Iii-e rasofi:
`‘ yndows_NT'
`Windowsgfi
`
`.
`The Ultimate Computer Reference
`
`0 er
`7,600
`Terms
`
`"
`
`The Comprehensive Standard for
`Business, School, Lzbrary, and
`
`and were!
`
`Gila! 389 Eflustratilaas aad diagrams
`
`Extefisiife Internet sewerage
`Féfiereé En Micreséeffq" Bool‘eshelgiE “”3
`
`Caves; soffieare, hardggare, ecagepts,
`
`SAMSUNG EX. 1013 -1/12
`
`SAMSUNG EX. 1013 - 1/12
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`Third; Editing
`
`MicmsofFPress
`
`/
`
`SAMSUNG EX. 1013 - 2/12
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`SAMSUNG EX. 1013 - 2/12
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`Copyright © 1997 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
`in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Press Computer Dictionary. -- 3rd ed.
`p.
`em.
`ISBN 1-57231-446-X
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`I. Microsoft Press.
`QA76.15.M54 1997
`004'.03--dc21
`
`97-15489
`CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QMQM 2 1 0 9 8
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada Publishing
`Corporation.
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further
`information about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office. Or contact
`Press International directly at fax ( 425) 936-7329.
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType are registered trademarks of Apple Computer,
`Inc. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. Directinput, DirectX, Microsoft, Microsoft
`Press, MS-DOS, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows NT, and XENIX are
`registered trademarks and ActiveMovie, ActiveX, and Visual J++ are trademarks of Microsoft
`Corporation. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Otherproduct and company names
`mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`Acquisitions Editor: Kim Fryer
`Project Editor: Maureen Williams Zimmerman, Anne Taussig
`Technical Editors: Dail Magee Jr., Gary Nelson, Jean Ross, Jim Fuchs, John Conrow, Kurt Meyer,
`Robert Lyon, Roslyn Lutsch
`
`SAMSUNG EX. 1013 - 3/12
`
`

`

`blank
`
`· block cursor
`
`computer off before saving any data, a blackout
`will cause all unsaved data to be irretrievably lost.
`The most potentially damaging situation is one in
`which a blackout occurs while a disk drive is
`reading information from or writing information
`to a disk. The information being read or written
`will probably become corrupted, causing the loss
`of a small part of a file, an entire file, or the entire
`disk; the disk drive itself might suffer damage as a
`result of the sudden power loss. The only reliable
`means of preventing damage caused by a black-
`out is to use a battery-backed uninterruptible
`power supply (UPS). See also UPS. Compare
`brownout.
`blank1 \blank\ n. The character entered by press-
`ing the spacebar. See also space character.
`blank2 \blank\ vb. To not show or not display an
`in1age on part or all of the screen.
`blanking \blan_,keng\ n. The brief suppression of
`a display signal as the electron beam in a raster-
`scan video monitor is moved into position to dis-
`play a new line. After tracing each scan line, the
`beam is at the right edge of the screen and must
`return to the· left (horizontal retrace) to begin a
`new line. The display signal must be turned off
`during the time of the retrace (horizontal blanking
`interval) to avoid overwriting the line just dis-
`played. Similarly, after tracing the bottom scan
`line, the electron beam moves to the top left cor-
`ner (vertical retrace), and the beam must be turned
`off during the time of this retrace (vertical blanking
`interval) to avoid marking the screen with the
`retrace path.
`blast \blast\ vb. See burn.
`bleed \bled\ n. In a printed document, any ele-
`ment that runs off the edge of the page or into the
`gutter. Bleeds are often used in books to mark
`important pages so they are easier to find. See also
`gutter.
`blind carbon copy \bllnd' kar'bdn kop_,e\ n. See
`bee.
`blind courtesy copy \blind' kdr"td-se kop'e\ n.
`See bee.
`blind search \bllnd sdrch_,\ n. A search for data in
`memory or on a storage device with no fore-
`knowledge as to the data's order or location. See
`linear search. Compare binary search,
`also
`indexed search.
`
`blink \blenk\ vb. To flash on and off. Cursors,
`insertion points, menu choices, warning messages,
`and other displays on a computer screen that are
`intended to catch the eye are often made to blink.
`The rate of blinking in a graphical user interface
`can sometimes be controlled by the user.
`blink speed \blenk" sped\ n. The rate at which
`the cursor indicating the active insertion point in a
`text window, or other display element, flashes on
`and off.
`blip \blip\ n. A sn1all, optically sensed mark on a
`recording medium, such as microfilm, that is used
`for counting or other tracking purposes.
`bloatware \ blot_,war\ n. Software whose files
`occupy an extremely large amount of storage
`space on a user's hard disk, especially in compar-
`ison with previous versions of the same product.
`block1 \blok\ n. 1. Generally, .a contiguous collec-
`tion of similar things that are handled together as
`a whole. 2. A section of random access memory
`temporarily assigned (allocated) to a program by
`the operating system. 3. A group of statements in
`a program that are treated as a unit. For example,
`if a stated condition is true, all of the statements in
`the block are executed, but none are executed if
`the condition is false. 4. A unit of transmitted infor-
`mation consisting of identification codes, data, and
`error-checking codes. 5. A collection of consecu-
`tive bytes of data that are read from or written to
`a device (such as a disk) as a group. 6. A rectan-
`gular grid of pixels that are handled as a unit. 7. A
`segment of text that can be selected and acted
`upon as a whole in an application.
`block2 \blok\ vb. 1. To distribute a file over fixed-
`size blocks in storage. 2. To prevent a signal from
`being transmitted. 3. To select a segment of text,
`by using a mouse, menu selection, or cursor key,
`to be acted upon in some way, such as to format
`or to delete the segment.
`block cipher \blok_, s!'fdr\ n. A private key
`encryption method that encrypts data in blocks of
`a fixed size (usually 64 bits). The encrypted data
`block contains the same number of bits as the
`original. See also encryption, private key.
`block cursor \blok_, kur'sdr\ n. An on-screen cur-
`sor that has the same width and height in pixels as
`a text-mode character cell. A block cursor is used
`in text-based applications, especially as the mouse
`
`• ,.,. ..
`
`SAMSUNG EX. 1013 - 4/12
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`

