation. Seeriisu RAM. ROM.
`
`FIR port \Fl-R’ pot“ :3. Short for fast infrared
`port. A wireless [/0 port. most common on a
`portable computer. that exchanges data with an
`
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Page 9 of 12
`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-18 Filed 03/20/20 Pa 9 9 of 12
`m
`
`when a new version is installed. For example. will
`a new spreadsheet software release he able to
`read the existing business records without expen—
`sive and time-consuming conversion to a new for-
`mat? Many legacy systems are based on mainframe
`computers. which are heing slowly replaced in
`many organizations hy L‘llttl‘ll.r"5tfl‘\’{':l' architectures.
`.S'ee also mainframe computer. Cmnpmc client/
`sewer architecture.
`
`legend \lej 'and\ 31. Text that describes or explains
`a graphic. usually printed lielow the graphic. On a
`graph or map. the legend is the key to the patterns
`or the symht'ils used.
`ziy‘
`Lempel Ziv algorithm \le1n“pal
`and. n. A mathematical algorithm designed tr.)
`
`al 'ga-ridh-
`
`reduce a data file's size without sacrificing its
`
`integrity. See also .1211.
`length \length‘t
`it. The number of linear units of
`storage space occupied by an ohiect. such as a file
`on disk or a data structure in a program. typically
`
`measured in hits, hytcs. or lilocks.
`less than \les‘ dhan\ my. Seerelationai operator.
`less than or equal to \Ies‘ dhan Cur E'ltwal to?“
`(elf. See relational operator.
`letterbomb \let'or—homW n. An e-mail message
`
`that is intended to impair the recipient's computer
`use. Some sequences of control characters can
`lock up a terminal. tiles attached to the message
`may contain viruses or Trojan horses. and a suffi—
`ciently large message can overflow a mailhox or
`crash a system. Riordan control character, e—maill
`{definition '1). mailbox. Trojan horse. virus.
`
`ruff. Pertaining to
`letter quality \let'ar kwii’la-tr3\
`or being a level of print quality on dra-tnatrix
`printers that
`is better than draft quality. As the
`name implies. letter quality is supposed to he crisp
`and dark enough for use in husiness letters. See
`trtfso print quality. Ctmtprn'e dntft quality. near—
`letter-quality.
`letter-quality printer \let‘Or kwit-ls—te printed
`it. Any printer that produces output high enough
`in quality to he acceptable for business letters. See
`also daisy—wheel printer. laser printer.
`level 1 cache \ley‘al wsn’ kash'\ it. Seell cache.
`level 2 cache \lev‘al it?) hash‘\ N. Ste L2 cache.
`
`lexicographic sort \leks‘a-kn—grat‘ik s6rt'\ u. A
`sort that arranges items in the order in which they
`
`would appear if listed in a dictionary. A lexico—
`
`ltgi‘ru‘ihic sort puts numbers. for instance. Where
`they would he if they Were spelled out; for exam—
`ple. in? wmtld fall
`in the F's. 6?”??chth alphanu-
`meric sort.
`
`lexicon \lelts's‘lmnW it. 1. The words of a lan~
`
`guage and their definitions. 2. In programming.
`the identifiers. keywords. constants. and other ele—
`ments of a language that make up its "Vocahulaiy."
`The ways in which these vocahulary elements can
`he put
`together is
`the syntax of the language.
`Catapult? syntax.
`LF \L-l-"\ u. .‘feelinefeed.
`
`LHARC \L‘l-t~A"lt—C'\ n. A freeware file—compres—
`sion utility program developed hy Haruyasu
`‘r'oshizaki and introduced in 1988. With LllARC,
`the contents of one or more files can he cont~
`
`pressed into a singular. smaller tile. with the exten-
`sion .lhtt. A copy of the program is required to
`
`uncompress these files. LHARC can also emhed a
`small program with the compressed information
`and save everything in a single file. called a self-
`
`extt‘acting archive. with an .exe extension. As a
`
`result.
`
`the recipient of the compressed file does
`
`not need a separate utility program to uncompress
`the file. Swarm freeware. PKZIP. utility program.
`.li
`\tlot‘I.-I'\ n. On the Internet.
`the maior geo—
`
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in Liechtenstein.
