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`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. Cover-2
`
`

`

`What's IIOt in This Ediµon!!
`
`p Ir/ rovJ�
`Coverage of the three top Linux distributions: Red Hat,
`Slackware 96, and Caldera Open Linux Base
`
`Although this book focuses mainly on the Red Hat distri­
`bution, we still provide coverage on how to install and
`configure the Slackware 96 distribution.
`
`All three distributions are available on the accompanying
`CD-ROMs!
`
`DEC Alpha coverage
`
`See how to install Red Hat Linux on various DEC Alpha
`platforms.
`
`How to go online with Linux
`
`Full coverage of ftp, telnet, and other Internet programs
`is included.
`
`See how to create World Wide Web documents with HTML,
`as well as manage an Internet Web server.
`
`Three chapters have been added that explain how to get
`Apache, the world's most popular Linux Web server, up
`and running.
`
`The complete text to Que's Running a Perfect Web Site with
`Apache is included in HTML on CD-ROM!
`
`How to go GUI with X Windows
`
`See how to install and configure XFree86, the most popular
`X Windows server for Linux.
`
`Learn how to use several exciting X applications.
`
`Find X Windows resource files on CD-ROM!
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. Cover-3
`
`

`

`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc.
`
`- Ex. 1012, p. Cover-4
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. Cover-4
`
`

`

`USING
`
`LINUX
`THIRD EDITION
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. Cover-5
`
`

`

`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc.
`
`- Ex. 1012, p. iv
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. iv
`
`

`

`USING
`LINUX
`THIRD EDITION
`
`jack Tackett Jr. and David Gunter
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. v
`
`

`

`vi
`
`Special Edition Using Linux
`
`Special Edition Using Linux, Third Edition
`Copyright© 1997 by Que® Corporation.
`
`All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part
`of this book may be used or reproduced in any form or by any
`means, or stored in a database or retiieval system, without prior
`written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quota­
`tions embodied in critical articles and reviews. Making copies of
`any part of this book for any purpose other than your own personal
`use is a violation of United States copyright laws. For information,
`address Que Corporation, 201 W. 103rd Street, Indianapolis, IN,
`46290. You may reach Que's direct sales line by calling 1-800-428-
`5331.
`
`Library of Congress Catalog No.: 97-65022
`
`ISBN: 0-7897-1132-x
`
`This book is sold as is, without warranty of any kind, either express
`or implied, respecting the contents of this book, including but not
`limited to implied warranties for the book's quality, performance,
`merchantability, or fitness for any particular purpose. Neither Que
`Corporation nor its dealers or distributors shall be liable to the
`purchaser or any other person or entity with respect to any liability,
`loss, or damage caused or alleged to have been caused directly or
`indirectly by this book.
`
`99 98 97
`
`6 5 4 3
`
`Interpretation of the printing code: the rightmost double-digit num­
`ber is the year of the book's printing; the rightmost single-digit
`number, the number of the book's printing. For example, a printing
`code of 97-1 shows that the first printing of the book occurred in
`1997.
`
`All terms mentioned in thjs book that are known to be trademarks
`or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Que cannot
`attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book
`should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or
`service mark.
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. vi
`
`

`

`TECHNICAL SUPPORT SPECIALIST
`Nadeem Muhammed
`
`SOFTWARE SPECIALIST
`Brandon K Penticuff
`
`ACQUISITIONS COORDINATOR
`Carmen Krikorian
`
`SOFTWARE RELATIONS COORDINATOR
`Susan D. Gallagher
`
`EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
`Andrea Duvall
`
`BOOK DESIGNER
`Ruth Harvey
`
`COVER DESIGNER
`Dan Armstrong
`
`PRODUCTION TEAM
`JasonR Carr
`Bryan Flores
`Julie Geeting
`Christy Hendershot
`Sossity Smith
`
`INDEXER
`Ginny Bess
`
`Credits
`
`PRESIDENT
`Roland Elgey
`
`PUBLISHER
`Stacy Hiquet
`
`DIREC'IOR OF MARKETING
`Lynn E. Zingraf
`
`PUBLISHING MANAGER
`Fred Slone
`
`SENIOR TITI.E MANAGER
`Bryan Gambrel
`
`EDITORIAL SERVICES DIRECTOR
`Elizabeth Keaffaber
`
`ACQUISITIONS EDITOR
`Tracy Dunkelberger
`
`PRODUCT DIRECTOR
`Rebecca}. Campbell
`
`PRODUCTION EDITOR
`Susan Shaw Dunn
`
`EDITOR
`Sherri Fugit
`
`PRODUCT MARKETING MANAGER
`Kristine Ankney
`
`ASSISTANT PRODUCT MARKETING MANAGERS
`Karen Hagen
`Christy M. Miller
`
`STRATEGIC MARKETING MANAGER
`Barry Pruett
`
`TECHNICAL EDITOR
`Steven Burnett
`
`Composed in Century Old Style and ITC Franklin Gothic by Que Corporation.
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. vii
`
`

