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`(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81) (cid:76)(cid:81) (cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87) (cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:79) (cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:80) (cid:76)(cid:86) (cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71) (cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:87) (cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:43)(cid:53)(cid:36)(cid:40)(cid:182)(cid:86) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:90)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:17)
`
`ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2010
`(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2007)
`Includes ANSI/ASHRAE Addenda listed in Appendix H
`
`Designation and Safety
`Classification of
`Refrigerants
`
`See Appendix H for approval dates by the ASHRAE Standards Committee, the ASHRAE Board of Directors, and the American
`National Standards Institute.
`
`This standard is under continuous maintenance by a Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) for which the Standards Com-
`mittee has established a documented program for regular publication of addenda or revisions, including procedures for timely,
`documented, consensus action on requests for change to any part of the standard. The change submittal form, instructions, and
`deadlines may be obtained in electronic form from the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or in paper form from the Manager of
`Standards. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased from the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or from
`ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: orders@ashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478.
`Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide), or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). For reprint permission, go to
`www.ashrae.org/permissions.
`
`© 2010 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336
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`(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81) (cid:76)(cid:81) (cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87) (cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:79) (cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:80) (cid:76)(cid:86) (cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71) (cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:87) (cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:43)(cid:53)(cid:36)(cid:40)(cid:182)(cid:86) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:90)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:17)
`
`ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 34
`Cognizant TC: TC 3.1, Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants
`SPLS Liaison: Boggarm S. Setty
`ASHRAE Staff Liaison: Douglas K. Tucker
`
`Stephen Kujak
`
`Andrew Kusmierz
`
`Thomas J. Leck
`
`Scott MacLeod
`
`Julie Majurin
`
`Dan M. Manole
`
`Mark O. McLinden
`
`Kirsten E. McNeil
`
`Nandini Mouli
`
`Sandra R. Murphy
`
`Sunil Nanjundaram
`
`Jack M. O’Leary
`
`ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 2009–2010
`
`William F. Walter, Chair
`
`Debra H. Kennoy, Vice Chair
`
`A. Bruce Badger
`
`William J. Brock
`
`Sean Cunningham
`
`David A. Didion
`
`Robert G. Doerr
`
`Paul H. Dugard
`
`H. Michael Hughes
`
`Gary W. Jepson
`
`Jay A. Kohler
`
`Steven T. Bushby, Chair
`
`H. Michael Newman, Vice-Chair
`
`Douglass S. Abramson
`
`Robert G. Baker
`
`Michael F. Beda
`
`Hoy R. Bohanon, Jr.
`
`Kenneth W. Cooper
`
`K. William Dean
`
`Martin Dieryckx
`
`Allan B. Fraser
`
`Nadar R. Jayaraman
`
`Byron W. Jones
`
`Jay A. Kohler
`
`Carol E. Marriott
`
`Vikas Patnaik
`
`Maryline Rassi
`
`Robert G. Richard
`
`Aniruddh Roy
`
`George M. Rusch
`
`John Senediak
`
`Ganesan ‘Sonny’ Sundaresan
`
`Kenji Takizawa
`
`Eugene F. Troy
`
`David P. Wilson
`
`Jing Zheng
`
`Merle F. McBride
`
`Frank Myers
`
`Janice C. Peterson
`
`Douglas T. Reindl
`
`Lawrence J. Schoen
`
`Boggarm S. Setty
`
`Bodh R. Subherwal
`
`James R. Tauby
`
`James K. Vallort
`
`William F. Walter
`
`Michael W. Woodford
`
`Craig P. Wray
`
`Wayne R. Reedy, BOD ExO
`
`Thomas E. Watson, CO
`
`Stephanie Reiniche, Manager of Standards
`
`SPECIAL NOTE
`This American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of ASHRAE.
`Consensus is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this
`standard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence
`of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an
`effort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance
`mandatory through legislation.
`ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.
`ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The Project
`Committee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, all
`must be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all Project
`Committees.
`The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:
`a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,
`b. participation in the next review of the Standard,
`c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, or
`d. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.
`
`DISCLAIMER
`ASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information and
`accepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components,
`or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAE’s Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its
`Standards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.
`
`ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDS
`ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for rating
`purposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providing
`other information that may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,
`and conformance to them is completely voluntary.
