6
`
`production cost can be reduced because no photomask is used.
`Productivity may be increased by simplifying manufacturing
`processes."
`
`(3) Comparison
`From the well-known documents 1 to 3, an invention of a liquid
`crystal display, herein after referred to as well-known invention,
`is found to be well-known before the present application was filed,
`which liquid crystal comprises a first substrate, and a second
`substrate facing the first substrate, a columnar spacer for
`regulating a cell gap between the both substrates which spacer is
`made from a photosensitive resin only in non-display area of either
`or both of the first and second substrates , and liquid crystal held
`in the gap.
`
`The difference between the present invention and the well-known
`invention is that the present amended invention specifies that the
`columnar spacer has a hardness (DH) of from 26 to 30, whereas the
`well-known invention does not have such a specification.
`
`(4) Judgment
`(i)In the present specification, the followings are described:
`"[0015] As a material for forming the spacers 18, a photosensitive
`resin is used, particularly the one which gives a spacer having a
`dynamic hardness defined below of from 26 to 30.
`DH = K x Pmax/hmax2
`wherein DH is a dynamic hardness in Kgf/mm, Pmax is a maximum load
`in kgf, hmax is maximum of total of elastic deformation and plastic
`deformation in mm, and K is determined from deformation of an
`instrument-specific indentator. The above formula was derived by
`conducting dynamic hardness measurement. ...
`[0016] The spacer 18 having a DH of from 26 to 30 is neither too soft
`nor too hard. A spacer with a DH smaller than 26 may allow large change
`in cell gap when an external force is applied to a liquid crystal
`display. A spacer with a DH larger than 26 may cause bubbles to form
`in liquid crystal when a liquid crystal display is cooled to a low
`
`Page 951 of 1919
`
`
`
`production cost can be reduced because no photomask is used.
`Productivity may be increased by simplifying manufacturing
`processes."
`
`(3) Comparison
`From the well-known documents 1 to 3, an invention of a liquid
`crystal display, herein after referred to as well-known invention,
`is found to be well-known before the present application was filed,
`which liquid crystal comprises a first substrate, and a second
`substrate facing the first substrate, a columnar spacer for
`regulating a cell gap between the both substrates which spacer is
`made from a photosensitive resin only in non-display area of either
`or both of the first and second substrates , and liquid crystal held
`in the gap.
`
`The difference between the present invention and the well-known
`invention is that the present amended invention specifies that the
`columnar spacer has a hardness (DH) of from 26 to 30, whereas the
`well-known invention does not have such a specification.
`
`(4) Judgment
`(i)In the present specification, the followings are described:
`"[0015] As a material for forming the spacers 18, a photosensitive
`resin is used, particularly the one which gives a spacer having a
`dynamic hardness defined below of from 26 to 30.
`DH = K x Pmax/hmax2
`wherein DH is a dynamic hardness in Kgf/mm, Pmax is a maximum load
`in kgf, hmax is maximum of total of elastic deformation and plastic
`deformation in mm, and K is determined from deformation of an
`instrument-specific indentator. The above formula was derived by
`conducting dynamic hardness measurement. ...
`[0016] The spacer 18 having a DH of from 26 to 30 is neither too soft
`nor too hard. A spacer with a DH smaller than 26 may allow large change
`in cell gap when an external force is applied to a liquid crystal
`display. A spacer with a DH larger than 26 may cause bubbles to form
`in liquid crystal when a liquid crystal display is cooled to a low
`
`Page 951 of 1919
`
`
`
`7
`
`temperature."
`
`The appellant argued in the response of July 31, 2002, that the
`constant, K, is known as described in section 0014 of Japanese Patent
`Application Laid-Open No.11-34206, hereinafter referred to as
`Reference document 1, sections 0016 and 0017 of Japanese Patent
`Application Laid-Open No.11-296908 . In the section 0014 of the
`Reference document 1, it is described that the dynamic hardness (DH)
`is defined by the following equation:
`DH = 3 . 8584 x P/D2
`
`Even if the constant, K, is widely known to be 3.8584, the present
`amended claim neither defines nor describes K. The description, "a
`hardness value (DH) of from 26 to 30", alone does not define hardness
`of the spacer clearly. The aforesaid difference is therefore
`considered nothing more than a hardness that achieves little change
`in cell gap caused by an external force applied to a liquid crystal
`display and no bubble formation at a low temperature, as described
`section 0016.
`in the present specification
`
`(ii) In the reference 1 cited in the decision of the rejection, it
`is described that, by setting a range of K value, which defines a
`hardness of a spacer, of from 500 kgf/mm2 to 1500 kgf/mm2, a cell gap
`is well maintained and thereby bubble formation is prevented when
`temperature of a liquid crystalline display lowers . There is a similar
`description in the cited reference 2, Japanese Patent Application
`Laid-Open No.5-80343.
