Do what you never
`thought possible with
`LINUX!
`
`unleash the power
`900 plus pages packed with the hottest
`insider tips for tapping the full potential
`of LINUX
`expose the mysteries
`Complete overview of the latest
`programming techniques -
`from
`Tcl/Tk scripting to X programming
`reveal the secrets
`Expert advice on using LINUX
`as an Internet host - WWW
`erver and anonymous FTP server
`
`Red Hat LINUX 5.1
`on CD-ROM!
`
`I
`
`~
`IDG
`BOOKS
`
`WOILDWID£
`
`Naba Barkakati
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, Cover
`
`

`

`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HPInc. - Ex. 1022, Cover-2
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, Cover-2
`
`

`

`Red Hat® LINUX® Secrets®,
`2nd Edition
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. i
`
`

`

`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HPInc. - Ex. 1022, p. i
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. ii
`
`

`

`Red Hat® LINUX® Secrets®,
`2nd Edition
`Naba Barkakati
`
`TM
`
`IDG
`BOOKS
`
`WORLDWIDE
`
`IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.
`An International Data Group Company
`
`Foster City, CA • Chicago, IL • Indianapolis, IN • New York, NY
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. iii
`
`

`

`Red Ha.- LINUX- Secrets-, 2nd Edition
`Published by
`JOO Boob Worldwide, Inc.
`An International Data Group Company
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`from International Data Group, Inc.
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. iv
`
`

`

`Welcome to the world or IDG Books Worldwide.
`IDG Books Worldwide, Inc .. is a subsidiary oflntemational Data Group, the world's largest publisher of
`computer-related informmion and the leading global provider of infonnation services on infomuuion technology.
`IDG was founded more than 25 years ago and now employs more than B.500 people worldwide. LDG publishes
`more than 275 computer publications in over 75 countries (see listing below). More than 90 million people
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`Launched in 1990, lDG Books Worldwide is today the #l publisher of best-selling computer books in the
`United States. We are proud 10 have received eight awards from the Computer Press Association in recognition
`or editorial excellence and three from Computer Currents' First Annual Readers' Choice Awards. Our best•
`selling ... For Dummi~s® series has more than 50 million copies in prim with mmslations in 38 languages. IDG
`Books Worldwide, through a joint venture with IDG's Hi-Tech Beijing. became the first U.S. publisher to
`publish a computer book in the People's Republic of China. In record Lime, IDG Books Worldwide has become
`the first choice for millions or readers around the world who want to learn how to bener manage their
`businesses.
`Our mission is simple: Every one of our books is designed 10 bring extra value and skill-building instructions
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`We devote special anention LO details such as audience, interior design, use o[ icons. and illustrations. And
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`we can spend more lime ensuring superior comem and spend less time on the technicalili.es of making books.
`You can count on our commitment to deUver high-quality books at competitive prlces on topics you want
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`Q4.,,-Q /{J--t4-
`il (/ John Kilcullen
`
`CEO
`LDG Books Worldwide, lnc.
`
`j~nBe4:!9
`
`Prcside11t and Publisher
`IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.
`
`~ WINNE R
`
`£1gluh 1\ "11mtl
`Computtr l'rns
`/991
`Ainmtr ~
`
`Nbtth ,lnnua/
`Cunrpurrr l'rus
`A•-~1993
`
`~ [i1
`
`ll' t NNE R
`
`Elri·,nthAn,,ual
`C:omputtrlWs
`,l,.·,mls~ l 995
`
`WI NN ER
`
`Ttm//A11nua/
`Comp1Jttr Prus
`11•·ordsa l99J
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. v
`
`