`
`library \li 'hrflr‘E. li'lit‘ar~e\ n. 1. In programming.
`a collection of routines stored in a file. Each set of
`
`instructions in a lihrary has a name. and each per-
`forms a different task. 2. A ct'illet‘rion of software
`
`or data files.
`
`library routine \li’hrar'e rtE—ten‘.li'brar-e\ n. In
`progranuning. a routine stored in a collection of
`routines [a library} that can he used hy any pm-
`grain that can link into the library. See also func—
`tion lihrary, lihraiy {definition '1 1.
`.libJJs \dot-llh'dotdLi—S'_. dot-lrl-B‘dot-ll—SN It. On
`
`the Internet. the major geographic domain speci-
`
`fying that an address belongs to a lihrary in the
`United States.
`
`license agreement \If 'sens o-gre' ntant\ u. A legal
`contract between a software provider and a user
`specifying the rights of the user regarding the soft—
`ware. Usually the license agreement
`is in effect
`with retail software once the user opens the soft—
`ware package.
`
`I_
`
`DEFS_ANCORAOOOO2101
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`
`noninterlaced
`
`normalize
`
`without striking it mechanically. The most com—
`mon types are ink—jet. thermal. and laser printers.
`See who ink-jet printer.
`laser printer,
`thermal
`printer. GJHIIJH‘J'L’ impact printer.
`draft. A display
`noninterlaccd \non‘in'tar-li'isd\
`method on raster-scan t'rtonitors in which the elec—
`tron beam scans each line of the screen once dur-
`
`ing each refresh cycle. Compare interlacing.
`in'tor-
`nonmaskable interrupt \non‘mas—kowbl
`upt\
`it. A hardware interrtlpt
`that bypasses and
`takes priority over interrupt requests generated by
`software and by the keyboard and other such
`devices. A nonmaskable interrupt cannot he over—
`ruled (masked) by another service request and is
`issued to the microprocessor only in disastrous cir-
`cumstances. such as severe memory errors or
`impending pt iwer failures. .‘lcrrnrttttt: NM] (N‘M-l 'l.
`Compare maskablc interrupt.
`nonprocedural language \nodpm—séviar-al lang—
`wojl. n. A programming language that does not
`follrwv the procedural paradigm of executing state-
`rnents, subroutine calls, and control
`structures
`
`sequentially but instead describes a set of facts and
`relationships and then is queried for
`specific
`results. (Li'nttfirtre procedural languag
`nonreturn to zero \non‘ ra—tarn ta zér'o‘i H. 1. In
`
`data transmission. a method of E'Jl'lt‘tltlir‘lg data in
`which the signal representing binary digits alter—
`nates between positive and negatiVe voltage when
`there is it change in digits from '1 to 0 or vice t-‘ersa.
`In other Words,
`the signal does not return to a
`zero. or neutral,
`level after transmission of each
`
`hit. ‘l‘iming is used to distinguish one hit from the
`next. 2. In the recording of data on a magnetic
`surface, a method in which one magnetic state
`represents a l and, usually. the. opposite state rep—
`resents a ti. Acuin‘t’m: NRZ tN‘R—Z’l.
`
`nontrivial \non‘triv 'E-ah ruff. Being either difficult
`or particularly meaningful. For example. a con‘tpli—
`cated programmed procedure to handle a difficult
`problem would represent a nontrivial st ilution,
`nonuniform memory architecture \rton'yfifi-
`tin-form mentor-é iir'ltn—tek—chufl H. A system
`architecture designed for Sequent‘s Non—Uniform
`Access Memory, :1 type of distributed shared mem-
`ory using a number of shared memory segments
`instead of a single centraliZed physical memory.
`Acronym.- NI ‘MA t nan 'mn. N"t"-l\*I—A').
`
`n‘tctn'ar—EW
`nonvolatile memory \ntm‘vol'a—tal
`n. A storage system that does not lose data when
`power is removed from it. Intended to refer to
`
`core memory. ROM, EPROM, flash memory. hub-
`ble memory, or battery—hacked CMOS RAM, the
`term is occasionally used in reference to disk sub»
`systems as well. See also bubble memory, t'ZMOH
`RAM. core. EPROM, flash memory, ROM.