`

`dynamic binding
`
`,.
`
`dynamic storage
`
`be created and destroyed as required. See also
`allocate, deallocate. Compare static allocation.
`dynamic binding \di-nam'ik bin'deng\ n. Bind-
`ing (converting symbolic addresses in the program
`to storage-related
`that occurs during
`program execution. The term often refers to
`object-oriented applications that determine, dur-
`ing run time, which software routines to call for
`particular data objects. Also called late binding.
`Compare static binding.
`dynamic caching \di-nam'ik kash/eng\ n. A
`technique for storing recently used data in men1-
`ory where cache size is based on how much
`memory is available rather than how much mem-
`ory is assigned to the application currently run-
`ning.
`Dynamic Data Exchange \di-nam'ik da/td eks-
`chanj', dat/d\ n. See DDE.
`dynamic dump \di-nam'ik dump/\ n. A listing,
`either stored on disk or sent to a printer, of memory
`contents generated at the time of a break in the
`execution of a program-a useful tool for program-
`mers interested in knowing what is happening at
`a certain point in the execution of a program.
`Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
`\ di-
`nam'ik host/ kdn-fi-gydr-a'sh;:::m pr6'td-kol\ n.
`SeeDHCP.
`dynamic keys \ di-nam' ik kez /\ n. An encryption
`technique in which messages are encrypted differ-
`ently for each transmission based on different keys
`so that if a key is captured and decrypted, it would
`never be useful again. See also encryption, key
`(definition 3).
`dynamic-link library \di-nam'ik-lenk 11/brar-e\
`n. A feature of the Microsoft Windows family of
`operating systems and OS/2 that allows execut-
`able routines to be stored separately as files with
`DLL extensions and to be loaded only when
`needed by a program. A dynamic-link library has
`several advantages. First, it does not consume any
`memory until
`it
`is used. Second, because a
`dynamic-link library is a separate file, a program-
`mer can make corrections or improvements to
`only that module without affecting the operation
`of the calling program or any other dynamic-link
`library. Finally, a programmer can use the satne
`dynamic-link library with other programs. Acro-
`nym: DLL (D'L-L/).
`
`dynamic memory allocation \di-nam'ik mem/dr-e
`al-d-ka' shdn \ n. The allocation of memory to a
`process or program at run time. Dynamic men1ory
`is allocated from the system heap by the operating
`system upon request from the program.
`dynamic page \di-nam'ik pa(\ n. An HTML doc-
`ument that contains animated GIFs, Java applets,
`or ActiveX controls. See also ActiveX controls, GIF,
`HTIVIL, Java applet.
`dynamic RAM \di-nam'ik ram/, R-A-M/\ n. A
`form of semiconductor random access memory
`(RAM). Dynamic RAMs store information in inte-
`grated circuits containing capacitors. Because
`capacitors lose their charge over time, dynamic
`RAM boards must
`include
`logic
`to
`refresh
`(recharge) the RAM chips continuously. While a
`dynamic RAM is being refreshed, it cannot be read
`by the processor; if the processor must read the
`RAM while it is being refreshed, one or more wait
`states occur. Despite being slower, dynan1ic RAMs
`are more commonly used than RAMs because their
`circuitry is simpler and because they can hold up
`to four times as much data. Acronynz: DRAM
`(dram, D / ran1). See also RAM. Compare static RAM.
`dynamic random access memory
`\ di-nam' ik
`ran'ddtn ak-ses mem/dr-e\ n. See dynatnic RAM.
`dynamic relocation \di-nam'ik re-16-ka/shdn\ n.
`The relocation in memory of data or of the code
`of a currently running program by an internal sys-
`tem routine. Dynamic relocation helps a cotnputer
`use memory efficiently.
`dynamic scheduling \di-nam'ik skej'd-leng\ n.
`The management of concurrently running pro-
`cesses (programs), usually by the operating sys-
`tem.
`dynamic SLIP \di-nam'ik slip/, S'L-I-P/\ n. Short
`for dynamic Serial Line Internet Protocol. Internet
`access under SLIP in which the user's IP address is
`not permanent but is reassigned from a pool each
`time
`the user connects. The number of IP
`addresses an Internet service provider needs to
`offer is reduced to the number of connections that
`can be in use at once, rather than the total nurnber
`of subscribers. See also IP address, ISP, SLIP.
`dynamic storage \di-nam'ik stor'dj\ n. 1. Infor-
`mation storage systems whose contents will be
`lost if power is removed from the system. RAM
`(randotn access tnemory) systetns are the most
`II
`
`SAMSUNG EX. 1013 - 5/12
`
`

