Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-23 Filed 03/20/20 Page 1 of 7
`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-23 Filed 03/20/20 Page 1 of 7
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`EXHIBIT 21
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`EXHIBIT 21
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-23 Filed 03/20/20 Page 2 of 7
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-23 Filed 03/20/20 Page 3 of 7
`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-23 Filed 03/20/20 Page 3 of 7
`M “I.“
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`REFERENCE use; 0,7,“
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`Dictionary 'Of
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`Computer and "
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`35.
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`Internet Terms
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`Fifth Edition
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`Douglas A..Downing, PhD.
`Schoél of Business and Econ'amics
`*
`Seattle 'Pacific University
`
`Michael A. Covington, Ph.D.
`Artificial Intelligence Center
`The University of Georgia
`
`Melody Mauldin Covington
`Graphic Designer
`Athens, Georgia
`
`
`
`I
`
`1
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-23 Filed 03/20/20 Page 4 of 7
`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-23 Filed 03/20/20 Page 4 of 7
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`© Copyright 1996 by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.
`Prior editions © copyright 1995, 1992, 1989, and 1986
`by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.
`
`All rights reserved.
`No part of this book may be reproducedhin. any form, by photostat, microfilm,
`xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information
`retrieval system,‘ electronic or mechanical, without the written permission
`of the copyright owner.
`
`All inquiries should be addressed to:
`Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.
`250 Wireless Boulevard
`Hauppauge, New York 11788
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 96-9250
`
`International Standard Book No. 0—8120—981 1-0
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Downing, Douglas.
`Dictionary of computer terms {Douglas A. Downing, Michael
`Covington, Melody Mauldin Covington—Sth ed.
`p.
`cm.
`Previous eds. published under title: Dictionary of computer terms.
`ISBN 0-8120—9811-0
`2. Internet (Computer network}—
`1. Computery—Dicfionaries.
`Dictionaries.
`I. Covington, Michael A., 1957-
`.
`II. Covington,
`Melody Mauldin.
`III. Downing, Douglas. Dictionary of computer
`terms.
`IV. Title.
`QA76.1S.D6'67
`004' .03—dc20
`
`1996
`
`96-9250
`CIP
`
`PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
`
`987654321
`
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-23 Filed 03/20/20 Page 5 of 7
` ' Ills-MM Document 45-23 Filed 03/20/20 Page 5 of 7
`
`
`AFAIK
`
`6
`
`You are in a maze of twisting passages, all alike.
`
`> go north
`
`You are in a dimly lit room. Paths lead to the
`south and west.
`A lamp is on the floor.
`
`> pick up the lamp
`
`Done.
`
`> rub the lamp
`
`A genie appears. . .
`
`FIGURE 6. AN ADVENTURE GAME.
`-_____——fl—'—'
`
`AFAIK email abbreviation for “as far as I know.”
`AFAIK” email abbreviation fdr “as far as I remember.”
`AGENT software that performs a service for someone, usually silently
`and automatically. For example, an agent might run on a CLIENT com-
`puter to keep‘ the SERVER informed of its needs.
`
`AI see ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.
`
`
`
`’
`FIGUFIE 7. AIRBRUSH
`———_F__——————fl
`
`AIRBRUSH a tool available in some paint and photopaint programs that
`simulates the effect of an airbrush; the edges are soft and the colors
`are translucent. The softness of the edge, size of the spray pattern, and
`the degree of opaqueness can be controlled.
`In bitmap-editing programs that do not offer an airbrush tool, there
`is usually a SPRAY CAN TOOL, which is basically a coarser version of
`the airbrush.
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-23 Filed 03/20/20 Page 6 of 7
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document45-23 Flled 03/20/20 Page60f7
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`BIT BUCKET
`:42
`
`
`Specifically, the BinHex file consists of one hex digit (0-9, A-F) for
`each four bits of data in the original file. Thus the BinHex file is about
`twice as long as the original. See smrrrr: UUENCODE; UUDECODE;
`BINARY FILE; TEXT FILE.
`
`BIOS (Basic Input Output System) a set of procedures stored on a ROM
`chip inside IBM PC compatible computers. These routines handle all
`input-output functions, including screen graphics, so that programs do
`not have to manipulate the hardware directly. This is important because
`if the hardware is changed (for example, by installing a newer kind of
`video adapter) the BIOS can be changed to match it, and there is no
`need to change the application programs.