`NO-OP \no'op. N0—(_)-P"\
`ll.
`.5'ce
`tin—operation
`instruction.
`
`in—
`net-operation instruction \no'op—ar-fi 'shan
`struk‘sham n. A machine instruction that has no
`
`results other than to cause the processor to use up
`clock cycles. Such instructions are useful in certain
`situations, such as padding out
`liming loops or
`forcing subsequent instructions to align on certain
`memory boundaries.
`.rlcmnym: Ni J—OI’
`(no op.
`(list i
`N‘O—O—P’l. NOP
`t'nt‘i'op, N"(J~i"‘i.
`Sec
`machine instruction.
`
`NOP \nfi'op. N"O—P"t H. See i‘to—opcution instruc-
`lion.
`
`normal distribution \nr‘n“ma| dis‘trmbyrfi ‘shmn
`it. In statistics, a type of function that describes the
`prr.)b:tbilities of the possible values of a random
`variable. The function. whose graph is the familiar
`bell-shaped curve. can he used to determine the
`
`prol‘iability that the value of the variable will fall
`Within a particular interval of values.
`normal form \nor‘tnal form’\ n. 1. In a relational
`
`database. a set of guidelines for structuring infor-
`mation to avoid redundancy and inconsistency
`and to promote efficient use of resources. A table
`in first normal form adheres to the first guideline,
`one in secrntd normal form adheres to the first two
`
`guidelines. and so forth. 2. In programming. the
`metalanguage sometimes called the Backus nor—
`mal form tBackus—Nttur form l. a language used for
`describing the syntax of other languagesuspecifi—
`cally. ALGOL {it}, for which it was invented. See
`also Backus—Nam form.
`
`normal hyphen \nt'ir'tnal retain it. St’t’ hyphen.
`normalize \nor'nin-liz'\ ch. 1. in programming,
`to adjust the fixed-point and exponent portions of
`a floating-point number to bring the fixed-point
`portions within a specific range. 2.
`in database
`management. to apply a body of techniques to a
`relational database in order to minimize the inclu~
`
`sion of duplication information. Nonnalization
`
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`
`profile
`
` programmable read-only memory
`
`ob. To analyze a program to
`profile \pro‘fil‘t
`determine how much time is spent
`in different
`parts of the program during execution.
`Profiles for Open Systems Internetworklng
`Technology \pi‘o‘filz liar o‘pnn si‘stomz in‘tor-
`net‘war-kéng tek-nola-ja it. See POSIT.
`
`program \pifi’graim n. A sequence of instruc-
`tions that can be executed by a computer. The
`term can refer to the original sottrce code or to the
`
`executable (machine language} version. Also
`called software. See also program creation, rou-
`tine. statement.
`
`program card \pro’gntm kitrd‘l.
`ROM card.
`
`it. See PC Card.
`
`program cartridge \pro'gram kiir‘trii‘t
`ROM cartridge.
`program counter \pro'gram koun“tar\ rr.A1'egis-
`ter (small. high-speed memory circuit within a
`microprocessor} that contains the address (loca-
`tion) of the instruction to be executed next in the
`
`H. See
`
`program sequence.
`
`program creation \pi-c’r'grant kre-a‘sham n. The
`process of producing an executable file. Tradition-
`ally. program creation comprises three steps; (1}
`compiling the high~level source code into assem-
`bly language source code;
`('2) assembling the
`assembly language source code into machine-
`codc obiect files; and t5) linking the machine-code
`object Files with various data files, run-time Files,
`and libranr files into an executable file. Some com—
`pilers go directly front high-level
`source to
`machine—code object, and some integrated devel—
`opment environments compress all
`three steps
`into a single command. See also assembler. com-
`piler [definition 2:}, linker, program.
`program file \pro’gntm fil‘\ n. A disk file that
`contains the executable portionts) of a computer
`program. Depending on its size and complexity.
`an application or other program. such as an oper-
`ating system, can be stored in several different
`files, each containing the instructions necessary for
`some part of the program’s overall functit'ming.
`Compare document file.
`program generator \pro'gram jcn’or—a—tafl n. A
`program that creates other programs {usually in
`source code} based on a set of specifications and
`relationships given by