Designed for
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`The Ultimate Computer Reference
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`Over 7,600 terms and definitions
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`345 illustrations and diagrams
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`Extensive internet and Web coverage
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`Featured in Microsoft '“ Bookshelf 97
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`The Comprehensive Standard for Easiness;
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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, Cover
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — Ex. 1013, Cover
`
`

`

`“Today’s culture is computerized, and
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`vocabulary updates. The fisher-emf}
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`perfect. way to clear up a puzzling word
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`Language (1987) and
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`Virtual Realism (1997)
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`or phrase in computer cuiture.“
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`author of Electric
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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, (cid:83)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:76)
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — Ex. 1013, p. i
`
`

`

`.' inrosoft
`
`
`anmmwr
`
`”luminary
`
`Third Edition
`
`Microsoft°Press
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, (cid:83)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:76)
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — Ex. 1013, p. ii
`
`

`

`
`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
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`Copyright © l997 by Microsoft Corporation
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`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
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`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, (cid:83)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:76)
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — Ex. 1013, p. iii
`
`

`

`
`
`Introduction
`V
`
`Dictionary
`of Computer Terms
`I
`
`m
`
`ASCII Character Set
`
`521'
`
`mm
`
`IBM Extended Character Set
`
`522
`
`m
`
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set
`52.:-
`
`m
`
`EBCDIC Character Set
`
`82!!
`
`
`
`Appendix [E '
`
`Numeric Equivalents
`mm-
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, (cid:83)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:89)
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — Ex. 1013, p. iV
`
`

`

`Introduction
`
`The Microsoft Press Computer Dictionary, Third Edition is designed to be a comprehen-
`sive and authoritative source of definitions for computer—related terms and abbrevia—
`tions. The dictionary includes terms drawn from a wide variety of topics:
`
`Applications
`
`.
`Databases
`Desktop Publishing
`Multimedia
`
`Spreadsheets
`Word Processing
`_
`.
`Communication and Networks
`
`E—mail
`Intranet
`Data and Data Storage
`
`Games
`Graphics
`Hardware
`Architecture
`Chips, Cards, and Boards
`Computers
`.
`Disks, Drives, and Other Media
`Peripherals .
`Processors
`
`History
`
`Information Processing
`
`General Computing
`Input/Output
`Memory and Memory Management
`
`Internet
`P rotocols
`Security
`Tools (user and developer)
`World Wide Web
`
`Organizations
`Software Engineering
`Concepts
`Programming Languages
`Tools and Techniques
`
`Standards
`
`Systems and Environments
`Operating Systems
`
`'
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, (cid:83)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:89)
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — Ex. 1013, p. V
`
`