`In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,
`that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.
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`(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81) (cid:76)(cid:81) (cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87) (cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:79) (cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:80) (cid:76)(cid:86) (cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71) (cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:87) (cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:43)(cid:53)(cid:36)(cid:40)(cid:182)(cid:86) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:90)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:17)
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`
`CONTENTS
`ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2010,
`Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants
`
`SECTION
`
`PAGE
`
`Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................... 2
`
`(cid:57)
`
`1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
`
`2 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
`
`3 Definitions of Terms ........................................................................................................................................ 2
`
`4 Numbering of Refrigerants ............................................................................................................................. 5
`
`5 Designation..................................................................................................................................................... 7
`
`6 Safety Group Classifications........................................................................................................................... 8
`
`7 Refrigerant Concentration Limit (RCL) ......................................................................................................... 10
`
`8 Refrigerant Classifications............................................................................................................................ 12
`
`9 Application Instructions................................................................................................................................. 12
`
`10 References ................................................................................................................................................... 15
`
`Table 1: Refrigerant Data and Safety Classifications ......................................................................................... 16
`
`Table 2: Data and Safety Classifications for Refrigerant Blends ........................................................................ 18
`
`Table 3: Flammability Classifications.................................................................................................................. 21
`
`Informative Appendix A: Isomer Designation Examples..................................................................................... 22
`
`Normative Appendix B: Details of Testing—Flammability .................................................................................. 24
`
`Informative Appendix C: Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 27
`
`Informative Appendix D: Refrigerant Data .......................................................................................................... 28
`
`Informative Appendix E: Toxicity and Flammability Data for Single-Compound Refrigerants ............................ 32
`
`Informative Appendix F: Example Calculations for Heats of Combustion .......................................................... 34
`
`Informative Appendix G: Calculation of RCL and ATEL for Blends .................................................................... 35
`
`Informative Appendix H: Addenda Description Information ................................................................................ 36
`
`Approved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE
`Web site at www.ashrae.org/technology.
`
`NOTE
`
`© 2010 ASHRAE
`1791 Tullie Circle NE · Atlanta, GA 30329 · www.ashrae.org · All rights reserved.
`
`ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
`ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute.
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`(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81) (cid:76)(cid:81) (cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87) (cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:79) (cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:80) (cid:76)(cid:86) (cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71) (cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:87) (cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:43)(cid:53)(cid:36)(cid:40)(cid:182)(cid:86) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:90)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:17)
`
`(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merely
`informative and does not contain requirements necessary
`for conformance to the standard. It has not been
`processed according to the ANSI requirements for a
`standard and may contain material that has not been
`subject
`to public review or a consensus process.
`Unresolved objectors on informative material are not
`offered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)
`
`FOREWORD
`
`ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2010 is the latest edition of
`Standard 34, which describes a shorthand way of naming
`refrigerants and assigns safety classifications and refrigerant
`concentration limits based on toxicity and flammability data.
`The 2010 edition combines Standard 34-2007 and the 37
`approved and published addenda to the 2007 edition. More
`specific information on the content of each addendum and its
`approval date is included in an informative appendix at the
`end of this standard.
`First published in 1957 as an ASRE Standard, ASHRAE
`Standard 34 is now updated on a regular basis using
`ASHRAE’s continuous maintenance procedures. According to
`these procedures, Standard 34 is continuously revised—often
`several times a year—by addenda that are publicly reviewed,
`approved by ASHRAE and ANSI, and published on the
`ASHRAE Web site. Because the standard changes as new
`addenda are published, users are encouraged to sign up for
`the free Internet list server for the ASHRAE Standards Actions
`publication, which provides notice of all public reviews and
`approved and published addenda and errata. At the minimum,
`users should periodically review the ASHRAE Web site to
`ensure that they have all of the published addenda.
`Among the key changes incorporated into the 2010 edi-
`tion are the following:
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`Added fourteen refrigerants to Table 2 and one to
`Table 1.
`• Modified the method of calculating the heat of combus-
`tion to more closely represent what actually occurs and
`added an informative appendix with an example calcu-
`lation.
`Added an informative appendix showing an example of
`the calculation of the ATEL and RCL for a refrigerant
`blend.
