THE
`
`TELECOMMUNICATIONS
`
`HANDBOOK
`
`EDITORS -IN -CHIEF
`Kornel Terplan
`Patricia Morreale
`
`CRC PRESS
`
`IEEE PRESS
`
`A CIK; liati(Iixx)k Nthlislied in (-nip:ration
`
`ith 11.11.
`
`IPR2021-01406
`ANCORA EX2007
`
`

`

`THE
`
`TELECOMMUNICATIONS
`
`HANDBOOK
`
`EDITORS -IN -CHIEF
`Kornai Terplan
`Patricia Morreale
`
`0 CRC PRESS
`
`IEEE PRESS
`
`A CRC Handbook Published in Cooperation with IEEE Press
`
`Iffhtittimok
`
`IPR2021-01406
`ANCORA EX2007
`
`

`

`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`The telecommunications handbook / edited by Kornel Terplan. Patricia Morreale.
`p. cm.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-8493.3137-4 (hc. : alk. paper)
`I. Telecommunication--Handbooks, manuals. etc. I. Terplan, Kornel. II. Morreale. Patricia.
`TK5101.T355 1999
`384—dc2 I
`
`99.044580
`C1P
`
`This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
`permission. and sources arc indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
`reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
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`Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical.
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`
`0 2000 by CRC Press 1.1.0
`
`No claim to original U.S. Government works
`International Standard Book Number 0.8493-3137-4
`Library of Congress Card Number 99.044580
`Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
`Printed on acid-free paper
`
`
`
`IPR2021-01406
`ANCORA EX2007
`
`

`

`Basic Communication Principles
`
`2-11
`
`2.1.6 Techniques
`The advanced information processing techniques are playing a major role in the realization of telecom-
`munications services and the underlying network architectures. Among these techniques, we find object-
`oriented methods, open distributed processing, and the agent technology.
`2.1.6.1. Open Distributed Processing
`A telecommunications service is a distributed application that runs over the multiple nodes of a tele-
`communications network. The ODP reference model jointly defined by ISO and 1113-T provides a
`framework for the design of distributed systems with the introduction of viewpoints. Each viewpoint
`represents a different abstraction of the original system. Informally, a viewpoint leads to a representation
`of the system with emphasis on a specific concern. Five viewpoints were identified: enterprise, informa-
`tion, computation, engineering, and technology (Figure 2.6).
`The enterprise viewpoint is concerned with the overall environment within which an ODP system is
`to operate. The information viewpoint focuses on the information requirements of the system, and deals
`with information object types, together with their states and permitted state changes. The computational
`viewpoint shows processing functions and data types, abstracting away from the underlying hardware
`structures via transparency functions. The engineering viewpoint establishes transparency services utiliz-
`ing concepts from operating systems and communications. The technology viewpoint is concerned with
`the realization of an ODP system in terms of specific hardware and software components. ODP has been
`extensively used for the definition of TINA-2'
`2.1.6.2 Mobile Agents
`An agent is a program, which, with a certain degree of autonomy, performs tasks on behalf of a user or
`an application. An agent may move between network sites and cooperate with other agents to achieve
`its goals."
`Agent development finds its roots in two research domains: intelligent agents stemming from artificial
`intelligence, which studies the capabilities of learning and decision making of cooperative autonomous
`entities; and mobile code technology that enables programs to migrate from a machine to another, while
`preserving their execution environment. This latter domain is evolving at a fast pace because of the
`emergence of languages such as Td" and lava," and of their portable execution environment.
`
`Which requirements?
`Which gnah.1
`
`Enterprise
`Viewpoint
`
`Informaiiim
`Viewpoint
`
`Which information'
`Which relation?
`
`• bated S
`(e.g.
`vas
`
`ITN
`
`TN
`
`CM
`
`ns
`
`tx
`
`ITN
`
`Computation
`Viewpcint
`
` 3
`
`How to structure the system in
`terms of functional objects?
`
`Which mechanisms?
`
`Engineering
`Viewpoint
`
`Which technologies?
`
`Technology
`Viewpoint
`
`FIGURE 2.6 ODP viewpoints. different projections of a system.
`
`
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`IPR2021-01406
`ANCORA EX2007
`
`