`

`
`
`lntroduct io n
`
`
`
`
`
`Although this book covers nearly every aspect of
`computing, it does not include entries on most com-
`panies or on most makes and models of computers,
`nor does it contain entries on most application soft~
`ware products. The few exceptions to this rule of
`thumb are key companies and products that have a
`historical or universal importance within the comv
`puting industry.
`This dictionary emphasizes terminology that the
`average computer user will encounter in documen-
`tation, online help, computer manuals, marketing
`and sales materials,
`the popular media, and the
`computer
`trade press. Because most computer
`users operate personal computers and desktop sys-
`tems at home, work, or both,
`the majority of the
`entries in this dictionary cover the terminology
`used in describing and working with these systems.
`However, some specialized or highly technical lan'
`guage is included that pertains to areas of industry.
`academia,
`suftware and hardware development,
`and research, These terms have been included be—
`
`cause they have a bearing on more common com—
`puter terminology or because they are of historical
`significance.
`
`Changes in the Third Edition
`
`The third edition of the Microsoft Press Com—
`puter Dtcttomny has been revised and updated
`to reflect
`the many advances in the computer
`field and to include several areas that have
`come into prominence in the public eye, such
`as the Internet. Over 2,500 new entries have been
`added, covering the Internet,
`the World Wide
`Web, network computing, hardware and software
`advances, virtual reality, multimedia, and work—
`group computing.
`Existing entries from the second edition of die
`Mtcrosofl Hem Computer Dictionary have been
`updated to include changes in the field.
`All entries have been styled in a more traditional
`dictionary fonftat than in previous editions. Pronun—
`ciations and pans of speech are given for all terms.
`Entries that have more than one sense, or definition,
`are broken into numbered lists.
`
`Order of Presentation
`
`Entries are alphabetized by letter. Spaces are
`ignored, as are characters such as hyphens and
`slashes; for example, Baudot code falls between
`baud and baud rate, and machine—independent
`falls between machine identification and machine
`instruction. Numbers and symbols are located at the
`beginning of the book and are listed-in ascending
`ASCII order. If an entry begins with a letter or letters
`but contains a number,
`it
`is listed alphabetically,
`according to the initial lettet(s), and then according
`to ASCII order. Thus, V20 precedes V.2x, and both
`precede VAB.
`
`Entries
`
`Entries are of two types: main entries, which contain
`full definitions, and synonymous cross—references,
`which contain See references to the appropriate
`main entries. Synonymous cross—references are gen—
`erally secondary or less common ways of referring
`to a main entry. The definition at the main entry can
`be substituted as a definition for the synonymous
`cross-reference.
`
`Format
`
`Information in each main entry is presented in a con-
`sistent format: entry name in boldface, spelling vari—
`ants
`(if any), pronunciation, part of Speech,
`definition,
`illustration or table references (if any),
`acronym (if any), alternative names (if any), and
`cross—references (if any).
`
`Main Entries
`
`Entries that are acronyms or abbreviations for one
`or more words or concatenations of two or more
`
`words have those words spelled out at the begin—
`ning of the definition. The letters in these words or
`phrases that make up the acronym, abbreviation, or
`concatenation are in boldface.
`
`When a main entry is spelled exactly the same as
`another main entry, the two entries are differenti~
`ated by the use of a superscript numeral after each
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, (cid:83)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — Ex. 1013, p. Vi
`
`

`

`Intrmiuction
`
`term, These entries are called homographs, and they
`are generally different parts of speech. For example,
`
`e—mail1 (noun)
`e_mailz (verb)
`
`Spelling Variants
`When a main entry has one or more variations in the
`way it is spelled, each spelling variant follows the
`main entry, after the word or.
`
`Pronunciations
`
`Pronunciation keys appear after all defined terms in
`the dictionary. Within the pronunciation keys, indi-
`vidual words are separated by word spaces, and syl-
`lables within each word are separated by stress
`marks or hyphens.
`
`Variant Pronunciations
`
`‘l'he Microsofi Press Computer-Dictionary, Ibirdfi'di-
`tion uses a generalized system for representing pro-
`nunciations, particularly for the vowels. There are
`many subtle variations, well known to phonologists
`in particular,
`in the ways Americans in different
`parts of the United States pronounce many vowels.
`However, most can recognize words that are pro-
`nounced slightly differently by others and should be
`able to interpret the broad category represented for
`each of the vowel sounds in this dictionary and
`apply it in their own regional variation or dialect.
`This dictionary represents only standard American
`pronunciations, but there are cases in which suffi—
`cient divergence in pronunciation exists, even
`within the United States, so some variant pronunci-
`ations have been included.
`
`Variants are separated by commas, and the most
`common pronunciation may appear first. However,
`because there are many cases where two pronunciw
`ations are (at least roughly) equally widely used, the
`order in which they appear should not be inter—
`preted to mean that the first one given is more “cor—
`rect" or common than the other(s). Variants are
`shown on a word—by—word basis; for a multiword
`entry, pronunciation keys are given only for the
`word or words that have variant pronunciations.
`
`For words that are spelled with the letters tab,
`the pronunciation is listed with two variants: one
`with a simple to (w) and one with the bw sound
`(hw).
`
`Words that are spelled with either an or aw
`include a variant pronunciation with the letter 0
`with a circumflex accent (6), which represents the
`vowel sound some Americans (those who make a
`significant distinction between this sound and a
`
`“regular” short 0) pronounce when they say the
`word dawn. In some parts of- the country,
`this
`vowel sound is also used in words with other spell-
`ings, such as coflile or talk, but this seems to be a
`distinctly dialectical variation rather than a standard
`one. It is therefore very difficult for any individual
`to predict how any other might pronounce these
`particular words, so variants have not been included
`for them.
`
`Stress
`
`The syllable or syllables pronounced with the heavi—
`est, or primary, stress in a term are followed by
`acute accents (’); those with lighter, or secondary,
`stress are followed by grave accents C). For exam—
`ple,
`in the word computer, the second syllable is
`spoken more forcefully, or with more stress, than
`the first and third syllables and therefore is followed
`in the pronunciation key by an acute accent (kam-
`pyoTJ'tar). In the word engineering, the third syllable
`is stressed most heavily, but the first syllable is
`stressed more than the second or fourth, so the first
`syllable is followed by a grave accent,
`indicating
`secondary stress (en‘ja—nér’éng).
`
`Special Characters and Diacritics
`
`The dictionary’s pronunciation schema keeps the
`use of technical phonetic characters to a minimum.
`Instead, a system that
`is more familiar to most
`Americans represents short vowels with plain letters
`(a, e, i, o, u) and long vowels with overbars.(a, e, i,
`o, 0—6} The ligatured 0’s represent the vowel sounds
`in the words foot (66) and food ((36).
`The letter a with an umlaut (a) is included as
`an alternative to the short 0 (o). It is used when
`the vowel is represented orthographically by some
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, (cid:83)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:76)
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — Ex. 1013, p. Vii
`
`

