Case 2:19-cv-06301-AB-KS Document 79-2 Filed 07/09/20 Page 1 of 32 Page ID #:2228
`
`      
`Exhibit  A  
`
`

`

`Case 2:19-cv-06301-AB-KS Document 79-2 Filed 07/09/20 Page 2 of 32 Page ID #:2229
`
`Case 2:19-cv-06301—AB-KS Document 79-2 Filed 07/09/20 Page 2 of 32 Page ID #:2229
`
`UOI»DB|ADN PU°I
`
`tion
`
`
`Len-5i hi(M
`
`
`
`

`

`Case 2:19-cv-06301-AB-KS Document 79-2 Filed 07/09/20 Page 3 of 32 Page ID #:2230
`
`auA'
`
`"Finally, Mike Ferguson brings us a much needed GPS guide that
`demystifies this wonderful technology. Learn why GPS units will
`become as common as compasses for backcountry recreation in
`the future. I recommend this guide for anyone who fs wondering if
`they need to buy a GPS unit. Check it out — it'll unveil a whole
`new bag of tricks for route-finding in the outdoors"
`Stephen Stuebner
`Freelance Journalist & Outdoor Guidebook Author
`
`"Mike has done his homework with this book, must reading for
`all GPS backcountry users.
`
`Bob Meredith
`Director, Mountain Rescue Training Center
`
`Now you can unlock the full potential of the most
`incredible navigation tool ever invented by man.
`GPS can provide you with accurate navigation and
`positioning (to within 100 yards!) world-wide/ in any
`weather, any time of day or night.
`
`This book provides the information you need to fully
`understand how GPS works/ and how to make GPS
`work for you. Regardless of the brand of receiver
`you own, GPS Land Navigation wilt give you the
`knowledge to use it with confidence. You will find
`yourself referring to this book often as the wonders
`of this amazing technology unfold before you.
`
`Happy Trails...
`
`

`

`Case 2:19-cv-06301-AB-KS Document 79-2 Filed 07/09/20 Page 4 of 32 Page ID #:2231
`
`Land
`
`A Complete Guidebook for
`Backcountry Users of the
`NAVSTAR Satellite System
`
`Michael Ferguson
`
`illustrations by Leak Tucker
`
`A practical guide to effective use of the Global Positioning System.
`Written for hikers, backpackers, cross-country skiers, mountain
`
`bikers, fishermen, hunters, equestrians, snowmobilers, 4-wheelers
`and other land-based outdoor recreation enthusiasts (and the good
`folks who occasionally have to rescue them).
`
`Glassford Publishing
`Boise, Idaho
`
`

`

`Case 2:19-cv-06301-AB-KS Document 79-2 Filed 07/09/20 Page 5 of 32 Page ID #:2232
`
`© 1997 by Michael Ferguson
`
`Second Printing, December 1997
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or
`by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and
`retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-78541
`
`Ferguson, Michael H., 1950-
`GPS Land Navigation
`1. Global Positioning System. 2. Orienteering. 3. Navigation, Inland.
`4. Outdoor Recreation. 5. Hiking
`
`ISBN 0-9652202-5-7
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`1098765432
`
`DISCLAIMER: The information provided in this book is accurate to
`the best knowledge of the author and publisher.
`However, much of it is taken from materials supplied
`by various GPS receiver manufacturers and
`government agencies. There is no warranty, therefore,
`express or implied, as to the accuracy of any material
`contained herein.
`
`Preface.................................................xi
`
`Acknowledgments .......................................xv
`
`Chapter 1: Introduction to GPS ...........................I
`
`A World Full Of Uses ............................... .2
`
`NAVSTAR - The Satellite System ..................... .4
`
`How GPS Works ..............................6
`
`GPS Position Accuracy ........................ .8
`
`GPS Policy Directions ....................... .13
`
`GLONASS - Russia's GPS ......................... ..15
`
`Chapter 2: GPS Hardware ...............................17
`
`GPS Receivers ................................... .19
`
`Features of GPS Receivers .................... .21
`
`Basic Functions of GPS Receivers .............. .26
`
`Limitations ofGPS Receivers .................. .41
`
`GPS & Computer Programs ................... .44
`
`Compasses ....................................... .46
`
`Compass Types ............................. .47
`
`Using A Compass (With Or Without GPS) ........ .49
`
`Magnetic Declination ........................ .52
`
`Magnetic Interference ........................ .53
`
`Magnetic Inclination ......................... .54
`
`Altimeters ....................................... .55
`
`Resetting Your Altimeter ...................... .56
`
`Elevation Change & Temperature ............... .57
`
`Temperature & Altimeter Error ................. .57
`
`Choosing An Altimeter ....................... .58
`
`vi i
`
`