`

`viii I Special Edition Using Linux
`
`To my wife, Peggy: I love and adore you.
`
`To my mother:
`
`-Jack Tackett Jr:
`
`-David Gunter
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. viii
`
`

`

`About the Authors
`
`Jack Tackett Jr. is a freelance writer and computer consultant in Research Triangle Park,
`N.C. He specializes in CIC++ and client/ser ver development on various platforms. During his
`spare time, Jack enjoys traveling; writing; reading; and spending time with his friends, his
`family, and his family's two dogs and two cats in his new home in Cary, N.C. He invites your
`comments at tackett@netwharf.com.
`
`David Gunter is an information technology consultant and author based in Cary, N.C. In
`addition to software development, he has been involved with supporting and managing diverse
`systems and networks for more than 10 years. David has a master's in computer science from
`the University of Tennessee. He has worked as both a lead and contributing author on 10 com­
`puter books, including the best selling Special Edition Using Linux series from Que. His publi­
`cation credits include Using Linux, first, second, and third editions; Using the Internet, Third
`•
`Edition; Netscape Starter Kit; Using Netscape 3; Using Netscape 2; Client/Server Programming
`with RPG and DCE; Using UNIX, Second Edition; and Using Turbo C++ 4.5. W hen not writing,
`consulting, researching, or surfing the Net, David spends as much time as possible with his
`wonderful wife, Lola, and their dog and two cats.
`
`Contributing Authors
`Lola Gunter is a technical consultant in Cary, N.C. She has worked in Web and multimedia
`software development as a computer consultant and as a manager of technical documentation.
`She has a bachelor's in computer science from the University of North Carolina-Asheville.
`Other than the Web and the Internet, her interests include working with stained glass, rough­
`housing with her German shepherd, and traveling.
`
`Peggy Tackett is a software support specialist for Duke University. Webmaster for Duke
`University's Center for Aging and Human Development (http://www.geri.duke.edu), she
`teaches classes on using the Web. In her spare time, she enjoys gardening, working with dog­
`rescue groups, and traveling when she can pry her husband away from the computer.
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. ix
`
`

`

`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc.
`
`- Ex. 1012, p. x
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. x
`
`

