McGRAW—HILL PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING
`
`SPIE PRESS
`
`Modern
`Lens
`Design
`
`Warren]. Smith
`
`Second Edition
`
`t/ Detailed procedures for designing any major lens
`
`I/ Demonstration design case studies
`
`5/ Designing with lens design software
`
`HP, Ex. 1016
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` Ex. 1016
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`HP,
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`

`

`
`
`Modern
`
`Lens Design
`
`Warren J. Smith
`Chief Scientist
`Kaiser Electra-Optics, Inc., Carisbad, California
`and Consultant in Optics and Design
`
`Second Edition
`
`McGraw—Hill
`NewYork Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid
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`
`HP, Ex. 1016
`
` Ex. 1016
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`HP,
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`HP, Ex. 1016
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`96
`
`Chapter Five
`
`These aberrations are related by:
`
`TA=LA~ tan U
`
`The optical path (OP = Zn - d) is related to the time of travel of light,
`which is equal to Zn ‘ d/c. Ideally the OP from the object point to a
`reference sphere centered on the image point (and often located at the
`exit pupil——or at infinity) should be constant over the full aperture.
`The optical path difference, OPD = (OP my — 0PM), Where OPray is the
`path along a ray and OP,“ is the path along the axis or along the prin-
`cipal ray. The pupil function is OPD (x, y); the wave (front) function
`is w(x, y) = OPD (x, y)/h in waves; and the phase function (DOC, y) is
`271w (x, y) in radians.
`Aberrations may be intrinsic or induced. The intrinsic aberrations
`are those of a surface (or element) that are unaffected by the aberra-
`tions of the other surfaces. Induced aberrations are created by the
`aberrations (i.e., changes in the ray heights or angles) of the other ele-
`ments. Usually the lower-order aberrations of the other surfaces cause
`induced higher-order aberrations. For example, the third-order aber-
`rations of preceding surfaces will induce fifth-order spherical in fol-
`lowing surfaces. See Chap. 6, Secs. 6.3 and 6.4 for an example of how
`the third-order spherical and first-order chromatic aberration in the .
`first element affect the zonal (fifth-order) spherical and spherochro-
`matic of the lens.
`
`the scaling factor. Of course, because it neglects diffraction, the geome "
`
`AA=TA/l’
`
`OPD=lAA
`
`5.4 Scaling a Design, Its Aberrations, and its
`Modulation Transfer Function
`A lens prescription can be scaled to any desired focal length simply by
`multiplying all of its dimensions by the same constant. All of the linear '
`aberration measures will then be scaled by the same factor. Note, how-
`ever, that percent distortion, chromatic difference of magnification
`the numerical aperture or f number, the aberrations expressed
`as angular aberrations, and any other angular characteristics remain
`completely unchanged by scaling.
`The exact diffraction modulation transfer function (MTF) cannot be
`scaled With the lens data. The diffraction MTF, since it includes dif-
`fraction effects that depend on wavelength, will not scale because the
`wavelength is not ordinarily scaled with the lens. A geometric MTF c K
`be scaled by dividing the spatial frequency ordinate of the MTF plot by-
`
` Ex. 1016
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`HP,
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