`
`(iii) The K value in the invention of Reference 1 and the DH value
`in the present invention are determined in different manners . However
`the invention of Reference 1 and the present invention commonly intend
`to prevent bubble formation at a low temperature in a liquid crystal
`display and to avoid too soft spacers.
`Although the spacer used in the liquid crystal display described
`in Reference 1 is spherical, there is no reason that the technology
`concerning the spherical spacer cannot be applied to a liquid crystal
`
`Page 952 of 1919
`
`
`
`8
`
`display using columnar spacers.
`
`Therefore, a person skilled in the art could easily set a hardness
`of the columnar spacer in the well-known liquid crystal display to
`such a degree that a cell gap is not changed a lot and no bubbles
`are formed at a low temperature as described in Reference 1.
`The
`present invention merely expressed the hardness in DH value derived
`from a parameter different from those for the K value described in
`Reference 1. To specify the hardness range of from 26 to 30 is mere
`optimization easily made by a skilled person.
`
`The effect of the present invention is predictable from the
`reference 1 and aforesaid well-known documents 1 to 3.
`
`As the present amended invention could have been easily made by
`a person skilled in the art by applying the invention described in
`Reference 1 to the well-known invention,
`it is not independently
`patentable under the Patent Low Art.29(2).
`
`(5) Conclusion
`As stated above, the present amendment violates the Patent Low Art.
`126(4) applied mutatis mutandis in the Patent Low Art.l7bls(5) and
`therefore is declined under the Patent Low Section 53(1) .
`
`3. The present invention
`(1) Since the amendment submitted on July 11, 2003 was declined as
`described above, the present inventions are those amended claims of
`from 1 to 10 on July 31, 2002, with claim 1, hereinafter referred
`to as the present invention, being as shown below:
`Claim 1. A liquid crystal display comprising:
`first and second substrates facing each other,
`spacers for regulating a cell gap between the both substrates, said
`spacers being made from a photosensitive resin and disposed in a
`non-display region of either or both of the first and the second
`substrates and having a hardness (DH) of from 26 to 30,and
`liquid crystal sandwiched between the first and the second
`
`Page 953 of 1919
`
`
`
`9
`
`substrates."
`
`(2) Inventions described in the cited documents
`In the document 1 cited in the decision of re j ection, Japanese Patent
`Application Laid-Open No.6-273774, the well-known document 1,
`Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No.8-286194, the well-known
`document 2:Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No.1-134336, and
`the well-known document 3,Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open
`No.9-127513, the invention stated in 2.(2) above is described.
`
`(3) Comparison and Judgment
`Compared with the present amended invention, the present invention
`lacks the limitations that the spacer is disposed only in a non-display
`region and that the spacer has a columnar shape.
`Accordingly, for the almost same reasons as those concerning the
`present amended invention, a person skilled in the art could easily
`made the present invention by applying the invention described in
`the cited document 1 to the well-known inventions.
`
`(4) Closing
`As stated above, the present invention could be easily made by a
`person with skilled in the art based on the invention described in
`the cited document 1 and well-known technologies and therefore cannot
`be patented under the Japanese Patent Low Art.29(2).
`
`The appeal examination is closed with the aforesaid conclusion.
`
`January 10, 2 006
`
`Trial examiner-in-chief Yoshinori Hirai
`Trial examiner
`Yoshito Inazumi
`Trial examiner
`Toshimitsu Suzuki
`
`Teaching based on the Administrative Case Litigation Law Art.46
`A low suit against this trial decision can be filed in 30 days,
`
`Page 954 of 1919
`
`
`
`10
`
`from the date of
`or 30 days plus additional period, if granted
`transmittal of the trial decision with the director of the Japanese
`Patent Office as a defendant.
`
`[Class of appeal decision] P18 .121-Z (G02F)
`Additional period of 90 days are granted for filing the action
`against the trial decision.
`
`Page 955 of 1919
`
`
`
`11
`
`Our Comments
`
`(i ) Before giving our comments, we would like to mention that criterion
`for inventive step is severer than before. One reason for this is
`the IP high court established on April 1, 2005, as a special branch
`of the Tokyo High Court for intellectual property cases. The court
`tends to employ severer criterion than the Japanese Patent Office
`which then follows the court, so as not their appeal decision to be
`overturned by the court.
`To illustrate this, an example may be useful.
`Suppose an invention which is a combination of the limitation A
`with B, A+B. The limitation A is disclosed in document 1 and B in
`document 2 . Both documents 1 and 2 relate to the same technical field.