`

`2-12
`
`The Telecommunications Handbook
`
`Thecommuniestion
`&swim Engineering
`
`IN
`
`TINA
`
`TMN
`
`\(\
`
`Mobile agents or
`agents
`
`FIGURE 2.7 Interrelations between network architectures and impact of techniques.
`
`The use of agent technology for telecommunications services engineering is a very hot topic in
`particular in the area of service and network management.”-" It lies within the boundaries of areas such
`as telecommunications, artificial intelligence, and software engineering. This can be seen as an advantage
`because it promotes the convergence of research results from different communities.
`
`2.1.6.3 Other Techniques
`Among the other techniques not detailed in this survey, we mention formal methods for the verification,
`validation, and testing of telecommunications services before deploying them. The goal of formal methods
`is to improve the reliability of these services!' Indeed, the rapid growth of the number of services makes
`the problem of proving that the services conform to their specification more acute. In fact, reacting
`rapidly to customer or market needs requires introducing new services only a few months or even a few
`weeks after the first specification; such a short interval makes it quite impossible to go through the tedious
`and long (several months) tests usually performed for new services. This problem is getting worse since
`there are more services continually added to the networks, contributing to the overall complexity. Services
`must all work correctly without hindering the function of other seniors; this last problem is often referred
`to as the "feature interactions problem? These obstacles on the road to rapid service introduction call
`for new approaches to increase confidence in the service.
`Figure 2.7 summarizes the interrelations among the different network architectures of telecommuni-
`cation services engineering and the impact of techniques on these architectures. TMN, TINA, and OOP
`follow the object-oriented approach. TINA applies the OOP concepts. principles. and viewpoints and
`integrates the IN and TMN architectures. Finally, mobile or intelligent agents may be perceived as an
`emerging technology for the next generation of telecommunications?'
`
`2.1.7 Conclusion
`
`As we have seen, telecommunications services engineering is composed of two major parts.
`One part is related to the network architecture which is in charge of executing the service in the
`network. The IN evolution will notably encompass its integration with the International Mobile Tele-
`communication 2000 architecture" for rapid introduction of services and efficient service control. In
`addition, there is an increasing interest in bringing telephone services provided by PSTNs to Internet
`users through the IN.
`The TMN evolution is integrating CORBA-based management particularly for the new task of service
`management. Interoperability will play a very important role. Indeed, if a service extends over multiple
`networks, network operators of these networks should be able to negotiate service provision and contract
`establishment with cash other. Although the effort spent toward the provision of an integrated IN/TMN
`architecture called TINA has been important, TINA in its current status is not deployed. Indeed, TINA is
`
`
`
`IPR2021-01406
`ANCORA EX2007
`
`

`

`Telecommunications/Electrical Engineering
`
`THE
`
`TELECOMMUNICATIONS
`
`HANDBOOK
`
`EDITORS -1N -CHIEF
`Kornel Terplan
`Patricia Morreale
`
`A panel of renowned experts from around the world contributed to this
`authoritative handbook that covers the essential aspects of this most
`dynamic field of communications and networking activity. Edited by
`Drs. Kornai Thrplan and Patricia Morreale, this important new handbook
`provides basic principles and definitions, details the tremendous advances
`in technology, outlines implementation techniques, and discucces the
`outstanding issues and key challenges faced by communications and
`networking specialists.
`
`The telecommunications topics addressed include:
`• Basic principles
`• Services on broadband networks
`• Signal processing and coding schemes
`• Mobile and wireless networks
`• DSL technologies
`• Digital video and multimedia
`• Quality of service
`• Regulation
`• Standards
`• Emerging technologies
`
`Exhaustive in scope and packed with
`diagrams, tables, and illustrations,
`The Telecommunications Handbook
`is an indispensable, detailed reference
`for engineers, analysts, managers, and
`students involved in a wide range of
`telecommunication and networking
`activities.
`
`CRC Press Catalog Number
`3137
`
`IEEE Order Number. PC5790
`
`ISBN 0-81.493-3137-4
`11111
`
`191011010 1
`
`9
`
`
`
`IPR2021-01406
`ANCORA EX2007
`
`