`

`dynamic Web page
`
`common form of dynamic storage, and both
`dynamic RAM (DRAM) and static RAM (SRAM) are
`considered forms of dynamic storage. See also
`dynamic RAM, static RAM. Compare permanent
`storage. 2. In programming, blocks of memory
`that can be allocated, deallocated, or freely
`changed in size.
`
`dynamic Web page \d1-nam'ik web/ paj\ n. A
`Web page that has fixed form but variable content,
`allowing it to be tailored to a customer's search cri-
`teria .
`. dz \dot'D-Z/\ n. On the Internet, the major geo-
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in Algeria.
`
`•
`
`SAMSUNG EX. 1013 - 6/12
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`

`

`em space
`
`en dash
`
`PCs that allows for increasing tnetnory beyond the
`Intel 80x86 microprocessor real-Inode lin1it of 1
`tnegabyte. In earlier versions of microprocessors,
`EMS bypassed this memory board limit with a
`number of 16-kilobyte banks of RAM that could be
`accessed by software. In later versions of Intel
`microprocessors, including the 80386 and 80486
`models, EMS is converted fro1n extended men1o1y
`by software memory managers, such as EMM386
`in MS-DOS 5. Now EMS is used mainly for older
`MS-DOS applications because Windows and other
`applications running in protected mode on 80386
`and higher microprocessors are free of the 1-MB
`limit. Also called LIM EMS. See also expanded
`men1ory, protected n1ode. Compare conventional
`memory, extended memory.
`em space \em/ spas\ n. A typographical unit of
`measure that is equal in width to the point size of
`a particular font. For many fonts, this is equal to
`the width of a capital M, from which the em
`space takes its name. Compare en space, fixed
`space, thin space.
`emulate \e/myoo-laf\ vb. For a hardware or soft-
`ware system to behave in the same manner as
`another hardware or software systetn. In a net-
`work, for example, microcomputers often emulate
`mainframes or terminals so that two machines can
`communicate.
`emulation \e'myd-la/shdn\ n. The process of a
`computer, device, or program imitating the func-
`tion of another computer, device, or program.
`emulator \e/myd-la'tdr\ n. Hardware or software
`designed to make one type of computer or com-
`ponent act as if it were another. By means of an
`emulator, a computer can run software written for
`another machine. In a network, microcotnputers
`might emulate mainframes or terminals so that two
`machines can con1municate.
`emulsion laser storage \e-mul'shdn la/zdr stor-
`';:)j\ n. A method for recording data in film by
`selective heating with a laser beam.
`enable \e-na/bl\ vb. To activate or turn on. Com-
`pare disable.
`encapsulate \ en-kap / Sd-lat' \ vb. To treat a collec-
`tion of structured information as a whole without
`affecting or taking notice of its internal structure.
`In communications, a message or packet con-
`structed according to one protocol, such as a TCP I
`
`IP packet, may be taken with its formatting data as
`an undifferentiated stream of bits that is then bro-
`ken up and packaged according to a lower-level
`protocol (for exan1ple, as ATM packets) to be sent
`over a particular network; at the destination, the
`lower-level packets are assembled, re-creating the
`n1essage as formatted for the encapsulated proto-
`col. In object -oriented programn1ing, the imple-
`mentation details of a class are encapsulated in a
`separate file whose contents do not need to be
`known by a programtner using that class. See also
`ATM (definition 1), object-oriented programming,
`TCP/IP.
`Encapsulated PostScript \en-kap'sd-Ei-tdd post/
`skript\ n. See EPS.
`encapsulated type \en-kap'sd-la-tdd tip/\ n. See
`abstract data type.
`encipher \en-s1/fdr\ vb. See encryption.
`encode \en-kod/\ vb. 1. In data security,
`to
`encrypt. See also encryption. 2. In programming,
`to put something into code, which frequently
`involves changing the forn1-for example, chang-
`ing a decimal number to binary-coded form. See
`also binary-coded decimal, EBCDIC.
`encryption \en-krip/sh;:)n\ n. The process of
`encoding data to prevent unauthorized access,
`especially during transmission. Encryption is usu-
`ally based on a key that is essential for decoding.
`The U.S. National Bureau of Standards created a
`complex encryption standard, Data Encryption
`Standard (DES), which provides almost unlimited
`ways to encrypt documents. See also DES.
`encryption key \en-krip/shdn ke'\ n. A sequence
`of data that is used to encrypt other data and that,
`consequently, must be used for the data's decryp-
`tion. See also decryption, encryption.
`end-around carry \end'd-round k1r/e\ n. A spe-
`cial type of end-around shift operation on a binary
`value that treats the carry bit as an extra bit; that
`is, the carry bit is moved fr01n one end of the value
`to the other. See also carry, end-around shift, shift.
`end-around shift \end'd-round
`shift/\
`n. An
`operation performed on a binary value in which a
`bit is shifted out of one end and into the other end.
`For example, a right-end shift on the value
`00101001 yields 10010100. See also shift.
`en dash \en/ dash\ n. A punctuation mark (-)
`used to show ranges of dates and numbers, as in
`
`IWS ..
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`SAMSUNG EX. 1013 - 7/12
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`

