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`Installing Slackware 96
`
`You have three options: Format, to provide a quick format with no checks for bad blocks;
`Check, which is slower but ch cks the hard drive for bad blocks; and o, to bypass formatting
`the partition. Choos Check and then OK to format tllis partition.
`
`N o T E Checking for bad spots on your hard drive probably isn't necessary for newer (that is, IDE)
`drives, because the drives take care of remapping bad spots.
`
`Next, the Setup program asks about inode density. Inodes are explained in Chapter 15, " nder(cid:173)
`standing the File and Directory System," but basically you need on
`inode for each file on your
`Linux system. If you're going to have many small files, you need many inodes. The Setup pro(cid:173)
`gram displays the following screen:
`
`SELECT INDDE DENSITY
`
`Ext2fs default to one inode per 4096 bytes of drive space. If you're
`going to have many small files on your dr ive , then you may nred more
`inodes (one is used for eac h file entry). You can change the density
`to one inode per 4096 bytes, or even per 1024 bytes. Select ' 2048' or
`'1024', or just hit ente r to accept the def ault of 4096 bytes.
`NOTE: If you are going to run from CD using a small (<60MB) partition,
`use 1024 to be safe. Each link uses an i node and it's easy to run out
`of space .
`(cid:141) See "Directories and Physical Disl<s," p. 291
`Select the second entry, 4096, and choose OK The Setup program tllen displays an informa(cid:173)
`tion screen indicating the formatting choices you've made.
`
`CAUTION
`Watch the drive in-use light. Don't press any keys until the program displays the next screen with an option
`you can select. If you press any keys during an operation, the Slackware installation program will use these
`keys as your next selection when the next screen appears. Thus, you may inadvertently make a selection you
`didn't mean to make.
`
`ext, if Setup detects any DOS or OS/2 High Performance File System (HPFS) partition ,
`Setup asks whether you want to make these partitions visible to Linux. If you have any such
`partitions on your drive, answering yes is a good idea because you can access the files on thes
`partitions from Linux. Make your choice (yes or no) to continue.
`
`If you choose yes, the CHOOSE PARTITION screen appears, listing the various partitions you
`can select. In the entry box, type the name of the partition you want to make vi ible to Linux
`and press <Return>. If you have more than one partition available, the Setup program contin(cid:173)
`ue to ask for a choice until you enter <Q>.
`
`After you enter the name, Setup asks for a place in the directory tr e to mount the partition.
`What this means is that th entire partition is acces ed as though .it were a subdirectory. You
`must specify wher this subdirectory starts. The following information appears:
`
`http://www.quecorp.com
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. 100
`
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`
`SCSI [/dev/scd0 or /dev/scd 1]
`Sony CDU31A (/dev/sonycd]
`2
`Sony 535 (/dev/cdu535]
`3
`Mitsumi [/d ev/mcd]
`4
`Sound Blaste r Pro (Panasonic) [d ev/sbpcd]
`5
`Select your CD-ROM drive from those provided and choose OK.
`
`N o T E If you have problems getting the installation program to detect your CD-ROM, '.Yl)u may have
`to abort the installation and create a new root disk with another kernel. See The CDROM(cid:173)
`HOWfO in the /doc/ HOWfO directory for more information on using CD-ROMs.
`
`You now need to look up the source directory you saved in the section "Repartitioning the
`D1ive" earlier in this chapter. The Setup program displays the SELECT SOURCE DIRECTORY
`screen.
`
`N o T E The following screens may appear differently because Linux changes so rapidly. Every effort
`has been made to assure that this book is in step with the accompanying CD-ROMs, but
`this isn't always possible.
`
`SELECT SOURCE DIRECTORY
`Now we need to know which directory on the CD contains the Slackware
`sources. This location may vary depending on the cd you have. There
`are default selections for the Slackware Professional CD (including
`an option to run mostly from the CD), InfoMagic CD, TransAmeritech CD,
`and the Linux Quarterly CD- ROM. The re may be other directories
`containing other versions - enter a custom directory name if you like.
`Which option would you like?
`If you're using the accompanying Slackware CD-ROM, immediately select the type of install(cid:173)
`slackware, slaktest, and so on. Make your selection and continue. The next screen asks you to
`pick the packages to install on your system.
`
`N o T E
`
`If you enter the wrong directory or don't remember the directory name, the Setup program
`alerts you and prompts for the correct directory name. If you're using the accompanying
`CD-ROM, the /slackware directory is the correct directory on the CD-ROM. If you're using another
`installation media or CD-ROM and forgot the directory name, you need to exit Setup and look on the
`media to find the directory. You can usually recognize the directory structure because the subdir(cid:173)
`ectories have names similar to the package na mes-for example, /a, /ap, /oop, and so on.
`
`Selecting the Series to Install
`After you specify the installation media and source directory, the Setup program displays the
`SERIES SELECTION screen:
`SERIES SELECTION
`
`http://ww.11.quecorp.com
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. 102
`
`