`

`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, (cid:83)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:76)
`
`

`

`introduction
`
`ng
`p
`r
`s
`sh
`r
`th
`db
`v
`w
`hw
`
`v
`a
`2h
`
`IJg , I]
`p
`r
`s
`_|‘
`t
`3
`6
`v
`w
`Ni
`
`i
`a
`3
`
`ligger, sing
`pine, apple
`_r_at
`soon, gel]
`shoe, notion, gharade
`test
`thin
`then
`zine
`flint:
`w ine
`
`set
`zoom, beds
`pleasure, collagg
`
`Parts of Speech
`
`Entries are broken down into four parts of speech,
`in addition to prefixes, abbreviated as follows:
`13.
`noun
`vb.
`verb
`
`adj.
`adv.
`
`adjective
`adverb
`
`Definitions
`
`Each of the more than 7,300 entries is written in
`clear, standard English, Many go beyond a simple
`definition to provide additional detail and to put the
`term in context for a typical computer User. When
`an entry has more than one sense or definition, the
`definitions are presented in a numbered list,
`to
`make it easier to distinguish the particular, some‘
`times subtle, variations in meaning.
`
`Illustration and Table References
`
`Some entries have affiliated illustrations or tables
`that aid in defining the entry. in most cases, illustra—
`tions and tables appear on the same page as the
`entries to which they apply. In some instances,
`however, page layout requirements have forced
`dlem to a subsequent page. Entries with illustrations
`or tables usually have references at the end of the
`definition for an entry, in the following formats:
`See the illustration.
`See the table.
`
`Acronyms
`
`Some terminology in the computer field, particu-
`larly computer standards and Internet slang, can
`be shortened to form acronyms. Sometimes the
`acronym is the more common way to refer to the
`concept or object; in these cases, the acronym is
`the main entry. In other cases, the acronym is not
`as commonly used as the words or phrase for
`which it stands. in these cases, the words or phrase
`constitute the main entry. The acronym is given
`after the definition for diese entries in the follow—
`ing format:
`
`Acronym:
`
`Alternative Names
`
`Some items or concepts in the computer field can be
`referred to by more than one name. GeneraIly,
`though, one way is preferred. The preferred termi—
`nology is the main entry, Alternative names are
`listed after any acronyms; otherwise they are listed
`after the definition in the following format:
`Also called.-
`
`Cross-References
`
`Cross-references are of three types: See, See also,
`and Compare. A See reference is used in an entry
`that is a synonymous cross-reference and simply
`points to another entry that contains die information
`sought. A See alsoreference points to one or more
`entries dlat contain additional or supplemental
`information about a topic and follows any acronyms
`or alternative names after the definition. A Compare
`reference points to an entry or entries that offer con—
`trast and follows any See also references; otherwise
`it follows any acronyms or alternative names after
`the definition.
`
`Future Printings and Editions
`
`Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy
`and completeness of this book. If you find an error,
`think mat an entry does not contain enough infor—
`mation, or seek an entry that does not appear in this
`edition, please let us know. Address your letter lo:
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, (cid:83)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:91)
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — Ex. 1013, p. ix
`
`