`

`Case 2:19-cv-06301-AB-KS Document 79-2 Filed 07/09/20 Page 6 of 32 Page ID #:2233
`
`Map Reading Aids ................................. .59
`
`Chapter 4: Coordinate Systems ......................... .107
`
`Laminates ................................. .60
`
`Straight-Edge Ruler ......................... .61
`
`Dividers and Roamers (UTM) ................. .63
`
`Latitude/Longitude Rulers .................... .65
`
`Contour Scales ............................. .66
`
`Miscellaneous Map Reading Aids .............. .67
`
`Angular Coordinates .............................. .108
`
`Building Angular Coordinates - From Scratch.... .110
`
`Latitude and Longitude - Putting It All Together .. .116
`
`Elevation ................................. .117
`
`Distance Measurement .......................118
`
`Angular Units ..............................119
`
`Chapter 3: Maps .......................................69
`
`UTM Rectangular Coordinates ...................... .120
`
`Overview ........................................ -71
`
`Other Rectangular Coordinates ...................... .127
`
`Map Scale ....................................... .73
`
`Datums ....................................... ••-78
`
`Coordinate Systems ............................... .79
`
`Contour Lines ..........................*........• .82
`
`Elevation .................................. .84
`
`Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) ........... .127
`
`Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) ....... .129
`
`Township and Range System (USPLSS) ........ .131
`
`State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS) ......... .133
`
`NAVSTAR's Coordinate System .................... .134
`
`Slope .................................. ... .85
`
`Chapter 5: Directions ..................................137
`
`Shape ......................................87
`
`Which Way Is North? ............................. .138
`
`Map Symbols .....................................91
`
`Tme North ................................ .138
`
`Dates ........................................... .94
`
`Grid North ................................ .139
`
`Margin Information ................................ -95
`
`Magnetic North ............................. 140
`
`Map Preparation .................................. .99
`
`Getting Your Bearings ............................. .142
`
`UTM Gridlines ............................. .99
`
`Azimufhs ................................. .143
`
`Latitude/Longitude ......................... .100
`
`Bearings ................................. .144
`
`Adding Your Own Grid System To A Map ........100
`
`Great Circles & Rhumb Lines ................. .146
`
`Declination Rule Lines ...................... .101
`
`Map Sources ~ Paper ............................. .102
`
`Map Sources ~ Digital ............................ .103
`
`"Atlas" Type Digital Road Maps ............... .103
`
`Digital Raster Graphics ...................... .104
`
`On The Horizon ............................ .105
`
`Chapter 6: GPS SluUs ................................. .151
`
`Using GPS Without A Map ......................... .152
`
`The Basic Process .......................... .153
`
`Traveling On A Trail ........................ .153
`
`Practice Makes Perfect ...................... .155
`
`If You Do Get Lost ......................... .159
`
`Vlll
`
`IX
`
`