`The BIOS is not re—entrant and is therefore not easily usable by
`multitasking programs. ‘Windows and 08/2 programs do not call the
`BIOS; instead, they use procedures provided by the operating system.
`
`BIOS ENUMERATOR the BIOS routine that tellss a PLUG AND PLAY
`system what hardware is installed.
`
`BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR a semiconductor device formed by sand-
`wiching a thin layer of P— or N-type semiconductor between two layers
`of the opposite type of semiconductor. (See TRANSISTOR.) The. other
`general type of transistor is the field effect transistor (FET).
`
`BIS Latin for “a second time,” used to denote revised CCI'IT standards.
`See CCI'I'I‘.
`
`BISYNC see BINARY smcnnonous.
`
`BIT a shorthand term for “binary digit.” There are only two possible
`Hillary digits: 0 and 1: (See BINARY NUMBERS.) Bits are represented in
`computers by two-state devices, such as flip-flops. A computer memory
`is a collection of devices that can store bits.
`A byte is the number of bits (usually 8) that stand for one character.
`Memory is usually measured in units of kilobytes or megabytes. See
`MEMORY.
`
`One important measure of the capability of a microprocessor is the
`number of bits that each internal register can contain. For example, the
`classic 280 microprocessor had 8-bit registers. The Intel 8088, used in
`the original IBM PC, had 16—bit registers but only an 8-bit bus, leading
`to some confusion as to whether it should really have been called a 16-
`bit processor. Newer microprocessors have 32 or 64 bits per register. In
`general, a processor with a greater number of bits per instruction can
`process data more quickly (although there are other factors to consider
`that also determine a computer’s speed). See also MICROPROCESSOR.
`
`BIT BUCKET (slang) a place where data is lost. For example, under
`UNIX, the file name /dev/null can be used as a bit bucket; anything
`written to it will be ignored, but the program will think it is successfully
`writing to a file.
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`Case 1:20-cv-00034-ADA Document 45-23 Filed 03/20/20 Page 7 of 7
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`FILTER
`
`142
`
`M F
`
`ILTER
`a program that reads a file, character by character, and writes
`1.
`another file that is created from the first one in some way. Filters are
`useful because the output of a program can be fed through a filter to
`modify it. See UNIX.
`2.
`in paint and photopaint programs, a tool for modifying the
`image. See IMAGE PROCESSING and its cross-references.
`3.
`in electronics, a device that blocks certain signals or frequen-
`cies. See ANTIALIASING; RFI PROTECTION.
`'
`4.
`a device that blocks light of certain wavelengths or polariza-
`tions. Filters are used in front of computer screens to reduce glare.
`5.
`a material that removes dust particles from air, sometimes used
`in front of a computer’s cooling fan.
`
`FINDER part of the operating system of the Apple Macintosh. It allows
`users to copy and manipulate files and execute programs by moving
`icons on the screen. The Finder corresponds to Program Manager under
`Microsoft Windows.
`
`FINGER a UNIX command that provides you with information about
`users of your own or other machines. For example, if you type
`
`finger smithQaisunl . ai .uga. edu
`
`your computer will connect with AISUNl at the University of Georgia
`and look for a user named Smith; if one exists, you will get that per-
`son’s full name and email address, along with some other information
`depending on the exact version of the operating system.
`
`FIREWALL a link in a network that relays only data packets clearly
`intended and authorized to reach the other side. Firewalls are helpful
`in keeping computers safe from intentional attacks and from hardware
`failures océurring elsewhere.
`
`FIRMWARE software (i.e., computer programs) that is stored in some
`fixed form, such as a read-only memory (ROM). Contrast SOFTWARE;
`HARDWARE
`
`FIRST-GENERATION COMPUTERS the computers that were built
`in the late 19405 and early 19505, using vacuum tubes as switching
`elements.
`r
`
`FIXED DISK a disk drive that cannot be removed from the computer in
`normal use. See HARD DISK.
`
`FIXED-PITCH TYPE type in which all letters are the same width (e.g.,
`I the same width as M). Most typewriters and older types ofprinters and
`computer screens use fixed-pitch type. Contrast PROPORTIONAL-PI‘I‘CH
`TYPE.
`I
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