`Revised the oxygen deprivation limit adjustment for alti-
`tude by an adding an intermediate adjustment at 1500 m
`(4920 ft).
`Added occupational exposure limits for the refrigerants
`in Tables 1 and 2.
`Extended the rules for numbering refrigerants to
`include ethene-, butane-, butene-, and propene-based
`refrigerants.
`Changed the required testing temperature for flamma-
`bility. All tests previously required at 100°C (212°F) are
`replaced by testing at 60°C (140°F).
`Added an optional 2L subclass to the existing Class 2
`flammability classification, signifying class 2 refriger-
`ants with a burning velocity less than or equal to
`10 cm/s.
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`Users of the standard are encouraged and invited to use
`the continuous maintenance procedure to suggest changes for
`further improvements. A form for submitting proposed
`changes to the standard is included at the back of this edition.
`The project committee for Standard 34 will take formal action
`on all proposals received.
`
`1. PURPOSE
`
`This standard is intended to establish a simple means of
`referring to common refrigerants instead of using the chemical
`name, formula, or trade name. It establishes a uniform system
`for assigning reference numbers, safety classifications, and
`refrigerant concentration limits to refrigerants. The standard
`also identifies requirements to apply for designations and
`safety classifications for refrigerants and to determine refrig-
`erant concentration limits.
`
`2. SCOPE
`
`This standard provides an unambiguous system for
`numbering refrigerants and assigning composition-designating
`prefixes for refrigerants. Safety classifications based on toxicity
`and flammability data are included along with refrigerant
`concentration limits for the refrigerants.
`This standard does not imply endorsement or concurrence
`that individual refrigerant blends are suitable for any particular
`application.
`
`3. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
`
`acute toxicity: the adverse health effect(s) from a single,
`short-term exposure, as might occur during an accidental
`release of refrigerants.
`
`acute-toxicity exposure limit (ATEL): the refrigerant concen-
`tration limit determined in accordance with this standard and
`intended to reduce the risks of acute toxicity hazards in
`normally occupied, enclosed spaces. ATEL values are similar
`to the Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)
`concentrations set by the National Institute of Occupational
`Safety and Health (NIOSH). ATELs include explicit, addi-
`tional components for cardiac sensitization and anesthetic
`effects, but they do not address flammability. The lowest of the
`ATEL, 50,000 ppm by volume, or 10% of the lower flamma-
`bility limit, therefore, provides a conservative approximation
`to IDLH concentrations when needed for refrigerants without
`adopted IDLH values.
`
`approximate lethal concentration (ALC): the concentration
`of a substance, a refrigerant in this standard, that was lethal to
`even a single test animal when tested by the same conditions
`as for an LC50 test.
`
`anesthetic effect: loss of the ability to perceive pain and other
`sensory stimulation.
`
`azeotropic: an azeotropic blend is one containing two or more
`refrigerants whose equilibrium vapor and liquid phase compo-
`sitions are the same at a given pressure. At this pressure, the
`slope of the temperature vs. composition curve equals zero,
`which mathematically is expressed as (dt/dx)p = 0, which, in
`
`2
`
`ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2010
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`(cid:139) (cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:43)(cid:53)(cid:36)(cid:40) (cid:11)(cid:90)(cid:90)(cid:90)(cid:17)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:12)(cid:17) (cid:41)(cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79) (cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:72) (cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:17) (cid:36)(cid:71)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15) (cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15) (cid:82)(cid:85)
`(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81) (cid:76)(cid:81) (cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87) (cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:79) (cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:80) (cid:76)(cid:86) (cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71) (cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:87) (cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:43)(cid:53)(cid:36)(cid:40)(cid:182)(cid:86) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:90)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:17)
`
`turn, implies the occurrence of a maximum, minimum, or
`saddle point temperature. Azeotropic blends exhibit some
`segregation of components at other conditions. The extent of
`the segregation depends on the particular azeotrope and the
`application.
`
`azeotropic temperature: the temperature at which the liquid
`and vapor phases of a blend have the same mole fraction of
`each component at equilibrium for a specified pressure.
`
`blend: a refrigerant consisting of a mixture of two or more
`different chemical compounds, often used individually as
`refrigerants for other applications.