`

`
`
`Introduction
`
`
`
`Dictionary Editor, Microsoft Press, One Microsoft
`Way, Redmond, WA 98052—8302. Or send e-rnail to
`mspcd®microsoft.eom.
`
`Online Updates
`
`Quarterly updates and revisions will he made to the
`Microsofl Press Camputer Dictionary, Ems-rd Edition,
`on the Microsoft Press Web site (http://mspress
`.microsofteom). These updates are meant to supple—
`
`men: the content of this dictionary and keep it up to
`date in regard to computer technology, which is one
`of the lamest—evolving fields in the world today.
`Simply point your Web browser to http://mspress
`.miermofteom/mspress/products/ 1031 to acoess the
`update page for the dictionary. Piease note that the
`content of the updates is in HTML format and is not
`available in a separate file for downloading. The
`updates are meant to be viewed on the Microsoft
`Press Web site.
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, (cid:83)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:91)
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — Ex. 1013, p. x
`
`

`

`
`
`Active cell
`
`n, Cross—platform
`ActiveMovie \ak‘tiv-mfio‘va
`digital video technology developed by Microsoft
`for online and desktop multimedia.
`a. The pro—
`active program \ak‘tiv pro’gram\
`gram currently in control of a microprocessor.
`active star \ak‘tiv star‘\ in. A form of the star net—
`work topology in which the central computer
`actively regenerates and retransmits all signals. See
`also star network.
`active window \ak‘tiv win’d6\ a. In an environ—
`
`Active cell.
`
`data warehousing solution developed by Microsoft
`and Texas Instruments that represents Microsoft’s
`standard for managing meta data. Acronym: AFDW
`(A‘l‘-D—W’). See also ActiveX, meta data.
`active hub \ak‘tiv hub’\ 11, The central computer
`that regenerates and retransmits all signals in an
`active star network. See also active star.
`
`ment capable of displaying multiple on—screen win—
`dows,
`the window containing the display or
`document that will be affected by current cursor
`movements, commands, and text entry. See also
`graphical user interface. compare inactive window.
`AetiveX \ak‘tiv~X'\ n. A set of technologies that
`enables software components to interact with one
`another in a networked environment, regardless of
`the language in which the components were cre—
`dis—pl?“
`active-mtrlx display \ak‘tiv—ma’triks
`ated. ActiveX, which was developed as a pro—
`n. A liquid crystal display (LCD) made from a large
`posed standard by Microsoft in the mid 1990s and
`array of liquid crystal cells using active~matrix
`is currently administered by the Open Group,
`is'
`technology. The active matrix is a method of
`built on Microsoft’s Component Object Model
`addressing an array of simple LC cells—one cell
`(COM). Currently, ActiveX is used primarily to
`per pixel. in its simplest fonn there is one thin—film
`transistor (TFT) for each cell. Active-matrix dis-
`develop interactive content for the World Wide
`Web, although it can be used in desktop applica—
`plays are often used in laptop and notebook com-
`tions and other programs. ActiveX controls can be
`puters because of their thin width and are notable
`embedded in Web pages to produce animation
`for their high—quality Color displays, which are
`and other multimedia effects, interactive objects,
`viewable from all angles, unlike passive—matrix
`and sophisticated applications. See also ActiveX
`displays. See the illustration. Also called TFT, TFT
`controls, COM. compare applet, plug—in (defini
`display, TFT LCD. See also liquid crystal display,
`tion 2).
`TFT. Compare passive—matrix display.
`
`
`Column select (data, source)
`
`Row
`
`select
`
`Activeanm-lx display.
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, p. 15
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — Ex. 1013, p. 15
`
`