`

`Credits
`Acquisitions Editor
`Laura Lewin
`
`Development Editors
`Laura E. Brown
`Luann Rouff
`
`Technical Editor
`Phil Hughes
`
`Copy Editors
`Luann Rouff
`Anne Friedman
`Colleen Dowling
`
`Project Coordinator
`Tom Debolski
`
`Graphics and
`Production Specialists
`Hector Mendoza
`Linda Marousek
`Christopher Pimentel
`
`Quality Control Specialists
`Mick Arellano
`Mark Schumann
`
`Proofreader
`Arielle Carole Mennelle
`
`Indexer
`Liz Cunningham
`
`Packaging Coordinator
`Cyndra Robbins
`
`About the Author
`Naba Barkakati is an expert programmer and successful computer-book
`author who has experience in a wide variety of systems, ranging from MS(cid:173)
`DOS and Windows to UNIX and the X Window System. He bought his first
`personal computer-an IBM PC-AT-in 1984 after graduating with a Ph.D.
`in electrical engineering from the University of Maryland at College Park.
`While pursuing a full-time career in engineering, Naba dreamed of writing
`software for the emerging PC software market. As luck would have it,
`instead of building a software empire like Microsoft, he ended up writing
`successful computer books.
`
`Over the past ten years, Naba has written 22 computer books on a number
`of topics ranging from Windows programming with Visual C++ to Linux. He
`had authored several best-selling titles such as The Waite Group's Turbo C++
`Bible, Object-Oriented Programming in C++, X Window System Programming,
`Visual C++ Developer's Guide, and-Borland C++ 4 Developer's Guide. Naba's
`books have been translated into many languages, including Spanish, French,
`Polish, Greek, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. His most recent books
`are UNIX Webmaster Bible and Discover Perl 5, both published by IDG Books
`Worldwide.
`
`Naba lives in North Potomac, Maryland, with his wife Leha and their chil(cid:173)
`dren, Ivy, Emily, and Ashley.
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. vi
`
`

`

`To my wife Leha and our daughters, Ivy, Emily, and Ashley
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. vii
`
`

`

`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc.- Ex. 1022, p. viti
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. viii
`
`

`

`Preface
`If you are beginning to use Linux you need a practical guide. One that not
`
`only gets you going with the installation and setup of Linux, but also shows
`you how to use Linux for specific tasks, such as an Internet host or a software
`development platform.
`
`The first edition of this book was a technical guide designed to address
`these needs. That book included Version 3.0 of the popular Slackware
`distribution of Linux on a CD-ROM with the standard installation and setup
`information.
`
`A great deal has happened in the two years since the first edition was pub(cid:173)
`lished. The Linux kernel, the core operating system, is now at release 2.0.
`New kernel features, as well as support, for new hardware continue to grow.
`A huge upsurge in user interest has occurred, as evidenced by the growing
`number of Linux books, especially those for beginners. In addition, newer
`Linux distributions-combinations of the operating system with applica(cid:173)
`tions and installation tools - have been developed to simplify the installa(cid:173)
`tion process.
`
`In particular, the Red Hat Linux distribution has emerged as the choice of
`users who want a simpler installation process than that offered by Slackware
`Linux. Red Hat includes a number of graphical tools that run under the X
`Window System to help users with set up and configuration tasks. In addi(cid:173)
`tion to installation differences, Red Hat Linux also differs from Slackware
`Linux in the location and format of some system configuration files. Although
`experts argue over the relative merits of one arrangement of configuration
`files over another, the simpler installation steps afforded by the Red Hat
`Linux distribution certainly better serve the novice user. In any case, the
`core Linux operating system and the collection of applications are nearly
`identical in all Linux distributions.
`
`Red Hat UNUX Secrets, 2nd Edition follows the successful model of the first
`edition with one significant change: it includes the latest release of Red Hat
`Linux (version 5.1, with the 2.0.34 kernel) on the companion CD-ROM. This
`book provides detailed technical information on installing and customizing
`Linux, including coverage of various types of computers and peripherals.
`
`This book then goes a step beyond existing books and shows you how to
`use Linux as a solution to specific problems. In addition, it provides informa(cid:173)
`tion on freely available software packages - such as news and mail, graph(cid:173)
`ics, and text utilities-on the book's companion CD-ROM.
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. ix
`
`