`

`Acknowledgments
`
`From Jack Tackett:
`
`First, I want to thank all the readers of the first two editions for their patronage and for their
`helpful and insightful comments. Your comments are important and make a difference; you
`have made this a better project!
`
`I want to say thank you for the tremendous efforts put forth by the Linux developers scattered
`across the globe. I also want to acknowledge the fine contributions begun by Linus Torvalds
`and continued by so many others around the world-thanks for creating Linux and breathing
`life into such a monumental effort! Also, thanks to Matt Welsh, et al., for the work on the Linux
`Documentation project, and to Patrick Volkerding for the Slackware distribution. Also, a big
`thanks to the fine folks at InfoMagic for putting together such a great Linux CD combination
`and offer for our readers. Finally, I want to thank the staff at Red Hat for their help in preparing
`this edition.
`
`Next, I want to express my regards for the people at the Que Continuum-never have I seen
`such professionalism in the publishing industry. Their efforts all revolve around one goal:
`creating a quality product through team effort I especially want to thank Fred Slone and Tracy
`Dunkelberger for their help in getting this project off the ground and finished. I also want to
`thank Susan Dunn, Steve Burnett, Brandon Penticuff, and Becky J. Campbell for all their help.
`
`To David V. Gunter, my partner in crime. :-) Third time's a charm, eh? Thanks for everything,
`Dave. Also to Lance Brown, Lola Gunter, and Margaret Tackett for all their help in preparing
`this book! Fmally, thanks to Paul Barrett for his initial help with the research that eventually
`led to this book.
`
`To my friends Paul Barrett, Keith E. Bugg, Gregg and Beckie Field, Dave and Lola Gunter,
`Kell and Joy Wilson, and Joe Williams: Thanks for the memories! Thanks to my combined
`family-the Tacketts and the Martins-for their support in all my endeavors. Also, a big thank
`you to the best cousins in the world-Bill and Hope Tackett Jr.
`
`I'd like to thank my best instructor, Dr. Joe Daugherty of the University of North Carolina­
`Asheville. Also thanks to Myrtice Trent of the Blue Ridge Technical Community College.
`Thanks for the help and encouragement you provided.
`
`Fmally, to my wife Peggy, who has yet again put up with me spending endless hours at the
`computer writing yet another computer book. Thanks, sweetheart, and I love you!
`
`From David Gunter:
`
`First of all, I'd like to thank all the readers of the first two editions of this book. Your comments
`and suggestions have helped us continue to improve this book with each edition.
`
`I'd like to thank all the folks at Que who worked on this project Special thanks go to our acqui­
`sitions editor, Tracy Dunkelberger, for keeping her sanity while trying to work with me! Also,
`thanks go to Susan Dunn and Steve Burnett for their excellent editorial work.
`
`Last, but most certainly not least, I would like to thank my wife, Lola, for putting up with the
`endless hours over the last three months while I worked on this revision!
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xi
`
`

`

`xii
`
`Special Edition Using Linux
`
`We'd Like to Hear from You!
`
`As part of our continuing effort to produce books of the highest possible quality, Que would
`like to hear your comments. To stay competitive, we really want you to let us know what you
`like or dislike most about this book or other Que products.
`
`Please send your comments, ideas, and suggestions for improvement to
`
`The Expert User Team
`E-mail: euteam@que.mcp.com
`CompuServe: 72410,2077
`Fax: (317) 581-4663
`
`Our mailing address is
`
`Expert User Team
`Que Corporation
`201 West 103rd Street
`Indianapolis, IN 46290-1097
`
`You can also visit our team's home page on the World Wide Web at
`
`http://www.mcp.com/ que/ developer_expert
`
`Your comments will help us to continue publishing the best books available in today's market.
`
`Thank you,
`
`The Expert User Team
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xii
`
`

`

`Contents at a Glance
`
`I installing Unux
`1 Understanding Linux 13
`2 Overview of Features 25
`3 Installin
`35
`q:::ram~~
`6 Installing the X Windows System 159
`7 Using X Windows 177
`
`5
`
`illill&
`
`1
`
`s 117
`
`II
`
`Systems Administration
`nderstanding Systems Administration 201
`Booting and Shutting Down 215
`10 Managing User Accounts 221
`'----r'r'"',:r;a:-;:,clrin;:;-;g�'Up'i5ata - 227
`12 Improving System Security 237
`13 Upgrading and Installing Software 249
`
`...,,
`
`&'M
`
`'
`
`_ _,..
`
`,,/
`
`Ill
`
`+
`
`• · · - • - - - - •
`
`I Managl!!l:tbe.-Flle·System - - -
`___ , __ .-------14 Managing File Systems 261
`15 Understanding the File and Directory System 287
`l_ 16 Man:�-��i��-���ir-ec_t��:--3��-----,.,,_--,,----
`I Worklngwltl;I_Unux-- ----
`______ _ ", !
`17 Understanding Linux Shells 323
`367
`18 Managing Multiple Processes
`.. _ 19· · -Using the vi Editor 389 ____
`. ----·-····-
`20 Using th�macs Edit��- 415
`21 Printing 435
`
`.-- • ""',.
`
`IV
`\..
`
`.... � ......
`
`)
`
`V
`
`I Network Administration
`22 Understanding the TCP /IP Protocol Suite 453
`23 Configuring a TCP/IP Network 473
`24 Configuring Domain Name Service 489
`25 Using SLIP and PPP 505
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xiii
`
`