`

`Case 2:19-cv-06301-AB-KS Document 79-2 Filed 07/09/20 Page 7 of 32 Page ID #:2234
`
`Cross-Country Land Navigation ............... .162
`
`GPS As A Safety Backup .................... .162
`
`Navigating With GPS, And A Map ................... .163
`
`The Basic Process .......................... -163
`
`A Journey To Trout Heaven Lake ...............168
`
`Wandering About - Off Trail With GPS ......... .169
`
`Advance Planning & Preparation .................... .170
`
`Preparing To Use GPS On A Trip .............. .171
`
`Picking A Route ........................... -171
`
`"Load"Your Receiver ....................... -173
`
`In The Field ............................... .174
`
`Fun & Games - Developing GPS Skills ......... .175
`
`IfYour Receiver Breaks Down ...................... .178
`
`Awareness and Preparedness ................. .179
`
`Map & Compass - Back To Basics ............. .180
`
`Finding Directions Without A Compass ......... .182
`
`Appendix 1: Highest Points ............................ .189
`
`Appendix 2: State Capitols ............................. .205
`
`Appendix 3: Highways ................................ -207
`
`Appendix 4: Receiver Comparison ...................... .233
`
`Glossary of Terms ...........................•..•••••*• -239
`
`Bibliography .........................................-247
`
`Index.................................................249
`
`This book is a practical guidebook for anyone who uses, or wants to use, the Global
`Positioning System —GPS— for backcountry and off-road land navigation. It doesn't
`presume or require that you have any prior knowledge of GPS, cartography,
`orienteering, or any other traditional route-finding skills.
`
`You'll find a wide range of topics covered in these pages. From GPS hardware
`(receivers, compasses, altimeters, etc.) to GPS software (maps, coordinates, bearings,
`etc.) to GPS skills (trip planning, route finding, map reading, etc.), this book gives
`you the information you need to get the maximum benefit and pleasure from owning
`and using the U.S. global positioning system.
`
`That s right, you own the global positioning system. The NAVSTAR satellite system
`was originally developed for the U.S. military and is now operated by the U.S.
`Department of Defense. This resource is available world-wide to any person with the
`necessary technology (a receiver) in hand, but the American taxpayer is the ultimate
`owner of this system.
`
`This book covers an extensive array of GPS-related equipment and information that
`will allow you to achieve the maximum potential from the GPS system. It is also
`possible, however, to use a GPS receiver quite effectively by itself. You can decide
`how you want to use your GPS receiver based on your specific needs. This book will
`help make your options clear.
`
`In addition to the "how-to" elements of GPS receiver use, you'll also find several
`useful appendices. They're packed (literally) with actual coordinate data that you
`can enter into your GPS receiver and use to navigate to specific locations. The
`highest peak in every county, every state capital, and all U.S. Inters tate/U.S.
`Highway intersections are listed, for easy entry into your GPS receiver's
`waypoint database.
`
`These precise coordinates have both fun and practical applications. Among other
`things, they can help you get your GPS receiver locked-in fast, thereby avoiding
`lengthy "initialization" procedures. All you need to do is select a coordinate you know
`is within one or two hundred miles of your actual position. They can also make it easy
`to identify and verify the location of significant landmarks you may encounter during
`your travels.
`
`Finally, if you don't own a GPS receiver but you are considering buying one, the
`section on GPS receivers in Chapter 2 and Appendix 4 are for you. They will help you
`
`Xl
`
`