`

`X
`
`Red Hat LINUX Secrets, 2nd Edition
`
`The unique aspects of Red Hat LINUX Secrets, 2nd Edition are the tips, tech(cid:173)
`niques, shortcuts, and little-known facts about using Linux in various real(cid:173)
`world tasks, ranging from simply learning UNIX to setting up a WWW server
`for your business.
`
`By reading this book you get the following benefits:
`(cid:127) Learn how to install and set up Linux from the Red Hat Linux
`CD-ROM included with the book
`(cid:127) Learn how to use various peripherals (video cards, hard disks, and
`network cards) in Linux
`(cid:127) Learn about dial-up networking (with SLIP and PPP) under Linux
`(cid:127) Get tips, techniques, and shortcuts for specific uses of Linux, such as:
`(cid:127) Learn how to use Linux as an Internet host 0NWW server and anony-
`mous FTP server)
`(cid:127) lJnderstand how Linux and DOS can coexist
`(cid:127) Learn UNIX on Linux
`(cid:127) Learn C and C++ programming on Linux
`(cid:127) Learn Motif programming on Linux
`(cid:127) Receive many Linux tools and utilities
`(cid:127) Learn about Linux resources that can serve as continuing sources
`of information in the ever-changing world of Linux
`
`Organization of the Book
`Red Hat LINUX Secrets, 2nd Edition has 24 chapters, organized into lour parts
`and four appendixes:
`
`Part I: Configuring Your Linux System includes two chapters that essential(cid:173)
`ly guide you through the steps of installing Linux from the CD-ROM bundled
`with the book. The second chapter in this part describes how to apply
`patches and reconfigure the Linux kernel as new revisions become available.
`
`Part II: Running Linux focuses on how to run Linux after it has been
`installed. Part II includes six chapters that explain how to set up the graphi(cid:173)
`cal interface with X. how to use Linux commands (which essentially are
`UNIX commands), how to access DOS from Linux, and how to use the Tcl{fk
`scripting language for quick-and-dirty programming.
`
`Part III: Exploiting Your Hardware in Linux provides all the information
`you need to use various types of hardware in Linux. The hardware descrip(cid:173)
`tions cover everything from the computer processor, memory, and bus to
`serial ports and PC cards (that use the PCMCIA interface).
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. x
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`xi
`
`Part IV: Using Linux for Fun and Profit has seven chapters that show how
`to use Linux for specific purposes such as setting up an Internet host, run(cid:173)
`ning a World Wide Web server, developing software, and preparing docu(cid:173)
`ments.
`
`Appendix A: The Best of Linux Applications describes several popular
`Linux applications on the book's companion CD-ROM.
`
`Appendix B: Linux Commands presents alphabetically arranged reference
`entries for the most important Linux commands.
`
`Appendix C: Linux Resources lists resources on the Internet where you can
`obtain the latest information about Linux.
`
`Appendix D: CD-ROM Installation Instructions summarizes how to install
`Linux from the book's companion CD-ROM.
`
`If you are a new user, you should start in Part I with the installation of Linux
`from the CD-ROM. If you have already installed Linux, you might begin with
`Chapter 3 and learn how to make the most of Linux in everyday use. If you
`have specific hardware questions, you should go directly to a relevant chap(cid:173)
`ter in Part Ill. Part IV is meant to describe specific Linux uses. Read the rele(cid:173)
`vant chapters in Part IV to get going with specific tasks. When you need
`information on a specific Linux command, turn to Appendix B and look for
`that command in the alphabetically arranged reference entries.
`
`Conventions Used in This Book
`Red Hat LINUX Secrets, 2nd Edition uses a simple notational style. All listings,
`filenames, function names, variable names, and keywords are typeset in a
`monos pace font for ease of reading. The first occurrences of new terms and
`concepts are in italic. Text you are directed to type is in boldface.
`
`Each chapter starts with a short list of all the neat things you learn in that
`chapter. The summary at the end of the chapter tells you a bit more about
`what the chapter covered.
`
`Following the time-honored tradition of the IDG Books Secrets series, I use
`icons to help you pinpoint useful information quickly. Following is what I had
`in mind for the icons:
`
`The Note icon marks an interesting fact-something I thought you'd
`like to know.
`
`The Tip icon marks things you can do to make your job simpler-hints
`you can try.
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. xi
`
`

