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`Exhibit 6
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`Microsoft•
`
`A
`Computer Roforonco
`77?e Concise Standcutlfor Business,
`School, Libtury. and Hc»ne
`
`Over
`4,700
`Entries!
`
`Mi
`osoft Press
`Computer
`
`UserS
`Dictionary
`
`Clear, up-to-date definitions
`of the terms you need to know
`
`0 Entries cover the Internet,
`hardware, software, operating
`systems, and more
`
`Online updates keep
`Information current
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`NIN_ANC_0027186
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`Case 6:21-cv-00735-ADA Document 32-9 Filed 01/27/22 Page 3 of 8
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright @ 199S by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or
`transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the
`publisher.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Press Computer User's Dictionary / Microsoft Corporation.
`P• cm.
`ISBN 1-57231-862-7
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. I. Microsoft Corporation.
`QA76.15.M544 1998
`004' .03-dc21
`
`98-13998
`CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of Ameiica.
`23456789MLML321098
`Distributed in Canada by ITP Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For
`further information about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation
`offce or contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site
`at mspressngr@soft.com.
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`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of
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`DirectX, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS-DOS, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Win32, Win32s,
`Windows, Windows NT, and XENIX are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
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`Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their
`respective owners.
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`Acquisitions Editor: Kim Fryer
`Project Editors: Teri Kieffer, Maureen Williams Zimmerman
`Manuscript Editor: Mary Renaud
`Technical Editors: John Conrow, Mary DeJong, Jim Fuchs, Roslyn Lutsch, Robert Lyon,
`Dail Magee, Jr., Kurt Meyer, Gary Nelson, Jean Ross
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`NIN_ANC_0027187
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`Contents
`
`Introduction
`
`Dictionary
`of Computer Terms
`
`NIN_ANC_0027188
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`3
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`bit ma
`
`for transmission, as they are on the Internet. Binllcx is used most frequently
`by Mac users. See also MIME. 2. An Apple Macintosh program for converting
`binary data files into ASCII text and vice versa using the BinHex code. Com-
`pan' uudecodel, uuencodel.
`BinHex2 t'b. To convert a binary file into printable 7-bit ASCII text or to
`convert the resulting ASCII text file back to binary format using the Binllex
`program. Copnpa't? uudecode2, uuencode2.
`BIOS n. Acronym for basic input/output system. On PC-compatible com-
`puters, the set of essential software routines that test hardware at startup,
`and support the transfer of data among hardware
`start the operating
`devices. The BIOS is stored in ROM so that it can be executed when the
`computer is turned on. Although critical to performance, the BIOS is usually
`invisible to computer users. See also CMOS setup, ROM BIOS.
`BIS n. See business information system.
`BISYNC n. Short for binary synchronous communications protocol. A com-
`munications standard developed by IBM. BISYNC transmissions are en-
`coded in either ASCII or EBCDIC. Messages can be of any length and are
`sent in units called frames, optionally preceded by a message header.
`BISYNC uses synchronous transmission, in which message elements are
`separated by a specific time interval. Also called BSC.
`bit n. Short for binary digit. The smallest unit of information handled by a
`computer. One bit expresses a 1 or a 0 in a binary numeral, or a true or false
`logical condition, and is represented physically by an element such as a
`high or low voltage at one point in a circuit or a small spot on a disk magne-
`tized one way or the other. A single bit conveys little information a human
`would consider meaningful. A group of 8 bits, however, makes up a byte,
`which can be used to represent many types of information, such as a letter
`of the alphabet, a decimal digit, or other character. See also ASCII, binary,
`byte.
`bit density n. A measure of the amount of information per unit of linear
`distance or surface area in a storage medium or per unit of time in a commu-
`nications pipeline.
`bit depth n. The number of bits per pixel allocated for storing indexed
`color information in a graphics file.
`bit image n. A sequential collection of bits that represents in memory an
`image to be displayed on the screen, particularly in systems having a graphi-
`cal user interface, Each bit in a bit image corresponds to one pixel (dot) on
`the screen. In a black-and-white display each pixel is either white or black,
`so it can be represented by a single bit. The "pattern" of Os and Is in the bit
`image then determines the pattern of white and black dots forming an image
`on the screen. See also bit map, pixel image.
`bit map or bitmap n. A data structure in memory that represents informa-
`tion in the form of a collection of individual bits. A bit map is used to
`represent a bit image. See also bit image, pixel 'image.
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`compress
`
`objects (blocks of information) that are created in their own applications
`Either these objects can be physically embedded in the destination
`ment or they can be linked to it while remaining in the originating file. Both
`embedded and linked objects can be edited. Linked objects, however,
`be updated to reflect changes made to the source file. See also ActiveX, OLE
`compress vb. To reduce the size of a set of data, such as a file or a commu_
`nications message, so that it can be stored in less space or transmitted With
`less bandwidth. Data can be compressed by removing repeated patterns of
`bits and replacing them with some form of summary that takes up less space;
`restoring the repeated patterns decompresses the data. See also lossless
`compression, lossy compression.
`compressed digital video n. See CDV (definition 1).
`compressed disk n. A hard disk or floppy disk whose apparent capacity to
`hold data has been increased through the use of a compression utility. see
`also data compression.
`compressed drive n. A hard disk whose apparent capacity has been in-
`creased through the use of a compression utility. See also compressed disk
`data compression.
`compressed file n. A file whose contents have been compressed by a spe-
`cial utility program so that it occupies less space on a disk or other storage
`device than in its uncompressed (normal) state. See also installation pro-
`gram, utility program.
`compression n. See data compression.
`compressor n. A device that limits some aspect of a transmitted signal,
`such as volume, in order to increase efficiency.