`

`Activex controls \ak‘tiv—X‘ kon-trolz‘\ n. Reus-
`
`able software components that incorporate ActiveX
`technology. These components can be used to add
`specialized functionality,
`such as animation or
`pop—up menus,
`to Web pages, desktop applica-
`tions, and software development tools. ActiveX
`controls can be written in a variety of programming
`languages, including C, C++, Visual Basic, andjava
`See also ActiveX. Compare helper program.
`activity ratio \ak—tiv‘a-te ra‘sh6\
`II. The number
`of records in use compared with the total num—
`ber of records in a database file. See also data—
`base, record.
`ACTOR \ak’tor\ n, An object-oriented language
`developed by The Whitewater Group, Ltd, designed
`primarily to facilitate Microsoft Windows program—
`ming. See also object-oriented programming.
`actuator \ak’ctho-fi‘tafl n. A disk drive mecha—
`
`nism for moving the read/write headCs) to the
`location of the desired track on a disk. See the
`illustration. See also disk drive, stepper motor,
`voice coil.
`
`.ad \dot‘A—DW 12:. On the Internet, the major geo—
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in Andorra.
`
`Ada \a’do\ n, A high—level Pascal-based program—
`ming language designed under the direction of the
`US. Department of Defense (DOD)
`in the late
`1970s and intended to be the primary language for
`DoD software development. Ada was named after
`Augusta Ada Byron, who assisted Charles Babbage
`in developing programs for his Analytical Engine,
`the first mechanical computer, in the nineteenth
`century. See also Pascal.
`adapter or adaptor \a—dap’tor‘\ a. A printed cir—
`cuit board that enables a personal computer to use
`a peripheral device, such as a (ID-ROM drive,
`modem, or joystick, for which it does not already
`have the necessary connections, ports, or circuit
`boards. Commonly, a single adapter card can have
`more than one adapter on it. See the illustration.
`Also called interface card. See also controller,
`
`expansion hoard, network adapter, port, video
`adapter.
`rt.
`an’sor—éng\
`adaptive answering ‘io—dap‘tiv
`The ability of a modem to detect whether an
`incoming call is a fax or a data transmission and
`respond accordingly. See also modem.
`
`
`
` adaptive
`
`Actuator
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Actuator.
`
`A stepper nmror actuator.
`
`adaptive delta pulse code modulation \9—
`dap‘tiv del‘ta puls‘ ked’ moi—a—lfi’shon, mo—dyo-
`la‘sham n, A class of compression encoding and
`decoding algorithms used in audio compression
`and other data compression applications. These
`algorithms store digitally sampled signals as a
`series of changes in value, adapting the range of
`
`Adapter
`
`
`
`A dupter.
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, p. 16
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — Ex. 1013, p. 16
`
`

`

`ad :1 pi ive differential
`
`
`address mapping table
`
`thus
`the change with each sample as needed,
`increasing the effective bit resolution of the data.
`Acronym.- ADPCM (A‘D—P—C—M’). See also pulse
`code modulation. Compare adaptive differential
`pulse code modulation.
`adaptive differential pulse code modulation
`\o-dap‘tiv dif-ornen‘shol puls‘ kod’ moj—o—la’shon,
`mo-dyo-la'shon\ n. A digital audio compression
`algorithm that stores a sample as the difference
`between a linear combination of previous samples
`and the actual sample, rather than the measure-
`ment
`itself. The linear combination formula is
`
`modified every few samples to minimize the
`dynamic range of the output signal, resulting in
`efficient storage. See also pulse code modulation.
`Compare adaptive delta pulse code modulation.
`adaptive system \s—dap‘riv si’stam\ a. A system
`that is capable of altering its behavior based on
`certain features of its experience or environment.
`See also expert system.
`ADB \A‘D-B’\ it. See Apple Deskt0p Bus.
`ADC \A‘D-C'\ it. See analog—todigital converter.
`A—D converter \A—D’ kan—var‘tofl a. See analog~
`to~digital converter.
`adder \ad'or\ n.' l. A CPU (central processing
`unit) component that adds two numbers sent to it
`by processing instructions. See also central pro—
`cessing unit. 2. A circuit that sums the amplitudes
`of two input signals. See also full adder, half
`adder.
`
`_
`add-in \ad‘in\ is. See add-on.
`addition record \o-dish'on rek‘ord\ a. 1. A file
`that describes new record entries (such as a new
`customer, employee, or product) in a database so
`that they can later be scrutinized and posted. 2. A
`record in a change file specifying a new entry. See
`also change file.
`add-on \ad’on\ n. 1. A hardware device, such as
`an expansion board or chip, that can be added to
`a computer to expand its capabilities. Also called
`add—in. See also open architecture (definition 2).
`2. A supplemental program that can extend the
`capabilities of an application program. See also
`utility program.
`addressI \a’dres, o-dres'\ a. 1. A number specify—
`ing a location in memory where data is stored. See
`also absolute address, address space, physical
`address, virtual address. 2. A name or token spec—
`
`ifying a particular site on the lnternet or other net—
`work. 3. A code used to specify an e—mail
`destination.
`
`address2 \a‘dres, o—dres'\ vb, To reference a par—
`ticular storage location.
`addressable cursor \o—dres‘o—bl kur’sor\
`
`n. A
`
`cursor programmed so that it can be moved to any
`location on the screen, as by means of the key—
`board or a mouse.
`
`address book \a‘dres book“, o-dres'\ n. l. in an
`c—mail program, a reference section listing e—mail
`addresses and individuals’ names. 2. As a Web
`
`page, an informal e—mail or URI. phone book. See
`the illustration.
`
`Paschal Address Book
`
`Pan Hattie
`
`Mm ng
`ngant Warm. 'll'te
`Cally Mist Huiuclxi
`Che": Downy-Magoo
`D oi Magee Jr.
`Dean Huh-tee
`Haold De Jung
`Jefl Carey
`July Joyce
`Jim Klimt
`John Stevenson
`Mann Mallow
`Michael Dummy
`
`Address book.
`
`address bus \a’dies bus“, o—dres'\ n. A hardware
`path usually consisting of 20 to 64 separate lines
`used to carry the signals specifying a memory
`location. See also bus.
`
`address decoder \a'dres dE-ko‘dor, o—dres’\ n.
`An electronic device that converts a numeric
`
`address so as to select a memory location on one
`or more RAM chips.
`addressing \a—dres‘éng, a‘dres—eng\ n. The pro-
`cess of assigning or referring to an address. In
`programming,
`the address is typically a value
`specifying a memory location. See also address].
`address mapping table \a’dres map‘éng ta“ bl, a»
`dres'\ n. A table used by routers or Domain Name
`System (DNS) servers to resolve Internet Protocol
`(IP) addresses from a text entiy such as a name.
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, p. 17
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — Ex. 1013, p. 17
`
`