`

`Installing the Linux System
`
`103
`
`Use the spacebar to select the disk sets you wish to install .
`You can use the UP/DOWN arrows to see all the possible choices.
`Press the ENTER key when you are finished. If you need to install
`a disk set that is not listed here, check the box for custom
`additional disk sets.
`
`GUS Also prompt for CUSTOM disk sets
`A
`Base Li nux system
`AP
`Various Applications that do not need X
`D
`Program development (C, C++, Lisp, Perl, etc)
`E
`GNU Emacs
`F
`FAQ lists, HOWTO documentation
`K
`Kernel sources
`N
`Networking (TCP/IP, UUCP, Mail, News)
`Extra Linux kernels with UMSOOS /non -SCSI CD drivers
`Q
`T
`TeX
`TCL
`Tcl/Tk/TclX, Tel language, and Tk toolkit for X
`X
`XFree-86 2.1.1 X Window System
`XAP X Applications
`XO
`XFree-86 2.1.1 x11 Server Development System
`XV
`XView 3.2 release 4. (OpenLook window Manager, apps)
`Y
`Games (that do not require X)
`
`Ch
`
`Simply move through the list with th arrow keys and mark the desired packages with th e
`space bar. When you make a selection with Lhe spac bar, an X appears next to the s lection.
`When you've made all your elections, pres <Return> lo continue.
`
`Your selections are ba eel on personal prefer nee and Lhe type of hardware you have-that is, if
`you don't hav Lhe hardware to run XFree86, you shouldn't install 01e packages that require X
`(iv, x, xap, xd, and xv). You must install package A, the base Linux system. Also, ii you're inter(cid:173)
`ested in programming, you should in tall th various programming packag s, such a d, oop,
`tel, and xd. Uyou aren't intere tecl in programming, you really don't need these packages. If
`you want to access the Internet, you want to install package n. Installing the f package, which
`contains FAQ lists and HOWfO documentation, is t:rongly recommended, becau e Lhe pack(cid:173)
`age contains a wealth of information you'll n d about Linux.
`
`For each package you select, you're led through a series of screens for each packag , and each
`packag has programs that il must add, programs that it highly recommends you add, and
`programs you can kip. Simply follow the instruction on each screen to install the system. For
`this example, you install the following packages: a, ap, d, e, f, n, t, tel, x, xap, and y.
`
`After you select the desired packag · , choose OK to continue. A simple sere n appears telling
`you that you're about to enter the INSTALL ection and that if you haven't made all the appro(cid:173)
`priate selections, you're returned to the main election menu. Choose yes lo continu with th
`Setup process.
`
`Installing Your Selections
`type of prompting you want to have while Setup
`The Setup program next prompts you for th
`goes through each package, insta.lling programs. Each package contains a set of tagfiles that
`install, select Lhe HELP mode indical d
`indicate how the file hould be treat cl. For a first-tim
`in the SELECT PROMPTING MODE screen, to help you decide which mode to us .
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. 103
`
`