`

`Case 2:19-cv-06301-AB-KS Document 79-2 Filed 07/09/20 Page 8 of 32 Page ID #:2235
`
`identify relevant GPS receiver features as they relate to your requirements. They will
`also assist you in selecting the best unit to fit your particular needs.
`
`How To Use This Book
`
`This book is intended to provide you with everything you need to know in order to
`fully utilize your GPS receiver. All you need to add is a receiver and its operating
`manual. While it would be flattering to hear that you had read this book cover to cover,
`only a few readers are likely to be that absorbed by this topic and material. This is a
`reference book, and you should read the parts that appeal to you.
`
`Every effort has been made to make each chapter a complete stand-alone unit. Some
`are more important than others. The most important chapters are Chapter 2 and
`Chapter 6.
`
`Chapter 2 (GPS Hardware) is important because it gives the straight scoop on both
`the capabilities and the limitations of GPS receivers. Sometimes the manuals that are
`supplied with GPS receivers fail to acknowledge the shortcomings of this phenomenal
`technology. The most critical element of this chapter is knowmg how and why 2D
`mode can get you in trouble.
`
`Chapter 6 (GPS Skills) gives you a thorough description of how to get the most value
`from your GPS receiver by using it wisely and effectively. It also should save you
`from a considerable amount of trial and error in getting up to speed with GPS. You
`may need to read all or parts of Chapters 2 to 5 before digging into Chapter 6. If you
`encounter too many unfamiliar terms and concepts in Chapter 6, then save it for last.
`
`Generous amounts of cross-referencing, a thorough index, and careful organization
`are intended to make it easy for you to find specific information quickly and easily.
`Start with the Table of Contents, then try the Index when you need to search for
`information on a specific topic.
`
`Don't let GPS terminology get in your way — an extensive Glossary of Terms is
`included at the end of this book. There you'll find definitions for many of the terms
`that appear in the main text. That's another way to help you deal with the problem of
`encountering so much new material and terminology. Be aware that the Index does
`not point to the Glossary of Terms, so if you're looking up a concept, it's probably a
`good idea to look in both places.
`
`While the side margins help make this an attractive book, they're really there so you
`can make ample notes to yourself about the topics covered in the text and figures.
`Remember, this is a reference book. You should be making notes as you go for your
`
`own later reference.
`
`The three-level numbering system used for section headings is included to give a clear
`notion of how the topics are organized while you 're reading the book. The first level
`corresponds to the chapter tide, which is also shown on the upper left page header.
`The second level corresponds to major sections, which are also shown on the upper
`right page header. The third level corresponds to sub-sections. You can easily see the
`context for a sub-section by noting the chapter and major section that are printed on
`the page headers.
`
`A Few Words About Terminology
`
`The advent of GPS for personal navigation has brought with it a baffling array of new
`terms. Unfortunately, the terminology can quickly become confusing and sometimes
`is just plain wrong. Among other things, it makes it difficult to communicate some of
`the concepts presented in this book. In order to eliminate as much potential confusion
`as possible, the material presented throughout this book conforms to certain semantic
`rules." These semantic rules are explained under the next two headings, and they
`should be considered a framework for the chapters that follow. But please recognize
`that they only apply to this book, and you can't rely on them beyond these pages.
`
`Locations, Position Fixes, Landmarks, and Waypoints
`
`Coordinates are a fundamental underpinning of the GPS system. Your location on the
`earth is defined by a pair of coordinates (plus an associated datum). The coordinates
`that are displayed when your receiver is tracking at least 3 satellites are known as your
`position fix." The distinction between your location and your position fix is that your
`location is the actual physical place that you occupy, while your position fix is the
`place your GPS receiver says you are at. Under normal circumstances your position
`fix will most likely be within 100 meters of your actual location. Just remember it this
`way: location refers to an actual place, position fix refers to coordinates reported by
`the GPS receiver. They should be close, but only rarely are they identical.
`
`When a position fix is assigned a name and stored in a GPS receiver's memory it is
`called a "waypoint." A waypoint can also be created by entering coordinate values
`obtained from a map or some other source (such as the appendices in the back of
`this book).
`
`Some (but not all) Magellan receivers use the term "landmark" in the place of
`waypoint. This book, however, only uses the term waypoint. If your receiver calls a
`stored position a landmark, just substitute that term in your mind every time you see
`the term waypoint in this book. They mean the same thing. Remember, a waypoint
`(or Magellan's landmark) is not a physical location on the ground, but rather the
`coordinates that approximate that location. This is a subtle, but important, distinction.
`
`xii
`
`xiii
`
`