`

` bt'lggy
`
`bombz, crash2 (definition 1), debug, debugger,
`hang, inherent error, logic error, semantic error,
`syntax error. 2. A recurring physical problem that
`prevents a system or set of components from
`working together properly. While the origin of
`this definition is in some dispute, computer folk-
`lore attributes the first use of bug in this sense to
`a problem in the Harvard Mark I or the Army/
`University of Pennsylvania ENIAC that was traced
`to a moth caught between the contacts of a relay
`in the machine (although a moth is not entomo—
`logically a true bug.
`buggy \bug'e\ adj. Full of flaws, or bugs, in refer— _
`ence to software. See also bug (definition 1).
`building~block principle \bil’dEng—blok prin‘sa—
`pol\ 12. See modular design.
`built-in check \bilt‘in chek‘\
`check, power—on self test.
`built-in font \bilt‘ in font ‘\ 12. See internal font.
`
`as. See hardware
`
`built-in groups \bilt‘in gr66ps’\ n. The default
`grOups provided with Microsoft Windows NT
`and Windows NT Advanced Server. A. group
`defines a collection of rights and permissions for
`the user accounts that are its members. Built—in
`groups are therefore a convenient means of pro—
`viding access to commonly used resources. See
`also group].
`bulk eraser \bulk‘ e—ra‘safl n. A device for elimi-
`nating all
`information from a storage medium,
`such as a floppy disk or a tape, by generating a
`strong magnetic field that scrambles the alignment
`of the ferrous materials in the media that encode
`stored data.
`
`bulk storage \bulk’ st6r‘oj\ 11. Any medium capa—
`ble of containing large quantities of information,
`such as tape, fixed disk, or optical disc.
`bullet \btfijl‘at, bul’9t\ n, A typographical symbol,
`such as a filled or empty circle, diamond, box, or
`asterisk, used to set off a small block of text or
`each item in a'list. ROund and square bullets are
`used to set off different levels of information. See
`also dingbat.
`bulletin board system \bdiil‘a—ton bord si‘stam,
`bulb—tam is. See BBS.
`
`bulletproof \bd'bl'ot—prtfif‘, bul'ot-\ adj. Capable
`of overcoming hardware problems that, in another
`system, could lead to interruption of the task in
`progress.
`
`bundle \bun’dl\ vb. To combine products for sale
`as a lot. Frequently, operating system software and
`some widely used applications are bundled with a
`computer system for sale.
`bundled software \bun‘dld soft’war\ n. 1. Pro—
`
`grams sold with a computer as part of a combined
`hardware/software package. 2. Smaller programs
`sold with larger programs to increase the latter’s
`functionality or attractiveness.
`burn \burn\ vb. To write data electronically into a
`programmable read-only memory (PROM) chip by
`using a special programming device known vari—
`ously as a PROM programmer, PROM blower, or
`PROM blaster. The term is also used in reference
`
`to creating read-only memory compact discs (CD—
`ROMs). Also called blast, blow. See also PROM.
`burn in \burn in ’\ ab. 1. To keep a new System or
`device running continuously so that any weak ele—
`ments or components will fail early and can be
`found and corrected before the system becomes an
`integral part of the user’s work routine. Such a test
`is often performed at the factory before a device is
`shipped. 2. To make a permanent change in the
`phosphor coating 0n the inside of a monitor screen
`by leaving the monitor on and keeping a bright,
`unchanging image 0n the screen for extended peri-
`ods. Such an image will remain visible after the
`monitor is turned off. Burning in was a danger with
`older PC monitors; it is no longer a concern with
`most new PC monitors. Also called ghosting.
`burst;1 \burst\ n. Transfer of a block of data all at
`one time without a break, Certain microprocessors
`and certain buses have features that support vari—
`ous types of burst transfers. See also burst speed
`(definition 1).
`burst2 \burst\ vb. To break fanfold continuous—
`
`feed paper apart at its perforations, resulting in a
`stack of separate sheets.
`burster \bur’stor\ n. A device used to bu1st, or
`
`break apart at the perforations, fanfold continu—
`ous-feed paper.
`burst mode \burst' mt'ic]\ n. A method of data
`transfer in which information is collected and sent
`
`as a unit in one high—speed transmission. In burst
`mode, an input/output device takes control of a
`multiplexer channel for the time required to send
`its data. In effect, the multiplexer, which normally
`merges input from several sources into a single
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation - Ex. 1013, p. 67
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation — Ex. 1013, p. 67
`
`