`

`104 ) Chapter 4
`
`Installing Slackware 96
`
`SELECT PROMPTING MODE
`Now you must select which type of prompting you would like to use while
`installing yo ur software packages . If you're not sure which to use,
`read th e help file.
`
`Whi ch type of prompting would you like to use?
`
`Use the default tagfiles
`Normal
`custom Use custom tagfiles in the package directories
`Path
`Use tagfiles in th e subd irectories of a custom path
`None
`Use no tagfiles - i nstall everything
`HELP
`Read the prompt mode help file
`
`After reading the HELP file, select th Normal prompting mode and choo e OK Then choo e
`INSTALL.
`
`N O T E The HELP file indicates a Prompting mode, but as you can see from the menu selections,
`there's no such item. Normal is the closest matching item, which is why you should use that
`selection for the installation procedure.
`
`At this point, the Setup program is on autopilot and goes through each package you selected
`earlier to install the various programs. Programs marked as ADD in the tagfiles are automati(cid:173)
`cally added. Setup displays a screen indicating what package it's installing and a bri f message
`about what the package is. You can't st·op the
`tup program from installing a program marked
`a ADD in U1e tagfile.
`
`When the etu p program com s across a program marked as OPT, REC, or SKIP, it displays a
`creen telling you what it's about to install, whether it's recommended that you install the pro(cid:173)
`gram, how much space is r quired to in tall the program, and then a list of choices. The
`choices-accessibl with the arrow keys-ar usually yes, no, or an option Lo abort the entire
`program. Usually, the default election is yes, install package xxx, where xxx is the name of
`the package being installed.
`
`N o T E Be careful with your answers. If you make an Incorrect choice, you can't go back and
`change that choice. If you accidentally install a package you didn't want, things aren't so
`bad; you may lose some disk space and gain another progra m to experiment with. However, if you don't
`install a package you need, the best you can do is write down the missed package and then later run
`pkgtool, explained in Chapter 13, "Upgrading and Installing Software,• to install the desired package.
`You can also abort the current installation and start over, but that's a rather harsh and lime-consuming
`option.
`(cid:141) See "Using pkgtoo/," p. 253
`
`Configuring Your System
`
`The Setup program has finished loading all th softwar compon nts you specµied. Now it
`must configure your system. TI1e S tup program displays
`
`http://www.quecorp.com
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. 104
`
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`

`

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`
`serial ports, with cua0 repres nting COMl, cual being COM2, and so on. Select the appropri(cid:173)
`ate COM port and the choose OK
`
`Configuring the Mouse
`You next go through a similar process to configure your mouse. If you have a mou e with your
`system, you should go ahead and configure it at this time. Choose yes from the MOUSE CON(cid:173)
`FIGURATION screen to continue. You're then presented with a screen containing ix selec(cid:173)
`tions. If you have a mouse thats Microsoft-compatible and not listed in the choice in Table
`4.10, you can select option 1 and have a good chance of your mouse working.
`
`Table 4.10 Mouse Types Supported by Linux
`
`Option
`
`Description
`
`1
`
`2
`
`3
`
`4
`
`5
`
`6
`
`Microsoft-compatible serial mous
`
`C&T 82C710 or PS/2 style mouse (auxiliary port)
`
`Logitech bus mouse
`
`ATI XL bus mouse
`
`Microsoft bus mouse
`
`Mouse Systems serial mouse
`
`If you select a mouse that requires a serial port, Setup requires you to specify the port. Llk
`modems, Linux refers to the erial ports with a different name than CO Ml, COM2, and so on.
`Linux refers to the ports as ttyS0 through ttyS3. Select the appropriate serial port from the
`SELECT SERIAL PORT screen and then choose OK to continue with the installation.
`
`Configuring Linux to Use ftape
`Setup detects whether you loaded the ft ape package and asks whether you want to tart the
`program as soon as Linux boots. It doesn't hurt to start the program at boot time, so if you
`loaded the ftape package, you should have Setup start the program al boot time. Choose ye
`from the FTAPE CONFIGURATION screen to continue.
`
`Configuring Your Modem's Baud Rate
`Next, if you installed the gp9600 package, the Setup program displays the SET YOUR MODEM
`SPEED screen. Simply select the appropriate baud rate and choose OK If you don't ee a rate
`high enough for your modem needs, you can later use the set serial program to set the baud
`rate to whatever value you r quire.
`
`http:/ /www.quecorp.com
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. 106
`
`