`

`Case 2:19-cv-06301-AB-KS Document 79-2 Filed 07/09/20 Page 9 of 32 Page ID #:2236
`
`Directions, Bearings, Headings, and Azimuths
`
`Directions are among the most important navigational "outputs" of the GPS system.
`The way you find a location with your GPS receiver is to follow the direction
`information the receiver provides you. You must first have a waypoint stored that
`represents the coordmates for the location you wish to find. The receiver then reports
`the direction from your current position fix to the waypoint you want to find.
`
`Semantic problems arise due to the various terms that are used to describe
`directions. First the bottom line: In this book (and in most GPS receivers) the term
`"bearing" is used to describe either the direction from your position to a waypoint,
`or the direction from one waypoint to another. Bearings are either reported by the
`GPS receiver or obtained with a protractor and a map. The term "heading" is used to
`describe the direction you are actually traveling (or if you're standing still, the
`direction you are facing). Headings are most often obtained with a compass, but
`they can be obtained with a GPS receiver that is in motion. Again, a somewhat
`subtle distinction but ever so important.
`
`The use of the term "bearing" in the manner just described is technically incorrect for
`reasons that are fully explained on page 145.In a nutshell, the correct t^rm for a
`direction (as reported by a GPS receiver) is an "azimuth." However, this semantic
`infraction is relatively minor. Since virtually every GPS receiver produced uses the
`term bearing, it's what we'll use in this book.
`
`Datums
`
`Finally, a few words about a very important concept in the world of GPS — datum.
`This term is very important to land navigators using GPS for reasons explained
`beginning on page 44 under the heading "setup parameters." A datum specifies the
`earth-model (the ellipsoid) and the origin associated with a particular set of
`coordinates. A datum is needed to properly describe a specific location on earth.
`Without a datum, coordinates are absolutely worthless.
`
`Even though the datum is often omitted, it is always implied. As you 11 see later in
`this book, it pays to understand which datum (of the many available) you need to use.
`
`This book would not have been possible without the help of many great people. First
`and foremost, thanks go to Diana for supplying the inspiration (and the long
`weeknights of solitude) that got this project off the ground in the beginning. And to
`Jack & Penny for occasionally dragging me away from the computer long enough to
`keep my sanity (and a little color in my cheeks). And certainly to Claire and Maria, for
`both unintentionally showing me the real value in this technology, and helping me
`unlock the mystery of 2D mode. A special thanks to Glenn for sharing his knowledge,
`his GPS World magazines, his surveyor training material, and not one but two rounds
`of proofing. Steve Stuebner deserves thanks and credit for both his multi-faceted
`assistance and his inspiration. Steve showed that me that writing a book truly is within
`reach of the little guy.
`
`There are some wonderful folks in the highly competitive world of consumer GPS
`receiver manufacturing. Jim White at Magellan, Leann McNabb at Trimble, Bill
`Wright at Silva Marine, Chad Warford at Lowrance and Steve Featherstone at Garmin
`were all very helpful and patient. Their generous contribution of their time, the use of
`their products, and the review of critical sections in this book was of immeasurable
`value. Thanks also go to their many associates (too many to name) in their respective
`companies who helped this project along the way.
`
`The technical information and many of the images used throughout this book came
`from a wide variety of sources. Special thanks to Troy Bunch of the Bureau of Land
`Management, Alan Gunderson of the U.S. Geological Survey, Dennis Milbert of the
`National Geodetic Survey, Sheldon Bluestein of the Ada County Assessor's Office,
`Tom Damiani of Rockwell International, Pirjo Talka of Suunto USA, and Carol
`Brandt of the U.S. Transportation Department for information they generously
`supplied. Matthew Heller of Wildflower Productions was kind enough to provide a
`copy ofTOPO! for review.
`
`Proofing books is probably one of the more thankless assignments that anyone can
`accept, but my deepest thanks go to the many friends and associates who willingly
`took on that burden. Glenn Bennett, George Brogdan, Doug Colwell, Diana Douglas,
`Sandy Elliott, Eric Haff, Jack Hanrison, Claire Lowrie, Mike Lyons, Bob Meredith,
`Steve Stuebner, and Scott Williams gave a ton of useful advice and made this a much
`better product. Nonetheless, it goes without saying that any remaining errors (or fog)
`are the fall responsibility of the author.
`
`And to anyone I overlooked, my sincere apology and heartfelt thanks.
`
`XIV
`
`XV
`
`

`

`Case 2:19-cv-06301-AB-KS Document 79-2 Filed 07/09/20 Page 10 of 32 Page ID #:2237
`
`Chapter 1:
`
`Introduction to GPS
`
`|he Global Positioning System is easily the most significant development in
`navigation since the compass. As you'll soon see, GPS is not just about navigation.
`In just a few years, vutually everyone will rely on this technology in both subtle and
`dramatic ways.
`
`GPS is not a brand new system. GPS World, a monthly magazine devoted
`exclusively to this amazing technology, is in its ninth year of publication.
`The first GPS satellites were launched almost 20 years ago, in 1978.
`
`Trimble, a major manufacturer of handheld GPS receivers, has called GPS
`"the next utility" suggesting that it will eventually become as
`commonplace in everyday life as the telephone is today.
`
`Already, GPS is used to keep urban buses on schedule, navigate ships and
`airplanes, and perform precision surveying. Exciting new uses are
`emerging in fanning, mining, forestry, shipyard operations, inventory
`control, land management, and many other fields. GPS is being
`introduced m a vast array of new commercial applications for several
`simple reasons: it saves time, it saves money, and it even saves lives.
`
`Personal use of GPS on land is just beginning. It won't be long before a
`GPS receiver is standard equipment for anyone heading into the
`backcountry for work or play. Again, the reasons are simple: with GPS
`you can go farther, enjoy your surroundings more, and widen your margin
`of safety.
`
`The
`Global
`Positioning
`System
`is the most
`significant
`development
`in land
`navigation
`since the
`compass.
`
`