`

`I .. Settlng'iJ-;;-�·Site �
`�
`-----
`
`VII
`.,,.,.
`
`,
`
`(
`
`'--.
`
`31 Creating Web Documents with HTML 609
`32 Getting Started with Apache 629
`33 Configuring Apache 641
`34 Managing an Internet Web Server 667 -----------
`I Appendixes
`A Sources of Information 677
`B The Linux HOWfO Index 685
`C The Linux Hardware Compatibility HOWfO 697
`D The GNU General Public License 723
`E The Caldera Open Lite CD-ROM 731
`
`xiv I
`
`VI
`
`Special Edition Using Linux
`
`--
`
`I Using the Internet
`26 Understanding the Internet 523
`27 Accessing the Network with telnet,ftp, and the r- Commands 537
`28 Surfing the Internet with the World Wide Web 555
`29 Using Electronic Mail 569
`30 Surviving Usenet News 593
`
`/
`
`-----�...--
`
`Index 735
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xiv
`
`

`

`Table of Contents
`
`Introduction 1
`Who Should Use This Book? 2
`
`Who Should Not Use This Book? 3
`
`Hardware Needed to Use This Book 4
`
`How to Use This Book 5
`
`Conventions Used in This Book 8
`
`I Installing Linux
`
`1 Understanding Unux 13
`What Is Llnux? 14
`
`Why Use Llnux? 14
`
`UNIX Versions 15
`
`An Overview of UNIX/Llnux Features 16
`Multitasking 16
`Multiuser 17
`Programmable Shells 18
`Device Independence Under UNIX 19
`Device Independence Under Llnux 19
`Communications and Networking 19
`Open Systems Portability 20
`
`A Brief History of Llnux 21
`AT&T 21
`BSD
`. USL
`22
`XENIX, SunOS, and AIX
`Llnux
`
`21
`
`22
`
`23
`Who Owns Llnux?
`
`From Here ...
`
`24
`
`2
`
`Overview of Features
`Basic Features
`
`26
`Llnux Distributions
`
`24
`
`25
`
`26
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xv
`
`

`

`xvi
`
`Special Edition Using Linux
`
`Advantages of Using Linux 27
`Applications 28
`Advantages for Computer Professionals 28
`Education 29
`Hackers 29
`
`Disadvantages of Using Linux 29
`Lack of Technical Support 30
`Hardware Problems 30
`Inability to Use Current Software 30
`Lack of Experience 31
`How to Overcome the Disadvantages 32
`Disappearing Disadvantages 32
`
`The Commercial Side of Linux 32
`Commercial Programs from Red Hat 32
`Commercial Programs from Caldera 33
`
`From Here... 33
`
`3
`
`Installing Red Hat 35
`
`Understanding Linux's Hardware Requirements 36
`The System's CPU 37
`The System's Bus 37
`Memory Needs 37
`Disk Drives and Space Requirements 38
`Monitor Requirements 39
`CD-ROMs 40
`Network Access 41
`Miscellaneous Hardware 42
`
`Starting the Installation Process 43
`
`Understanding the Various Installation Methods 44
`Compiling Needed information 45
`Creating the Boot and Supplemental Disks 46
`
`Partitioning Your Hard Drive 46
`Understanding Partitions 47
`Using FDISK 47
`Repartitioning Your DOS Drive 49
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xvi
`
`

`

`Contents I xvii
`
`Installing the linux System 52
`Using the linuxfdisk Program 56
`Adding the Necessary Partition 58
`Creating the Swap Partition 60
`Installing the Software Components 61
`
`Configuring Your System 63
`
`Configuring Your Network 64
`Configuring the TCP /IP Network 65
`Configuring the Time 65
`Selecting Your Keyboard Settings 65
`Selecting Your Root Password 65
`Installing ULO 66
`
`Building a New Kernel 66
`
`Installing Red Hat Llnux on DEC Alphas 68
`Using Supported Alpha Hardware 69
`Creating the Boot and Root Disks 69
`Installing the Main Red Hat Disbibution 70
`
`Going Back to the Beginning 71
`
`Troubleshooting Problems 71
`
`From Here... 72
`
`4 Installing Slackware 96 73
`
`Understanding What You Need to Install linux 74
`
`Making the Preparations 7 4
`
`Preparing Floppies and Backups for Installation 75
`Creating an MS-DOS Boot Disk 75
`Backing Up Your System 75
`Creating the Boot and Root Disks 76
`
`Partitioning Your Hard Drive 83
`Understanding Partitions 83
`Using FDISK 84
`Repartitioning the Drive 85
`Using UMSDOS Instead of Formatting Your Hard Drive 88
`
`Preparing the Hard Drive for linux 89
`Booting linux 89
`Partitioning the Drive for linux 91
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xvii
`
`