`

`Installing LILO
`
`Installing LILO
`
`107
`
`ULO stands for the Llnux LOader. LILO is a program executed at system startup that lets you
`choose which operating system is used to boot the computer. You can use LILO to boot several
`different operating systems, such as Linux and MS-DOS. With LILO, you also can specify a
`default operating system lo boot and a defa ult time limit before it boots that system. For ex(cid:173)
`ample, if you had MS-DO and Linux on your computer, you can configur LILO to boot either
`one. You could then tell LILO to boot MS-DOS if no one interven s after 30 seconds. Before
`that 30 seconds is up, however, a user can specify another operating system to boot instead of
`the default. You can press the <Ctrl>, <Alt>, or <Shift> keys to stop the timed process. Press
`<Tab> to get a list of operating systems LILO can boot.
`
`You specify all this informati.on wh it configuring LILO. Although you can directly edit the
`lilo.conffile located in the /etc directory, the LILO INSTALIATION screen provides a better
`interface for editing the fil .
`
`After you configure your sy tern, Setup lets you in tall LILO. Setup displays
`
`LILO INSTALLATION
`
`LILO (the Linux Loader) allows yo u to boot Linux from your hard drive.
`To install, you make a new LILO configuration file by creating a new
`header and then adding at l eas t one bootable partition t o the fi le.
`Once you ' ve don e this, you can select the i nstall option, Alternately,
`if you already have an / etc/ lilo. cfg, you may reinstall using th at .
`If you make a mistake, you can always start over by choosing ' Begin' .
`Which Option would you like?
`
`Part
`
`Ch
`
`Begin
`Li nux
`OS /2
`DOS
`Install
`Recycle
`Skip
`View
`Help
`
`Start LILO configuration with a new LI LO heade r
`Add a Linux partition to the LI LO config file
`Add an OS/2 parti tion to the LILO config file
`Add a DOS partition to the LILO config file
`Install LI LO
`Reinsta ll LILO using the existing l i lo .conf
`Sk i p LILO i nstallation and exit this menu
`View you r current /etc/lilo.cfg
`Read the Linu x Loade r Hel p file
`
`To begin, you should select tJ1e Help option to read the help file. Aft r reading the help file, you
`th Begin option. If you don't want to install LILO at this time
`should start at the beginning-
`but instead want to use a boot floppy, you can select the Skip menu option.
`
`CAUTION
`If you skip installing LILO, }Ou must have a bootable floppy. If you skipped creating a boot floppy earlier, }Ou
`should install LILO or, when back at the main men u, re-enter the configuration selection and create a boot
`floppy. If you do leave Setup without a way to boot your system, you're forced to configure your system at a
`later time with the boot and root disks you origina lly created.
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. 107
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`