`compute vb. 1. To perform calculations. 2. To use a computer or cause it to
`do work.
`computer n. Any machine that accepts structured input, processes it ac-
`cording to prescribed rules, and produces the results as output. Ways to
`categorize computers are described in the following list.
`Class: Computers can be classified as supercomputers, mainframes,
`superminicomputers, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers.
`All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this catego-
`rization provides some indication of the computer's speed, size, cost,
`and abilities.
`Generation: First-generation computers of historic significance, such as
`UNIVAC, introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes.
`Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those
`in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation com-
`puters, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In
`fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first ap-
`peared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands Of
`circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are
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`com uter famil
`
`expected to conibine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated ap-
`proaches to cotnputing, inclucling artificial intclligcncc and true distrib-
`uted processing. See also integrated circuit.
`Mode of processing: Cotnputers are cither analog or digital. Analog corn-
`puters, generally used in scientific pursuits, represent values by con-
`tinuously variable signals that can have any of an infinite number of
`values within a limited range at any particular time. Digital computers,
`the type most people think of as computers, represent values by dis-
`crete signals—the bits representing the binary digits 0 and L See also
`analog, digital.
`computer-aided design n. See CAD.
`computer-aided instruction n. See CAI.
`computer-aided testing n. See CAT (definition 1).
`computer art n. A broad term that can refer either to art created on a
`computer or to art generated by a computer, the difference being whether
`the artist is human or electronic. Human artists create computer art with
`painting programs that offer a range of line-drawing tools, brushes, shapes,
`patterns, and colors. Some programs also offer predrawn figures and anima-
`tion capabilities.
`computer-assisted instruction n. See CAI.
`computer-assisted teaching n. See CAI.
`computer-based training n. See CBT.
`computer conferencing n. Person-to-person interaction through the use
`of computers located in different places but connected through communica-
`tions facilities.
`computer control console n. See console, system console.
`computer crime n. The illegal use of a computer by an unauthorized indi-
`vidual, either for pleasure (as by a computer hacker) or for profit (as by a
`thief). See also hacker (definition 2).
`computer-dependent adj. See hardware-dependent.
`Computer Emergency Response Team n. See CERT.
`computer engineering n. The discipline that involves the design and un-
`derlyjng philosophies involved in the development of computer hardware.
`computer family n. A term commonly used to indicate a group of comput-
`ers that are built around the same microprocessor or around a series of
`related rnicroprocessors and that share significant design features. For ex-
`ample, the Apple Macintosh computers, from the original Macintosh to the
`Quadra, represent a family designed by Apple around the Motorola 68000,
`68030, and 68040 microprocessors. Computer families tend to pacal-
`ICJ microprocessor families, but this is not always the case. For instance,
`Macintoshes are no longer Inade with 68()x() processors, and the Macintosh
`farnjJy has "extended" to another generation: the Power Macs, based on the
`PowerPC
`microprocessor.
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`PC-DOS
`
`to repair a cleficiency in the functionality of an
`generally in response to an unforeseen need or
`routine of
`circumstances. Patching is a common means of adding a
`progra
`of
`to a
`feature or a function
`2), kludge (definition 2).
`(definition
`hackl
`1. In communications, a link between two nodes in a network. 2. A
`through a structured collection of information, as in a database, a
`by the
`route followed
`the
`3. In file storage,
`disk.
`on
`program. or files stored
`and retrieving
`sorting,
`in finding,
`directories
`the
`through
`hies on a disk. 4. In graphics, an accumulation of line segments or curves to
`pathname n. In a hierarchical filing system, a listing of the directories or fold-
`that lead from the current directory to a file. Also called directory path.
`pause key n. 1. A key on a keyboard that temporarily stops the operation
`of a program or a command. The Pause key is used, for example, to halt
`scrolling so that a multiscreen document can be read. 2. Any key that cre-
`ates a pause in an operation. For example, many game programs have a
`pause key, often simply the P key, that temporarily suspends the game.
`n. 1. A microcomputer that conforms to the standard developed by IBM
`for personal computers, which uses a microprocessor in the Intel 80x86 fam-
`(or compatible) and can execute the BIOS. See also BIOS, clone, IBM PC.
`2. A computer in IBM's Personal Computer line. Also called IBM PC. See also
`(definition 1). 3. See personal computer.
`PC-compatible
`PCB n. See printed circuit board.
`PC board n. See printed circuit board.
`PC Card n. A trademark of the Personal Computer Memory Card Interna-
`Association (PCMCIA) that is used to describe add-in cards that con-
`form to the PCMCIA specification. A PC Card is a removable device,
`the same size as a credit card, that is designed to plug into a
`approximately
`slot. A Type I card is intended to be used primarily as a memory-
`PCMCLÆ
`peripheral. Type Il cards accommodate devices such as modem, fax,
`network cards. Type Ill cards accommodate devices that require more
`s;race, such as wireless communications devices and rotating storage media
`(such as hard disks). See also PCMCIA slot.
`slot n. see PCMCIA slot.
`PC-compatible adj 1. Conforming to IBM PC/XT and PC/AT hardware and
`software specifications, which have been the de facto stanclard in the com-
`Putmg industry for personal computers that use the Intel 80x86 family or
`Cornpatible
`chips, Most PC-compatible computers today are developed out-
`JbM; they are stjJJ sometimes referred to as clones. Also callecl IBM PC-
`See also clone, IBM AT, IBM PC, 2. See Wintel.
`PC-bos n, Acronym for Personal Computer Disk Operating System, The
`of Ms-Dos sold by IBM. MS-DOS and PC-DOS are virtually identi-
`, although fjlenarnes of utility programs sometimes differ in the two ver-
`See also MS-I)OS.
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