`

`xviii
`
`Special Edition Using Linux
`
`Using the Linux/disk Program 92
`Adding the Necessary Partition 95
`Creating the Swap Partition 97
`
`Installing the Linux System 97
`Setting Up a Swap Partition 98
`Selecting a Target Partition for Installation 99
`Choosing from Where to Install Linux 101
`Selecting the Seties to Install 102
`Installing Your Selections 103
`
`104
`Configuring Your System
`Configuring Your Modem 105
`Configuring the Mouse 106
`Configuring Linux to Useftape 106
`Configuring Your Modem's Baud Rate 106
`
`Installing LILO 107
`Configuring the Kernel with the append= Parameter 108
`Setting a Target Location 108
`Setting the Delay Option 108
`Choosing Your Default Operating System and Adding All
`Partitions 108
`Uninstalling LILO
`
`109
`
`Modifying the Kernel with rdev
`
`111
`
`Building a New Kernel
`
`111
`
`Upgrading from a Previous Version of Slackware 114
`
`Going Back to the Beginning 114
`
`Resolving Problems 115
`
`From Here...
`
`115
`
`5 Running LinuxApplicatlons
`
`117
`
`Maneuvering Through Linux 118
`Entering Commands 118
`Recalling Command History 118
`Making Selections 119
`Completing Commands 119
`
`Managing Users 119
`Logging In and Out 119
`Adding Users Under Slackware
`Adding Users with Red Hat 123
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xviii
`
`120
`
`

`

`Contents I xix
`
`Using Red Hat's Control Panel to Manage Users 124
`Changing Passwords 125
`
`Using Basic Commands 126
`Getting Help for Commands with man 126
`Using Directory-Manipulation Commands 126
`Using File-Manipulation Commands 128
`
`Dealing with DOS Files Under Linux 130
`
`Shutting Down Linux 131
`
`Running Linux Programs 132
`Using the workbone CD Player 133
`Using the sc Spreadsheet Calculator 134
`Using the be Calculator 134
`Using the minicom Telecommunications Package 135
`
`Playing Games 136
`Tetris 137
`Dungeon 137
`Trek 138
`
`Running DOS Programs Under Linux 139
`Installing DOSEMU 140
`Configuring DOSEMU 140
`Running DOSEMU 147
`
`Running Windows Programs Under Linux 157
`
`From Here... 158
`
`6 Installing the X Windows System 159
`
`Understanding X Windows 160
`What Is a Client/Server System? 161
`Output Capabilities 162
`User Interface Capabilities 162
`Input Capabilities 163
`
`Installing the XFree86 System 163
`Installing the Software 163
`Ensuring Hardware Support for XFree86 165
`Installing the X System with pkgtool for Slackware 166
`
`Configuring XFree86 167
`Running the SuperProbe Program 168
`Understanding the XF86Config Sections 169
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xix
`
`

`

`xx
`
`Special Edition Using Linux
`
`Running the x/86Config Program 174
`175
`Running X in -Probeonly Mode
`
`Using the X Windows Resource Files 175
`
`From Here...
`
`175
`
`7 Using X Windows 177
`
`Navigating X Windows 178
`Using Menus 178
`Using Virtual Terminals in X Windows 178
`
`Using Window Managers for Linux
`179
`twm
`fvwm 180
`otwrn 181
`
`178
`
`Using X Applications in Red Hat
`183
`
`nxterm
`183
`
`xv
`
`181
`
`xterm
`
`185
`
`Using X Windows Applications with Slackware 96
`186
`188
`xcalc
`xspread 191
`Seyon 192
`194
`195
`
`xgrab
`
`xlock
`
`Having Fun with DOOM for Linux
`Installing DOOM 196
`Starting DOOM
`197
`
`196
`
`From Here...
`
`197
`
`11
`
`I Systems Administration
`
`8 Understanding Systems Administration 201
`Understanding the Importance of Proper Administration 202
`
`Understanding Multiuser Concepts 203
`
`Understanding Centralized-Processing Systems 204
`Elements of the Centralized-Processing Model 205
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xx
`
`