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`
`Configuring the Kernel with the append= Parameter
`You have the option to pa s the Linux kernel command-line flags to configure the kernel before
`xecut:ion begins. The xtra flags might be needed with certain SCSI hard drives and IBM
`motherboards. LILO allows you to specify these command-line flags via the append= parameter.
`If you need to pass any command-line parameters, enter them in the edit box of the displayed
`sere n. If you have no parameters to pass, press <Return> to continue.
`
`Setting a Target Location
`Next, you must choos where to place the LILO program. You can place th.e program in the
`master boot record of your first hard drive, in what's called th su.perblock of your root Linux
`pai·tition, or on a floppy disk. If you choose the Floppy Disk option, you need to place a format(cid:173)
`ted floppy in the drive. You should probably use the master boot record for LILO.
`
`Setting the Delay Option
`The next screen lets you set the amount of time LILO waits before booting the default operat(cid:173)
`ing sy tern. Select one of the following options and then choose OK:
`
`Option
`None
`5
`30
`Forever
`
`Description
`Don't wait al all-boot straight into the first operating system
`5 conds
`30
`conds
`Present a prompt and wait until a choice is made
`
`Choosing Your Default Operating System and Adding All Partitions
`Wh n you return to the main LILO INSTALLATION screen, you must choos your default
`operating sy tern. This is the first operating system located in the lilo.conf file. If you want
`Linux to be the default operating system, for example, you should select the Linux menu op(cid:173)
`tion; if you want MS-DOS to be the default, select the DOS menu option.
`
`After you select the default OS, the installation program presents a screen consisting of all the
`possible partitions thal yo u can boot from. Enter th name of the partition just as it appear
`under the D vice colu mn heading on the SELECT XXXPARTITION, where.XXX indicates the
`type of partition you're using. For example, if you had selected DOS a your default operating
`system, the creen r ads SELECT DOS PARTITION and displays all available bootable DOS
`partitions. After you nter th correct device name, choose OK to continue.
`
`Next, you must choose a short name to h Ip identify the op rating system when someone
`pr sses the <Tab> key at the LILO prompt. This i the name a user must enter to select that
`operating sy tern as the boot op rating system from LILO. Examples of names are DOS,
`LINUX, 0 /2, and o on. The nam e must be a single word.
`
`After selecting your default operating system, you can continue to add various operating sys(cid:173)
`tems to LILO by using th Linux, OS/2, and DOS menu options. Just rememb r to add Linux.
`
`http:/ / www.quecorp.com
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. 108
`
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`
`you can configure the network later with the netconf ig command. Choose yes to start the
`configuration, and choose OK on the NElWOll( CONFIGURATION screen to begin.
`
`The first item you-need is a nan1e for your machine.1l1is is a personal name, and you can be
`as creative as you want. At the ENTER H0STNAME prompt, enter your selected name and press
`<Return>.
`
`N o T E
`
`It's a good idea to stick with lowercase letters, because UNIX and Linux are case-sensitive
`and most commands and interactions are done with lowercase letters.
`
`The next prompt asks for something called a domain name. If you understand this term and
`have one available, enter the domain name for your system. If you don't have a domain name
`yet or don't understand what one is, don't worry. (Later chapters of this book, such as Chapter
`26, "Understanding the Internet," explain what an Internet domain name is and how to config(cid:173)
`ure your network with one.) If you don't have a domain name, enter the following as a place(cid:173)
`holder:
`
`tristar.com
`(cid:141) See "Internet Names, " p. 525
`
`N o T E You must enter a domain name to continue the installation process.
`
`The next question deals with using TCP/IP through loopback. (If you don't understand these
`terms, check out Chapter 23, "Con.figuring a TCP /IP Network," for this information before
`returning to this section.) By answering yes to the Only use loopback? prompt, you can skip
`several layers of configuration. Answering yes to this question and configuring your network
`later is a good idea. If you choose yes, the network con.figuration is complete and you can con(cid:173)
`tinue with the rest of the configuration.
`(cid:141) See "The/etc/ hosts File," p. 474
`(cid:141) See "Configuring the Software Loopback Interface," p. 478
`Using the selection Program
`If you have a mouse, you can use the selection program to cut
`and paste commands from your terminals. This screen asks whether you want to star t the
`selection program automatically at boot time. If you have a mouse, you should start selection
`at boot time by answering yes at this screen. However, if you have a bus mouse, there are
`potential problems using selection and XFree86. If you have a bus mouse, you shouldn't start
`selection automatically.
`
`lfyou don't choose to start selection at boot time, you can execute the program at any time
`with the following command:
`selection -f &
`Configuring sendmail Next, Setup asks you to choose a configuration file for senctmail. Chap(cid:173)
`ter 29, "Using Electronic Mail," provides more information on using e-mail, but for starters you
`
`http:j /www.quecorp.com
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. 110
`
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`
`and know your way around the C programming language, you should be able to bui ld and
`install a new kernel; if not, you can skip this section.
`
`You may have to install a new kernel for various reasons:
`(cid:127) A new patch is provided to run new hardware.
`(cid:127) You want to remove features from the kernel you don't use, thus lowering the memory
`requirements for your system.
`
`The starting point is to determine what kernel version you're now running. You can find out
`the kernel version with the following command:
`
`uname - a
`The response indicates which version of the kernel is now running and when it was created.
`The version numbers are in the form of
`
`MajorVersionNumber.MinorVersionNumber.PatchLevel
`Linus Torvalds is the official release point for new kernels, although anyone can modify Linux
`(due to the GPL). The fact that Linus is the official release point gives the Linux development
`and user community a common baseline from which to work and communicate.
`
`N o T E Be sure to read the Kernel H0WT0 before actually trying to build and configure a new
`kernel! The Kernel H0WT0 is in /doc/ HOWT0.
`
`To bu ild a new kernel, you need to have the source files in the /urs/src/linux directory. You
`also need to have the C compiler package loaded, which is disk set d. If you didn't install that
`package during installation, use pkgtool to do so now.
`
`First, you must get the new kernel sources or patches. The new sources are usually found on
`the Internet (check out sunsite. unc.edu for the latest and greatest kernels) . The source files
`are usually in a tar format and will need to be unarchived. If you're mod ifying your current
`kernel, obtaining the new sources is, of course, unnecessary.
`
`N o T E
`
`It's a very good idea to make a backup copy of your current kernel with the following
`commands:
`cd /usr/src
`cp linux linu x .sav
`
`These commands copy the entire linux source directory to another directory called linux.sav.
`
`Next, you should use the patch command to apply any patch fil es. After preparing the source
`files, you can configure and build your new system. Start by entering the following command
`from the /usr/src directory:
`
`make con fig
`
`http://www.quecorp.com
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. 112
`
`