`

`
`
`high—speed data stream, becomes a channel dedi-
`cated to the needs of one device until the entire
`transmission has been sent. Burst mode is used
`both in communications and between devices in a
`computer system. See also burst'.
`burst rate \burst' rat\ 7:. See burst speed (defini—
`tion 1).
`
`burst speed \burst' sped\ n. 1. The fastest speed
`at which a device can operate without interrup-
`tion. For example, various communications de—
`vices (as on networks) can send data in bursts, and
`the speed of such equipment is sometimes mea—
`sured as the burst speed (the speed of data transfer
`while the burst is being executed). Also called
`burst rate. 2. The number of characters per second
`that a printer can print on one line without a car—
`riage return or linefeed. Burst speed measures the
`actual speed of printing, without consideration of
`the time taken to advance paper or to move the
`print head back to the left margin. Almost always,
`the speed claimed by the manufacturer is the burst
`Speed. By contrast,
`throughput is the number of
`characters per second when one or more entire
`pages of text are being printed and is a more prac—
`tical measurement of printer speed in real—life
`situations.
`
`but-Sty \bur'sté\ adj. Transmitting data in spurts,
`or bursts, rather than in a continuous stream.
`bus \bus\ at. A set of hardware lines (conductors)
`used for data transfer amOng the components of a
`computer system. A bus is essentially a shared
`highway that connects different parts of the sys-
`tem—including the microprocessor,
`disk—drive
`controller, memory, and inputfouttput ports—Hand
`enables them to transfer informathn. The bus con-
`sists of specialized groups of lines that carry differ-
`ent
`types of information. One group of lines
`carries data; another carries memory addresses
`(locations) where data items are to be found; yet
`another carries control signals. Buses are charac—
`terized by the number of bits they can transfer at
`a single time, equivalent to the number of wires
`within the bus. A computer with a 32—bit address
`bus and a 16-bit data bus, for example, can trans—
`fer 16 bits of data at a time from any of 252 mem—
`ory locations. Most microcomputers contain one
`or more expansion slots into which additional
`boards can be plugged to connect them to the bus.
`
`bus ne