`

`\.
`
`Contents I xxl
`
`Understanding Distributed-Processing Systems 206
`Elements of the Distributed-Processing Model 206
`Topologies 207
`
`Understanding the Client/Server Model 209
`
`Performing Administration in a Networked Environment 210
`
`Defining the Role of the Network Administrator 210
`Understanding Hardware and Software Issues 210
`Performing Common Networking Administrative Tasks 211
`Training the Administrator 213
`
`From Here... 214
`
`9 Booting and Shutting Down 215
`Booting Linux from a Floppy 216
`
`Booting from a Boot Manager 216
`
`Understanding LIW, the Linux Loader 216
`Configuring LIW 217
`Using LIW 217
`
`Shutting Down Linux 218
`
`From Here... 219
`
`10 Managing User Accounts 221
`Working with Users 222
`Adding a User 222
`Using the adduser Command 223
`Setting User Passwords 223
`Removing a User 224
`
`Working with Groups 225
`Adding a Group 225
`Deleting a Group 225
`
`Managing Home Directories 226
`
`From Here... 226
`
`11 Backing Up Data 227
`Considering Backup Issues 228
`
`Considering Backup Tips 228
`
`Planning a Backup Schedule 229
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xxi
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`

`

`· xxii
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`Perfonning Backups and Restoring Files 230
`Using tar 231
`Using cpio 233
`
`From Here... 235
`
`12
`
`Improving System Security 237
`
`Handling Physical Security 238
`
`Dealing with Password Security 239
`
`Developing Login Security 240
`Accounts Without Passwords 240
`Unused Accounts 240
`DefaultAccounts 241
`GuestAccounts 241
`Command Accounts 241
`Group Accounts 242
`
`Handling File Security 242
`Permissions 242
`SUID and SGID Programs 243
`
`Avoiding Social Engineering Threats 244
`
`Recording Use of the su Command 244
`
`Developing a Secure System 245
`Security Threats 245
`Controlling the Root 245
`Controlling Modems and Crackers 246
`Preventing Idle Terminals 246
`Enforcing Security 246
`Handling Security Breaches 247
`Performing Backups 248
`
`From Here... 248
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`13 Upgrading and Installing Software 249
`
`Understanding Key Terms Used in This Chapter 250
`
`Understanding the Politics of Upgrading 250
`
`Installing Software 251
`Understanding the System Administrator's Job 252
`Using pkgtool 253
`Installing Non-Linux Software 254
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xxii
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`

`

`\,
`
`Contents I .xxlll
`
`Reviewing File Permissions 255
`Solving Problems 256
`Removing Applications 256
`
`Upgrading Your Kernel 256
`
`From Here... 257
`
`Ill
`
`I Managing the File System
`
`14 Managing FIie Systems 261
`
`Understanding File Systems 262
`Mounting and Unmounting File Systems 265
`Mounting File Systems Interactively 266
`Mounting File Systems at Boot Time 267
`Unmounting File Systems 269
`
`Understanding the Network F"tle System 270
`Exporting an NFS F'tle System 270
`Understanding the /etc/exports F'tle 271
`Mounting NFS F'tle Systems 272
`Maintaining File Systems 27 4
`
`Using thefeck Command 275
`Creating and Formatting F'tle Systems 276
`Using/disk to Create Disk Partitions 276
`Using mkfs to Build a F'tle System 283
`Using Swap F'lles and Partitions 284
`Creating a Swap Partition 284
`Creating a Swap F'lle 285
`
`From Here... 286
`
`15 Understanding the FIie and Directory System 287
`Understanding File and Path Names 288
`F'lle Types 289
`Ordinary Files 290
`Directory F'tles 291
`Directories and Physical Disks 291
`Links 292
`Special Files 292
`F'lle Permissions 293
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xxiii
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`