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`

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`Installing Slackware 96
`
`Upgrading from a Previous Version of Slackware
`The current version of Slackware (version 3.0) contains the Linux files in a special fonnat,
`called Executable and Linking Format (ELF). Earlier versions of Slackware were in a format
`called a.out. You can't mix these types of executables on the same system, so if you plan to
`upgrade from an earlier version, you must reinstall from scratch to be on the safe side. This
`is especially important when dealing with the A and N packages. The pkgtool program can
`uninstall programs as well as install them, but the safest route is to back up your important
`configuration files and reinstall Linux from scratch.
`li you're upgrading from simi lar formats-that is, from an ELF-based distribution to an ELF(cid:173)
`based distribution-you can use pkgtool to remove those packages you want to update, and
`then use the tool to install the newer versions.
`(cid:141) See "Using pkgtool," p. 253
`
`Going Back to the Beginning
`After you complete the setup and configuration of your system, the Setup program returns you
`to the main menu. From there, you can choose the EXIT option to leave Setup. If you want to
`change options, you can do so here. But Chapter 13, "Upgrading and Installing Software,"
`provides information on updating and installing software after your initial installation. Choose
`EXIT to leave the Setup program.
`Choosing EXIT returns you to the system prompt, indicated by the # sign. You're now in Linux
`and can issue simple commands, such as ls for a directory listing of files. At this time, though,
`you should reboot the system so that all your setup and configurations can take effect.
`Rebooting Linux is more involved than rebooting DOS. You can't turn off the power and turn
`the system back on. If you do so in Linux, you can damage the file structures and systems.
`Linux tries to repair itself on bootup. Don't turn off the power while running Linux. To exit
`Linux, use the following command:
`
`sh utdown [ - r] time
`The optional -r flag indicates that the system should reboot after shutting down. time indicates
`the time that the system should shut down; you can use now in place of time to indicate immedi(cid:173)
`ate shutdown. Linux also recognizes the warm-boot keys used by DOS to reboot the machine,
`<Ctrl-Alt-Delete>, which Linux interprets as the command
`
`shutdown -r now
`
`(cid:141) See "Shutting Down Linux" p. 218
`Make sure that you've removed the all floppy disks from the drive and reboot your new Linux
`machine.
`
`http://www.quecorp.com
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. 114
`
`

`

`

`

`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc.
`
`- Ex. 1012, p. 116
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. 116
`
`