`
`burning velocity (Su ): the maximum velocity (cm/s [in./s]) at
`which a laminar flame propagates in a normal direction rela-
`tive to the unburned gas ahead of it.
`
`cardiac sensitization: an acute effect in which the heart is
`rendered more sensitive to the body’s own catecholamine
`compounds or administered drugs, such as epinephrine, possi-
`bly resulting in irregular heart beat (cardiac arrhythmia),
`which could be fatal.
`
`ceiling: an exposure level, permissible exposure level-ceiling
`(PEL-C), or threshold limit value-ceiling (TLV-C), that should
`not be exceeded during any part of the day.
`
`treatment-related
`central nervous system (CNS) effect:
`depression, distraction, stimulation, or other behavioral modi-
`fication suggesting temporary or permanent changes to
`control by the brain.
`
`chronic toxicity: adverse health effect(s) from long-term,
`repeated exposures. This information is used, in part, to estab-
`lish TLV-TWA, PEL, or consistent indices.
`
`committee: as used in this standard, committee refers to
`ASHRAE Standing Standards Project Committee (SSPC) 34.
`
`compounds: substances formed by the chemical combination
`of two or more elements in definite proportions by mass.
`
`critical point: the location on a plot of thermodynamic prop-
`erties at which the liquid and vapor states of a substance meet
`and become indistinguishable. The temperature, density, and
`composition of the substance are the same for the liquid and
`vapor phases at this point. The density, pressure, specific
`volume, and temperature at the critical point are referred to as
`the critical density, critical pressure, critical volume, and crit-
`ical temperature, respectively.
`
`cyclic compound: an organic compound that contains three or
`more atoms arranged in a ring structure.
`
`EC50 (effective concentration 50%): the concentration of a
`material, a refrigerant in this standard, that has caused a
`biological effect to 50% of test animals.
`
`elevated temperature flame limit (ETFL): the minimum
`concentration of refrigerant that is capable of propagating a
`flame through a homogeneous mixture of the refrigerant and
`air using test equipment and procedures specified in
`Section B1.1 (in Normative Appendix B) at 101.3 kPa
`(14.7 psia) above 23°C (73°F). It is normally expressed as a
`
`refrigerant percentage by volume. When tested at 60°C
`(140°F), it is called the ETFL60.
`
`flame propagation (for determining flammability according
`to Appendix B): any combustion that moves upward and
`outward from the point of ignition as defined in Section B1.8
`in Normative Appendix B.
`
`the refrigerant
`(FCL):
`flammable concentration limit
`concentration limit, in air, determined in accordance with this
`standard and intended to reduce the risk of fire or explosion in
`normally occupied, enclosed spaces.
`
`fractionation: a change in composition of a blend by prefer-
`ential evaporation of the more volatile component(s) or
`condensation of the less volatile component(s).
`
`glide: the absolute value of the difference between the starting
`and ending temperatures of a phase-change process by a
`refrigerant within a component of a refrigerating system,
`exclusive of any subcooling or superheating. This term usually
`describes condensation or evaporation of a zeotrope.
`
`halocarbon: as used in this standard, a hydrocarbon derivative
`containing one or more of the halogens bromine, chlorine, or
`fluorine; hydrogen also may be present.
`
`heat of combustion (HOC): the heat released when a
`substance is combusted, determined as the difference in the
`enthalpy between the reactants (refrigerant[s] and air) and
`their products after combustion as defined in Section 6.1.3.5.
`The heat or enthalpy of combustion is often expressed as
`energy per mass (e.g., kJ/kg or Btu/lb).
`
`highly toxic: a material that produces a lethal dose or lethal
`concentration that falls within any of the following catego-
`ries:1,2,3
`1. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of
`50 mg or less per kilogram of body weight when
`administered orally to albino rats weighing between
`200 and 300 g each.
`2. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of
`200 mg or less per kilogram of body weight when
`administered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or
`less if death occurs within 24 hours) with the bare skin
`of albino rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kg each.
`3. A chemical that has a median lethal concentration
`(LC50) in air of 200 ppm by volume or less of gas or
`vapor, or 2 mg per liter or less of mist, fume, or dust,
`when administered by continuous inhalation for 1 hour
`(or less if death occurs within 1 hour) to albino rats
`weighing between 200 and 300 g each.