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`xxiv
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`Special Edition Using Linux
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`Looking at Linux Standard Directories 297
`Classic UNIX Directories 297
`Linux Directories 298
`
`From Here... 299
`
`16 Managing Files and Directories 301
`
`Listing Files 302
`
`Organizing Files 305
`
`Copying Files 306
`
`Moving and Renaming Files 307
`
`Removing Files or Directories 307
`
`Viewing the Contents of a File 309
`Using cat to View a File 310
`Using more to View a File 310
`Using less to View a File 310
`Searching Through a File and Escaping to the Shell 311
`Viewing Files in Other Forms 311
`
`Searching for Files 313
`
`Changing File Time and Date Stamps 315
`
`Compressing Files 315
`
`Manipulating Files with XFree86's GUI 316
`Listing Files with the GUI 318
`Copying Files in the GUI 319
`Moving and Renaming Files in the GUI 319
`Removing Files and Folders 319
`
`From Here... 320
`
`IV
`
`I Working with Linux
`
`17 Understanding Linux Shells 323
`
`Logging In 324
`
`Understanding Shells 325
`Looking at Different Shells 325
`Configuring Your Login Environment 327
`Understanding Processes 335
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xxiv
`
`

`

`Contents m
`
`Understanding Shell Command Parsing 336
`Using Commands, Flags, and Parameters 337
`Performing File-Name Matching 338
`Connecting Processes with Pipes 341
`Redirecting Input and Output 341
`Substituting Shell Variables 342
`Substituting Command Results 343
`Understanding Command Groups, Subshells, and
`Other Commands 344
`
`Doing Background Processing 345
`Arranging for Processes to Run in the Background 345
`Using the nohup Command 346
`Using the cron Daemon 346
`
`Understanding Command Feedback 348
`
`Editing and Aliasing Shell Commands 348
`Editing Commands 348
`Viewing Command History 348
`Aliasing Commands 349
`Completing Commands 349
`Adding Text with Cut and Paste 349
`
`Working with Shell Scripts 350
`Writing Programs with the Shell 351
`Programming with Control Structures 355
`
`Customizing Linux Shells 362
`Exporting Variables to. the New Shell 362
`Defining Command Aliases 364
`
`From Here... 364
`
`18 Managing Multiple Processes 367
`
`Understanding Multitasking 368
`
`Initiating Multiple Processes 369
`Starting Multiple Processes 370
`Starting a Background Process 370
`Using Pipes to Start Multiple Processes 370
`
`Using the Scheduling Commands 371
`Running Commands at Specified Times with at 371
`Running Long Tasks with batch 373
`Scheduling Commands with cron and crontab 374
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xxv
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`

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`xxvi
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`Reporting On and Monitoring the Multitasking Environment 377
`Finding Out Who's on the System with who 378
`Reporting on the Status of Processes with ps 379
`
`Controlling Multiple Processes 383
`Using nolmp with Background Processes 383
`Scheduling the Priority of Commands with nice 384
`Scheduling the Priority of Running Processes with renice 384
`Terminating Processes with kill 385
`From Here... 388
`
`19 Using the vi Editor 389
`Introducing vi 390
`What Is vi? 390
`Understanding the Editing Process 391
`
`Using vi 393
`Looking at vi's Two Modes 393
`Creating Your First vi File 394
`Starting vi by Using an Existing File 395
`Exiting vi 396
`Undoing a Command 398
`Writing Files and Saving the Buffer 399
`Positioning the Cursor 400
`Adding Text 403
`Deleting Text 405
`Changing and Replacing Text 406
`Searching 407
`Copying, Cutting, and Pasting 408
`Repeating Commands 410
`s
`etting the vi Environment 410
`Using set to See and Set Options 411
`Setting the showrnode Option 412
`Setting Toggle Options 412
`Changing Options for Every vi Session 412
`
`From Here... 413
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xxvi
`
`

`

`Contents xxvii
`
`20 Using the emacs Editor 415
`
`Starting emacs 416
`
`Using emacs 417
`Looking Over the emacs Screen 417
`Creating Your First emacs File 418
`Starting emacs by Using an Existing File 419
`Exiting emacs 420
`Undoing a Command 422
`
`Writing Files and Saving the Buffer 423
`Using Files 423
`Positioning the Cursor 424
`Adding Text 426
`Deleting Text 426
`Searching and Replacing Text 427
`Copying, Cutting, and Pasting 430
`
`Basic Command Summary 431
`
`Customizing emacs 433
`
`From Here... 433
`
`21 Printing 435
`
`Selecting a Printer to Work with Linux 436
`
`Knowing What You Need to Configure Printers 438
`
`Knowing How Printing Works Under Linux 438
`
`Understanding the Important Programs for Printing 439
`e
`The lpd Da mon 440
`The lpr Command 440
`The lpq Command 440
`The lprm Command 440
`The lpc Command 440
`
`Understanding the Important Directories 441
`
`Understanding the Important Files 442
`
`Understanding the /etc/printcap File 442
`Understanding the Fields in /etc/printcap 443
`Setting the PRINTER Environment Variable 445
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xxvii
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`