`

`Running Linux
`Applications
`
`. -N 1ow that you've installed your Linux system, this chapter
`
`presents a brief introduction to setting up a user account
`for you to use and some basic commands to get you mov(cid:173)
`ing around your new system. This is your very own
`multitasking, multiuser system; experimenting is encour(cid:173)
`aged, so go ahead and play with your system. You may
`never get this type of opportunity on a typical UNIX
`system.
`
`However, just playing with an operating system is no fun;
`it doesn't get your daily job done. After all, you don't use
`DOS all day, right? You use applications. Linux provides
`access to literally thousands of applications from around
`the world. You've installed several from the Slackware or
`Red Hat distribution from the accompanying CD-RO Ms.
`There are plenty more where they came from, too. Pro(cid:173)
`grams that rival those costing hundreds of dollars for the
`PC platform are readily available for Linux. ll!ll
`
`CHAPTER 5
`
`. . Using basic flle and directory
`commands
`like UNIX, Unux makes extensive
`use of files, so you need to know
`how to work with files.
`
`El!!IID Adding new users and
`executing programs
`like W'mdows Nf, Linux allows
`many different users to access the
`system at the same time. To gain
`access, new u~ must be added to
`the system.
`
`l:iiillll'I Using the minicam modem
`communications program
`minicam. a communications pro(cid:173)
`gram available with Red Hat and
`Slackware, is similar to the DOS.
`based PROCOMM program.
`
`lillillBI Playing the various games
`available
`Unux provides various text-based
`and graphical games for your enjoy(cid:173)
`ment
`
`&111111 Using emulators that let you
`run DOS and Windows
`programs under Unux
`Llnux doesn't exist in a vacuum, and
`the myriad developers realize plenty
`of DOS and W'mdows programs are·
`out there that users simply don't
`want to abandon. So several groups
`are working on emulators with
`which you can. use your DOS and
`W'mdows programs under Linux.
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. 117
`
`

`

`118 I Chapter 5 Running Linux Applications
`
`Maneuvering Through Linux
`After installing Linux and rebooting, you're faced with a system prompt based on the name you
`gave your system during installation. The prompt looks similar to
`
`Red Hat Linux release 4.0 (Colgate)
`Kernel 2.0.18 on an I486
`web login:
`The prompt may indicate a different version of Linux, however because Linux is an evolving
`system.
`
`You must now supply a user name and a password. A user name identifies you to the operating
`system because Linux can support many different users, both at different times and concur(cid:173)
`rently. An account also provides each user witl1 a default directory, called the home directory.
`Many accounts are also set up to restrict users to certain directories on th e system and to
`prevent them from using certain commands, primarily to protect the files of one user from the
`prying eyes of another.
`
`Entering Commands
`You enter commands in Linux much as you do in DOS and other command-line-oriented oper(cid:173)
`ating system . Linux, like UNIX, is case-sensitive; if Linux doesn't know a command, make
`sure that you've spelled it correctly and tliat you've entered it in the proper case. Most com(cid:173)
`mands are executed after you press <Retu rn>.
`
`Recalling Command History
`Linux also provides a history function to recall previous commands. This history i kept across
`sessions, too. You can press the <i> key to recall previous commands, and then press <Return>
`to activate that command. To get a complete listing of all the prior commands you've entered,
`you use the history command:
`
`[tackett@web-]$ history
`1 clear
`2 adduser
`3 history
`When you have the preceding history list, you can repeat the command by using the <i>
`key and cycling tl1rough the commands until the proper one appears on the command line, or
`you can press<!> (the bang character) and enter the number of the command you want to re(cid:173)
`execute. For example, if you wanted to repeat the add user command in the previous list, enter
`
`[tackett@web-]$ !2
`The number of entries in the history list is user-defined in the user account's .profile con.figura(cid:173)
`tion file. See Chapter 17, "Understanding Linux Shells," for more information on the .profile
`con.figuration file.
`
`N o T E Linux provides many different command shells, some of which don't provide the history
`functions.
`
`http:/ /www.quecorp.com
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1012, p. 118
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`

`

`

`

`120
`
`Chapter 5 Running Linux Applications
`
`web login: jack
`Password: password
`Login incorrect
`
`web login :
`Because this is you r first time logging in to the system since installation, the root account has
`no password set, so after entering root , you're presented with a command prompt. You now
`can enter Linux commands. Most commands are entered in the san1e way as in DOS: Type the
`command with any needed parameters and press <Return>.
`
`N o T E The default installation of the Slackware distribution provides a small "fortune cookie"
`message every time someone logs in to the system. This message displays a short(cid:173)
`sometimes amusing, sometimes not-adage about life. You can also get a fortune at any time by using
`the fortune command, provided that you've installed the text-based games.
`The Red Hat distribution doesn't provide this functionality by default. To get a fortune cookie under Red
`Hat, type / usr / games/ fortune.
`
`To log out, enter logout. This command returns you to the login prompt. If tfo s command
`doesn't work, try the exit command.
`
`Adding Users Under Slackware
`After you log in as root, you should add an account for yourself. To add an account, enter the
`follo