`

`xii
`
`Red Hat LINUX Secrets, 2nd Edition
`
`The Caution icon highlights potential pitfalls. With this icon, I'm telling
`you: Watch out! This could hurt your system!
`
`The CD icon points to specific programs or documentation on this
`book's companion CD-ROM.
`
`CD
`
`Reference
`
`cf!ll The Cross Reference icon points out paragraphs that lead you to other
`
`chapters in the book for a deeper discussion of a topic.
`
`The Secret icon marks facts that are not well-documented but impor(cid:173)
`tant to know. Once you know these facts, they may clear up many ques(cid:173)
`tions.
`
`The Wizard icon marks technical information of interest to an advanced
`user.
`
`Sidebars
`
`This is a sidebar. I use sidebars throughout the
`book to highlight interesting, but not critical,
`information. Sidebars explain concepts you may
`not have encountered before or give insight on a
`related topic. If you're in a hurry, you can safely
`
`skip the sidebars. On the other hand, if you find
`yourself flipping through the book looking for
`interesting information, searching for the side(cid:173)
`bars is a good idea.
`
`Red Hat Linux 5.1 CD-ROM
`Red Hat LINUX Secrets, 2nd Edition addresses the needs of new users who
`want to put Linux to some productive use on their home or office PC.
`Because installation is one of the difficult phases in getting started with
`Linux, the editorial team and I decided to include a copy of Red Hat Linux
`5.1 (with Linux kernel 2.0.34) on the companion CD-ROM. Red Hat Linux is
`easy to install and is well-supported by Red Hat (,,ww . red hat . com) .
`
`Red Hat Linux 5.1 is a complete Linux distribution with the 2.0.34 kernel
`(operating system) plus a large selection of Linux software. In particular, the
`following software is on the Red Hat Linux 5.1 CD-ROM:
`(cid:127) Linux kernel 2.0.34 with driver modules for all major PC hardware
`configurations including !DE/EIDE and SCSI drives, PCMCIA devices,
`and CD-ROMs
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. xii
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`xiii
`
`(cid:127) Complete set of installation and configuration tools for setting up
`devices (such as keyboard and mouse) and services (network)
`(cid:127) Graphical user interface based on the XFree86 3.3.2 package with
`fvwm2 and AfterStep window managers
`(cid:127) Full TCP/IP networking for Internet, LANs, and intranets
`(cid:127) Tools for connecting your PC to your Internet service provider
`using PPP, SLIP, or dialup serial communications programs
`(cid:127) Complete suite of Internet applications including electronic mail
`(sendmail, elm, pine, mailx), news (inn, tin, trn), Internet Relay Chat
`( i re ii), telnet, FTP, and NFS
`(cid:127) Apache Web server 1.2.6 to turn your PC into a Web server and
`Netscape Communicator 4.05 to surf the Net
`(cid:127) Samba 1.9 LAN Manager software for Microsoft Windows connectivity
`(cid:127) Several text editors (GNU Emacs 20.2, JED, Joe, vim)
`(cid:127) Graphics and image manipulation software such as XV, XPaint, Xfig,
`Gnuplot, Ghostscript, Ghostview, GIMP, lmageMagick, and xanim
`(cid:127) Programming languages (GNU C and C++ 2.7.2.3, Perl 5.004, Tcl{fk
`8.0.2, Python 1.5.1, GNU AWK 3.0.3) and software development tools
`(GNU Debugger 4.17, RCS 5. 7, GNU Bison 1.25, flex 2.5.4a, TIFF, and
`JPEG libraries)
`(cid:127) Support for industry standard Executable and Linking Format (ELF)
`and Intel Binary Compatibility Specification (iBCS)
`(cid:127) Complete suite of standard UNIX utilities
`(cid:127) Tools to access and use DOS files and applications (DOSEMU 0.66.7,
`mtool s 3.8)
`(cid:127) Text formatting and typesetting software (groff, TeX, and LaTeX)
`(cid:127) Games such as GNU Chess, xtetris, acm, colour-yahtzee, flying,
`for tune-mod, mysterious, paradise, xchomp, xev i 1, xga 1 aga, xgammon,
`xpilot
`
`This long list of software shouldn't overwhelm you. You only have to learn to
`use what you need. Besides, this book shows you both how to install Linux
`and use most of this software.
`
`If you have enough space available on your PC's hard disk (or, better yet, a
`spare second hard disk), Red Hat Linux installation can be as simple as cre(cid:173)
`ating a boot disk, booting the PC, and filling up information in a series of dia(cid:173)
`log boxes. But don't take my word for it-you can see for yourself!
`
`Now it's time to begin your Linux adventure. Take out the companion
`CD-ROM, turn to Chapter 1, and let the fun begin. Before you know it, you'll
`be a Linux expert!
`
`I hope you enjoy this book as much as I enjoyed writing it!
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. xiii
`
`

`

`Acknowledgments
`I am grateful to Laura Lewin for getting me started with this book
`
`Thanks to everyone else at IDG Books Worldwide who transformed my
`raw manuscript into this well-edited and beautifully packaged book,
`especially development editors Laura Brown and Luann Rouff, who
`guided me through the manuscript submission process and kept
`everything moving. I appreciate the guidance and support you both gave
`me during this project. Also, thanks to Lenora Chin Sell for making the
`necessary arrangements with Red Hat for the book's companion
`CD-ROM.
`
`I also want to thank Phil Hughes, publisher of Linux Journal
`(www. l inuxjournal .com), for reviewing the manuscript for technical
`accuracy. Phil provided many useful suggestions for improving the
`book's content.
`
`Of course, if it were not for Linux, no reason would exist for this book.
`For this, we have Linus Torvalds and the legions of Linux developers
`around the world to thank.
`
`Finally, and, as always, my greatest thanks go to my wife Leha for her
`patience and understanding and for taking care of everything while I
`stayed glued to my PCs the past few months. As I wrap up the book, my
`daughters, Ivy, Emily, and Ashley are tracking my progress and counting
`the days to the deadline. Thanks for being there!
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. xiv
`
`