`

`Case 2:19-cv-06301-AB-KS Document 79-2 Filed 07/09/20 Page 11 of 32 Page ID #:2238
`
`Chapter 1: Introduction To GPS
`
`A World Full Of Uses
`
`1.1 A World Full Of Uses
`
`You probably had very specific uses in mind when you purchased your GPS receiver.
`Nevertheless, the breadth of potential outdoor recreation uses for GPS is astonishing.
`
`Hunters and fishermen can log their favorite spots then later navigate a successful return
`trip with ease. Hikers and mountain bikers can explore and "map" new trails, and share
`their discoveries with other GPS users without resorting to complicated route instructions.
`River runners can check their location relative to a campsite or a major rapid. Skiers and
`snowmobilers can venture out into the stark beauty of the winter landscape confident that
`storms and whiteouts cannot "blind" them and thwart a safe return home. Search and
`rescue personnel can quickly and accurately identify and locate isolated and remote
`locations. Whatever your particular outdoor interest, GPS can probably make it safer and
`more fun than ever before.
`
`The first group to make widespread personal use of GPS were mariners. Magellan introduced
`the fast handheld GPS receivers for nautical use in 1989. They soldfor $3,000. In early 1997
`a fully functional GPS receiver with interface capabilities (for linldng it to auto pilots and
`other marine electronics) could be obtained for under $200! More sophisticated units that
`contain extensive map data and color displays are priced under $1,000 and are becoming
`common m consumer marine applications. Today it's hard to imagine anyone venturing into
`the open seas (or coastal waters) without a GPS receiver aboard.
`
`GPS is starting to show up in some
`relatively new areas. Automobile
`manufacturers are moving toward
`integrating GPS into the electronics of
`passenger cars. One recent development
`is a marriage of GPS and cellular
`telephone technology that gives the
`driver one-button emergency
`transmission capability. The driver
`simply pushes a "panic" button on the
`overhead console, and the integrated
`cellular phone sends an emergency
`telephone message complete with
`precise vehicle location information.
`
`Another emerging automotive
`application is the integration of GPS
`capabilities with on-board electronic
`maps. A display panel in the dashboard
`gives the driver a constantly updated,
`zoomable map of the vehicle's vicinity,
`
`Figure 1-1: A GPS Satellite Closeup
`
`with the position of the vehicle highlighted on the map. When linked with broadcasts of
`traffic congestion data, the map display will also be able to show the least congested route
`to a specific destination.
`
`The really good news is you don't have to buy a new GPS equipped car to take immediate
`advantage of this technology while driving. Most handheld GPS units that are currently
`available have a cigarette lighter power cord option, making it practical to use your
`backcountry GPS receiver in your car. In fact, you may find that
`getting you to the trailhead is one of the most useful secondary
`applications for your GPS receiver!
`
`Golfers are even jGinding GPS in use on the links. Recently several
`golf courses have equipped their golf carts with GPS receivers that
`give the golfers information on distance to the next hole, and give
`the course's management real-time information on the flow of
`golfers through the course. The end result is more golfers are able
`to use the fairways on a busy day.
`
`But let's get back to your use of GPS. This book will provide you
`with a clear understanding of how to get the most out of this
`fantastic new navigation tool. If you don't yet have a GPS receiver,
`this book can show you why it is such a valuable piece of
`equipment in the outdoors, and assist you in deciding which of the
`many available receivers is right for you.
`
`A word of caution: This book is not meant to replace the manual
`that comes with your GPS receiver. In fact, it is important that you
`study your manual carefully and learn how to operate the features
`and functions of your particular GPS receiver. You can do this as
`you work through the information contained in this book. This
`book will help you learn how to use your receiver to its fullest,
`without the need to discover the many and varied capabilities of
`GPS by yourself.
`
`...this book
`can show you
`why GPS is
`such a
`valuable
`piece of
`equipment
`for the
`outdoor
`enthusiast
`
`Besides thoroughly covering how to use GPS technology, this
`book also provides an extensive amount of actual coordinate data
`in several appendices. You can use this coordinate data in a variety
`of different ways. It gives you information that can help you avoid
`the slow process of "initializing" your GPS receiver when you're in a new location. It can
`help you identify distant peaks when you're traveling in unfamiliar territory. It can also
`help you keep track of your progress when your travels extend across the Interstate
`highways of this land.
`
`So without further ado, let's dig into the workings of the Global Positioning System and
`see just what it can do for you!
`
`