`In order for the invention A+B to be held nonobvious, there should
`be something which prevents a skilled person from combining A with
`B, for example, description in the document 1 that B adversely affects
`
`Previously, criterion was that there must be some suggestion or
`motivation either in the documents or in the knowledge generally
`available to a skilled person to combine teachings of the documents.
`
`(ii) The severer criterion is seen in the present decision,
`Judgment,(iii):
`There is no reason that the technology concerning a spherical
`spacer disclosed in the reference 1 cannot be applied to a
`columnar spacer.
`
`(4)
`
`The above judgment was made though none of the references suggests
`combining the columnar spacer with the dynamic hardness.
`This severer criterion is current big issue in the Japanese patent
`practice.
`
`(iii) You may rebut the decision by arguing an unexpected advantages
`of the combination of the columnar spacer with the Dynamic Hardness.
`In the appeal brief, we argued that the present DH value simulates
`actual pressure applied to the columnar spacer better than the K value
`
`Page 956 of 1919
`
`
`
`12
`
`described in the cited document 1 which is derived theoretically.
`However, it is rejected in the appeal decision.
`
`(iv) Under these circumstances, estimated winning rate of the low
`suit is very low and therefore filing a low suit against the decision
`is not recommended.
`
`(v) The other things to note
`It is allowed to cite a document which has not been cited in
`examination process, if the document is used to show well-known
`technology at the time of the filing of an application in question.
`Regarding (4) Judgment, (i), the 3rd paragraph, the K value was
`deleted from the original claim 1 in response to the first office
`action, rejecting claim 1 for the reason that definitions of K, Pmax,
`and hmax are unclear. In the response, the applicant argued that these
`parameters are known at the time of the filing of the present
`application, citing Japanese Patent Application Laid-open
`No.11-34206, and No.11-296908.
`
`Page 957 of 1919
`
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`Page 973 of 1919
`
`
`
`a
`
`Japanese Patent Application No.11-122923
`Claims
`l.A liquid crystal display comprising:
`first and second substrates facing each other,
`columnar spacers for regulating a cell gap between the both
`substrates, said spacers being made from a photosensitive resin and
`disposed solely in a non-display region of either or both of the first
`and the second substrates, and having a hardness (DH) of from 26 to
`30,and
`liquid crystal sandwiched between the first and the second
`substrates.
`
`2.A liquid crystal display comprising:
`first and second substrates facing each other,
`columnar spacers for regulating a cell gap between the both
`substrates, said spacers being made from a photosensitive resin and
`disposed solely in a non-display region of either or both of the first
`and the second substrates, and having a hardness value of plastic
`deformation (HV) of from 3 8 to 46,and
`liquid crystal sandwiched between the first and the second
`substrates.
`
`3.A liquid crystal display comprising:
`first and second substrates facing each other,
`columnar spacers for regulating a cell ,.gap between the both
`substrates, said spacers being made from a photosensitive resin and
`disposed solely in a non-display region of either or both of the f i.rst
`and the second substrates, and having a hardness (DH) of from 26 to
`30 and a hardness value of plastic deformation (HV) of from 33 to
`46,and
`liquid crystal sandwiched between the first and the second
`substrates.
`
`4. The liquid crystal display according to any one of claims 1 to
`3, wherein said spacers have an elastic coefficient of from 100 to
`500 kg/mm2.
`
`i
`
`Page 974 of 1919
`
`
`
`2
`
`5. The liquid crystal display according to any one of claims 1 to
`4, wherein said spacers have a linear expansion coefficient which
`is equal to a coefficient of volume expansion per unit area of said
`liquid crystal.
`
`6. The liquid ciystal display according to any one of claims 1 to
`5, wherein said spacers have a coluinn occupancy ratio of from 0.05
`to 0.86%,
`said coluinn occupancy ratio defined by the following
`formula,
`coluinn occupancy ratio = (column base area x column density/ pixel
`area) x 100
`wherein the column density is defied by the following formula,
`coluinn density = total number of columns/ total number of pixels.
`
`7. The liquid crystal display according to any one of claims 1 to
`6, wherein said spacers have a cross-section, in a direction parallel
`to the both substrates,
`in the form of a rectangle, triangle, or polygon with a ratio of a
`side length of a upper cross-section to that of a lower cross-section
`ranging from 50 to 90 %, or
`in the form of a circle, ellipsoid, or prolate ellipsoid with a ratio
`of a length of diameter or major axis of a upper cross-section to
`that of a lower cross-section ranging from 50 to 90 %.
`
`8 . The liquid crystal display according to claim 7, wher ein the length
`of the side, diameter, or major axis of the upper cross-section is
`a length of a side, diameter, or major axis of a cross-section at
`a height of 0.9 time a maximum height of the spacer.
`
`Page 975 of 1919
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