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`xxviii
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`Creating a Test printcap Entry 445
`
`Putting It All Together 446
`
`Configuring Red Hat Printers 448
`
`From Here... 450
`
`V
`
`I Network Administration
`
`22 Understanding the TCP /IP Protocol Suite 453
`
`The History of TCP/IP 454
`
`Internet Terminology 454
`
`The Open Systems Interconnection Model 456
`
`The TCP /IP Protocol Stack 458
`
`IP Addresses 459
`IP Address Classes 460
`Network Naming 462
`NIC Naming Tree 463
`
`Subnetworks and Subnet Masks 463
`
`Routing 465
`Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 465
`Network Segmentation 466
`
`Internet Network Setup 467
`Understanding the Types of Connections 467
`Choosing a Networking Configuration 469
`Understanding Network Con£guration Guidelines 470
`Using Routers and Bridges 471
`
`From Here... 472
`
`23 Configuring a TCP/IP Network 473
`
`Understanding the TCP /IP Configuration Files 4 7 4
`The /etc/hosts File 474
`The /etc/networks File 475
`
`Initializing Ethernet Interfaces 4 76
`Using ifconfig to Inspect a Network Interface 477
`Configuring the Software Loopback Interface 478
`Configuring a Network Interface 478
`Configuring Parallel IP Interfaces 479
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xxviii
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`xxix
`
`Understanding TCP /IP Routing 479
`Deciding on a Routing Policy 479
`Using the /sbin/route Program 479
`
`Monitoring a TCP/JP Network with netstat 483
`Displaying Active Network Connections 484
`Examining the Kernel Routing Table 487
`Displaying Network Interface Statistics 487
`
`From Here... 488
`
`24 Configuring Domain Name Service 489
`
`Introducing DNS 490
`
`Configuring the Resolver 491
`The / etc/host.conf File 491
`The /etc/resolv.conf File 493
`
`Using the named Daemon to Set Up the Server 494
`The named.boot File 494
`Database Files and Resource Records 496
`The named.hosts File 499
`TI1e named.rev File 501
`The named.ca File 502
`
`Troubleshooting 502
`
`From Here... 503
`
`25 Using SLIP and PPP 505
`
`Understanding the Requirements for SLIP and PPP 506
`
`Using dip to Automate SLIP Operations 506
`Using dip in Command Mode 506
`Using dip with Static IP Addresses 509
`Using dip with Dynamic IP Addresses 511
`
`Using diplogin to Provide SLIP Service 512
`Creating SLIP Accounts 512
`Using the /etc/diphosts File 512
`
`Using PPP 513
`Automating PPP Links with pppd and chat 513
`Providing PPP Service 517
`Keeping Your PPP Link Secure 518
`
`From Here... 519
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. xxix
`
`

`

`xxx
`
`Special Edition Using Linux
`
`VI
`
`I Using the Internet
`
`26 Understanding the Internet 523
`
`The Structure of the Internet 524
`
`A Brief History 524
`
`Size 525
`
`Internet Names 525
`Domains 526
`Subdomains 531
`
`Basics of Domain Name Service 531
`Names and Numbers 531
`Finding Host Information 533
`
`From Here... 536
`
`27 Accessing the Network with telnet, ftp, and the r- Commands 537
`
`Using telnet to Access Remote Computers 538
`telnet Command Summary 538
`Sample telnet Session 539
`
`Using FTP for Remote File Transfer 540
`Anonymous FTP 540
`ftp Command Summary 541
`A Sample FTP Session 545
`A Sample Anonymous FTP Session 546
`
`Using the r- Commands 549
`rlogin 550
`rsh 551
`rep 552
`
`From Here... 553
`
`28 Surfing the Internet with the World Wide Web 555
`
`Introducing the World Wide Web 556
`Understanding the Web's Structure 556
`Understanding URLs 557
`Searching the Web 558
`
`Using FTP with a Web Browser 560
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p.