`

`Case 2:19-cv-06301-AB-KS Document 79-2 Filed 07/09/20 Page 12 of 32 Page ID #:2239
`
`Chapter 1: Introduction To GPS
`
`NAVSTAR - The Satellite System
`
`1.2 NAVSTAR —The Satellite System
`
`NAVSTAR is the name of the US. government's global positioning system. It is also what
`your GPS receiver depends on for its operation. GPS receivers are just one part of a three-
`part system that uses the tuning of radio signals to measure distance, velocity, and time.
`The complete system consists of a control segment (the satellite ground stations), a space
`segment (the satellites in orbit), and a user segment (the receiver in your hand). Although
`legend has it that NAVSTAR stands for Navigation Satellite Timing And Ranging, it's really
`just a word that sounded good to the developers of the system.
`
`The control segment is the foundation of the NAVSTAR system. It is a network of ground
`stations that serve as the central nervous system of the GPS system, constantly providing
`control information to the individual satellites within the system. The responsibilities of
`the control segment include tracking satellite positions, keeping the satellites in their
`proper orbits, and tellmg the satellites their exact positions and the exact time.
`
`The space segment of the NAVSTAR system consists of 24 satellites (plus two spares) in
`high orbit above the earth. Each satellite orbits the earth once every 12 hours. These
`
`Space Segment
`
`User Segment
`
`'///////'//////-/^^
`
`Control Segment
`
`satellites are located approximately 12,000 miles above the earth's surface, and they each
`follow one of six orbital paths. Each satellite contains four atomic clocks, and continuously
`sends radio signals that are used by the GPS receiver to calculate its position.
`
`The user segment of the NAVSTAR system is the part you hold in your hand — the
`receiver. This is where your position is determined. The GPS receiver includes a radio
`receiver, quartz clock, memory, and a CPU that performs a wide variety of calculations.
`
`The NAVSTAR global positioning system
`originated in 1973 as the Defense Navigation
`Satellite System. In 1978 the NAVSTAR 1
`through NAVSTAR 4 satellites were launched
`and became operational. By December 1993 a
`full constellation of 24 satellites was in orbit
`and the NAVSTAR system was declared to
`have reached Initial Operational Capability
`(IOC). At that point the NAVSTAR system was
`no longer considered an experimental system.
`
`The satellites used for GPS fall into three
`categories that relate to their capabilities.
`Block I satellites were the early models and
`have all been replaced. Block II and HR
`satellites are newer and more advanced. Block
`U satellites add the means for restricting
`signals supplied to civilian GPS users, and
`Block HR satellites add more accurate atomic
`clocks and improved orbiting capabilities.
`Once the satellite constellation consisted
`entirely of 24 Block II and HR satellites (i.e.,
`all Block I satellites had been replaced) the
`system was declared to have reached Full
`Operational Capability (FOC). That occurred
`in July 1995.
`
`Figure 1-2: GPS System Segments
`
`The NAVSTAR system is designed so that
`any location on earth will have line of sight
`access to a minimum of six satellites at all
`times, as long as there is an unobstructed
`view of the sky from horizon to horizon. It
`takes at least four satellites for a GPS receiver to obtain a three-dimensional (3D mode)
`position fix. A 3D mode position fix provides horizontal coordinates plus elevation.
`Most GPS receivers can also provide a two-dimensional (2D mode) position fix when
`only three satellites are being tracked. A 2D mode position fix only provides horizontal
`coordinates. See page 41 for important warnings about using 2D mode.
`
`Fig 1-3: Deployment OfGPS Satellite 009
`
`

`

`Case 2:19-cv-06301-AB-KS Document 79-2 Filed 07/09/20 Page 13 of 32 Page ID #:2240
`<'^^li
`'•^^il
`
`Chapter 1: Introduction To GPS
`
`NAVSTAR - The Satellite System
`
`2 .....-•- •—.....
`
`Satdlftel Range / ' \
`
`<\
`
`Each satellite-ttiac your receiver
`locks orrto allows the receiwsr
`to calculate the range (distance)
`that tt must be from the satellite.
`Tnat puts the recei