`

`Contents at a Glance
`
`Preface ........................................................................................................................................................ ix
`Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. xiv
`Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ xxvix
`
`Part I: Configuring Your Linux System ................................................ 1
`Chapter 1: Installing Linux ........................................................................................................................ 3
`Chapter 2: Upgrading Linux .................................................................................................................... 93
`
`Part II: Running Llnux .................................................................... 133
`Chapter 3: An Overview of Linux ....................................................................................................... .135
`Chapter 4: Secrets of X under Linux .................................................................................................... 15 l
`Chapter 5: Customizing Your Linux Startup ..................................................................................... .185
`Chapter 6: Secrets of Linux Commands .............................................................................................. 211
`Chapter 7: Secrets of DOS under Linux .............................................................................................. 259
`Chapter 8: Scripting in Linux with Tcl{fk .......................................................................................... 277
`
`Part Ill: Exploiting Your Hardware In Linux .................................... 315
`Chapter 9: Computers ............................................................................................................................ 317
`Chapter 10: Video Cards and Monitors .............................................................................................. 333
`Chapter 11: Disk Drives ........................................................................................................................ 355
`Chapter 12: CD-ROM Drives and Sound Cards .................................................................................. 383
`Chapter 13: Keyboards and Pointing Devices ................................................................................... .409
`Chapter 14: Printers ............................................................................................................................. .427
`Chapter 15: Modems ............................................................................................................................. .459
`Chapter 16: Networks ............................................................................................................................ 491
`Chapter 17: PC Cards ............................................................................................................................ 537
`
`Part IV: Using Linux for Fun and Profit .......................................... 545
`Chapter 18: Dial-up Networking in Linux ............................................................................................ 547
`Chapter 19: Setting Up a Linux Internet Host .................................................................................... 579
`Chapter 20: Running a World Wide Web Server on Linux ................................................................ 605
`Chapter 21: Running a Business with Linux ...................................................................................... 631
`Chapter 22: Developing Software in Linux .......................................................................................... 653
`Chapter 23: X Programming In Linux .................................................................................................. 693
`Chapter 24: Text Processing In Linux .................................................................................................. 749
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. xv
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`

`

`xvi
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`Red Hat LINUX Secrets, 2nd Edition
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`Appendixes .................................................................................. 781
`Appendix A: Linux Applications Roundup .......................................................................................... 783
`Appendix B: Linux Commands ............................................................................................................ 813
`Appendix C: Linux Resources .............................................................................................................. 845
`Appendix D: About the CD-ROM .......................................................................................................... 847
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`Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 849
`End-User License Agreement ................................................................................................................ 896
`CD-ROM Installation Instructions ........................................................................................................ 905
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`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1022, p. xvi
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`

`

`Contents
`
`Preface ........................................................................................................................................................ ix
`Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. xiv
`Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... xxix
`
`Part I: Configuring Your Linux System ................................................ 1
`
`Chapter 1: Installing Linux ...................................................................................... 3
`Understanding the Linux Installation Process ...................................................................................... 5
`Preparing Your PC for Linux Installation ................................................................................................ 7
`Taking stock of your PC's components .............................................................................................. 8
`Making a hardware checklist ............................................................................................................ 18
`Partitioning your hard drive under MS-DOS or Windows ............................................................ I 9
`Repartitioning with FIPS .................................................................................................................... 28
`Creating the Red Hat boot disk ........................................................................................................ 30
`Creating the Red Hat supplementary Install disk .......................................................................... 31
`Booting Linux for Installation ................................................................................................................ 32
`Starting Linux from the Red Hat CD-ROM ...................................................................................... 32
`Booting from the Linux floppy .......................................................................................................... 33
`Watching the boot process ................................................................................................................ 33
`Installing Linux from the Red Hat CD-ROM .......................................................................................... 35
`Interacting with the Red Hat Installation program ........................................................................ 35
`Monitoring the Installation process ................................................................................................ 36
`Understanding the Red Hat installation phases ............................................................................ 37
`Getting ready to install ...................................................................................................................... 38
`Partitioning and using the hard disk ................................................................................................ 42
`Selecting the components to install ...