`
`hydrocarbon: a compound containing only the elements
`hydrogen and carbon.
`
`isomer: one of a group of compounds having the same chem-
`ical composition with differing molecular structures. Exam-
`ples include R-123 and R-123a, both of which contain one
`hydrogen atom and two carbon, three fluorine, and two chlo-
`rine atoms; both chlorine atoms are bonded to the same carbon
`atom in R-123 (CHCl2CF3), but one is bonded to each in
`R-123a (CHClFCClF2). The methane series of refrigerants
`
`ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2010
`
`3
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`(cid:139) (cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:43)(cid:53)(cid:36)(cid:40) (cid:11)(cid:90)(cid:90)(cid:90)(cid:17)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:12)(cid:17) (cid:41)(cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79) (cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:72) (cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:17) (cid:36)(cid:71)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15) (cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15) (cid:82)(cid:85)
`(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81) (cid:76)(cid:81) (cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87) (cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:79) (cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:80) (cid:76)(cid:86) (cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71) (cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:87) (cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:43)(cid:53)(cid:36)(cid:40)(cid:182)(cid:86) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:90)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:17)
`
`cannot form isomers because the single-carbon nucleus does
`not enable structural variations.
`
`LC50: a measure of acute inhalation toxicity representing a
`lethal concentration for 50% of exposed test animals for a
`specified time interval and species of animal.
`
`lower flammability limit (LFL): the minimum concentration
`of a substance, a refrigerant in this standard, that is capable of
`propagating a flame through a homogeneous mixture of the
`substance and air under specified test conditions.
`
`lowest observed effect level (LOEL): the concentration of a
`material, a refrigerant in this standard, that has caused any
`observed effect to even one test animal.
`
`maximum temperature glide: the difference between the satu-
`rated liquid temperature (bubble point) and the saturated vapor
`temperature (dew point) for the “as formulated” blend compo-
`sition at constant pressure. For a given pressure, the evaporator
`temperature glide in a direct expansion system will typically
`be 70% to 80% of the maximum temperature glide, as the
`refrigerant blend entering the evaporator is a mixture of liquid
`and vapor, and not at the saturated liquid temperature of the “as
`formulated” blend composition.
`
`near azeotropic: a zeotropic blend with a temperature glide
`sufficiently small that it may be disregarded without conse-
`quential error in analysis for a specific application.
`
`nominal formulation: the bulk manufactured composition of
`the refrigerant, which includes the gas and liquid phases. For
`the purpose of this standard, when a container is 80% or more
`liquid filled, the liquid composition may be considered the
`nominal composition.
`
`no-observed-effect level (NOEL): the highest concentration
`of a material, a refrigerant in this standard, at which no effect
`has been observed in even one test animal.
`
`nonazeotropic: a synonym for zeotropic, the latter being the
`preferred descriptor. Both non and a are negation prefixes, the
`latter from Latin, and therefore cancel one another (i.e., not-
`not-zeotropic, hence zeotropic). The double negative results
`from antecedent interest in, and the need to make a distinction
`with, azeotropic mixtures.
`
`occupational exposure limit (OEL): the time-weighted aver-
`age (TWA) concentration for a normal eight-hour workday
`and a 40-hour workweek to which nearly all workers can be
`repeatedly exposed without adverse effect, based on the
`OSHA PEL, ACGIH TLV-TWA, AIHA WEEL, or consistent
`value.
`
`olefin: an organic (carbon-containing) compound character-
`ized by the presence of one or more double bonds between
`carbon atoms in the molecule. Such a compound can also be
`described as being unsaturated.
`
`oxygen deprivation limit (ODL): the concentration of a refrig-
`erant or other gas that results in insufficient oxygen for normal
`breathing.
`
`ppm: parts per million.
`
`permissible exposure level (PEL): the TWA concentration
`(set by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administra-
`tion [OSHA]) for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour
`workweek to which nearly all workers can be repeatedly
`exposed without adverse effect. Chemical manufacturers
`publish similar recommendations (e.g., acceptable exposure
`level [AEL], industrial exposure limit [IEL], or occupational
`exposure limit [OEL], depending on the company), generally
`for substances for which PEL has not been establ