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`Principles of
`
`
`
`Polymer
`
`Engineering
`
`SMR USA
`Exhibit 1033
`Page 001
`
`SMR USA
`Exhibit 1033
`Page 001
`
`

`

`Principles of
`Polymer Engi,neering
`
`Second edition
`
`N. G. McCrum
`Hertford College
`Umumil)I of Oxford
`
`C. P. Buckley
`Dep,mme111 of E"3ineerif18 Science
`Univmiry of Oxford
`
`C. B. Bucknall
`A.dvanctd MartriJJ/s Depanment
`CronfWd Uruutrsil)I
`
`OXFORD
`
`\nflVBU.rTY PUSS
`
`SMR USA
`Exhibit 1033
`Page 002
`
`

`

`OXFORD
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`
`O N. 0. McCNm. C. P Bt.Ktley, 11nd C. 6. Budc:Nll, 1997
`
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`
`SMR USA
`Exhibit 1033
`Page 003
`
`

`

`0
`
`Introduction
`
`Despite the central role that plastics play in life today, there remains a
`t:raa: of the old view that plastic products are d!eap and nasty. This is
`reflected in a poll held recently in ll!aly. Of those interviewed, 15% were
`neutral, neither for nor against plastics, 25% bad no view, 35% thought
`they were essential and approved, but a surprising 25% of tbosc surveyed
`were quite opposed to them.
`Pa.~men, i.v t.'M Imm cl pwbl:S, ~n .a!ld .fihrr4 .hay" for .many
`years played essential but varied roles in everyday life: as electrical
`insulatioo, as tyres, and as packaging for food, to mention but three. Tbcre
`is no other class of material that could substitute for them. It might be
`thought that t.he public's view of plastics in food packaging would be
`favourable: after all, plastics pacbgitlg in the developed world leads to low
`wastage (less than 2%) whereas in ~'he undeveloped world about 50% of
`the food produced becomes ronen. Plastic packa.ging brings with it also a
`great improvement in hygiene. Yet the public image of plastics as food
`packaging is poor, much lower than that of traditional materials such as
`glass. paper and tinplate. How is it, then, that the word ' plastic' is
`frequently used as a term of abuse in the sense of plastic bread or a plastic
`smile?
`The root of this apparent contradiction is psychological. First and
`foremost is the feeling that plastics, having been conceived as substitutes,
`arc inferior to the real thing: imitAtion marble laminates for the bath(cid:173)
`room? polypropylene grass? mock onyx !Able lamps? Historically, there is
`no doubt that pwtics were developed by entrepreneurs as imi!Ation
`materials and that this form of replacement was intended. But what of the
`essential replacements that plastics al!o permit? False teeth arc inferior to
`the real thing but arc desirable if you have no other choice. And what of
`the anificial hip joint? Most people today have a close friend or re.lativc
`whose life has been improved immeasurably by the polyethylene hip
`prosthesis. There are a vast number of other replacements, not quite so
`essential as these, which arc bighly advaotAgcous. For instance, in automo(cid:173)
`bile engineering. great imprOYerncois in safel)', noise reduction, comfon
`and fuel economy are being derived from the iricreasing replacement of
`metal alloys with pwtics.
`Tbc basic argument in favour of plastics is that they provide a choice,
`
`SMR USA
`Exhibit 1033
`Page 004
`
`