`

`pseudo compiler
`
`public key encryption
`
`that looks much like a mixture of English and their
`favorite programming language, such as C or Pas-
`cal, and then translate it line by line into the actual
`language being used.
`pseudo compiler \sOb/do kdm-pi'ldr\ n. A com-
`piler that generates a pseudolanguage. See also
`pseudo language.
`pseudocomputer \soo/do kdm-pyoo'tdr\ n. See
`pseudomachine.
`pseudolanguage \soo'do-lang/wdj\ n. A nonex-
`istent programming language-that is, one for
`whicb. no implementation exists. The term can
`refer either to the machine language for a non ex-
`istent processor or to a high-level language for
`which no compiler exists. See also pseudocode.
`pseudomachine \sOb' do-md-shen /\ n. Abbrevi-
`ated p-machine. A processor that doesn't actually
`exist in hardware but that is emulated in software.
`A program written for the pseudomachine can run
`on several platforms without having to be recom-
`piled. See also pseudocode, UCSD p-System.
`pseudo-operation \sOb' do-op-dr -a/ shdn \
`n.
`Abbreviated pseudo-op. In programming, a pro-
`gram instruction that conveys information to an
`assembler or compiler but is not translated into a
`machine language instruction-for example, an
`instruction that establishes the value of a constant
`or the manner in which Boolean (logical) expres-
`sions are to be evaluated.
`PSK \P'S-K/\ n. See phase-shift keying.
`PSN \P'S-N/\ n. Acronym for packet-switching
`network. See packet switching.
`p-system \ P / si' stdm \
`n. An operating system
`based on a pseudomachine implemented in soft-
`ware. A program written for the p-system is more
`portable than one written for a machine-depen-
`dent operating system. See also UCSD p-System.
`.pt \dot'P-T/\ n. On the Internet, the major geo-
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in Portugal.
`P-type semiconductor \P'tip sem/e-kdn-duk-tdr,
`sem/1-kdn-duk-tdr\ n. Semiconductor material in
`which electrical conduction is carried by holes
`("vacancies" left by electrons). Whether a semi-
`conductor is N-type or P-type depends on the kind
`of dopant added during manufacture. A dopant
`with a shortage of electrons results in a P-type
`semiconductor. Compare N -type semiconductor.
`
`/pub \slash-pub/\ n. Short for public. A directory
`in an anonymous FTP archive that is accessible by
`the public and that generally contains files avail-
`able for free download. See also anonymous FTP.
`pub \pub\ n. See /pub.
`public directory \ pu 'blik ddr-ek/tdr-e\
`n. A
`directory on an FTP server that is accessible by
`anonymous users for the purpose of retrieving or
`storing files. Often the directory is called /pub. See
`also anonymous FTP, FTP (definition 1), FTP
`server, /pub.
`public domain \pu'blik do-man/\ n. The set of
`all creative works, such as books, music, or soft-
`ware, that are not covered by copyright or other
`property protection. Works in the public domain
`can be freely copied, modified, and otherwise
`used in any manner for any purpose. Much of the
`information, texts, and software on the Internet is
`in the public domain, but putting a copyrighted
`work on the Internet does not put it in the public
`domain. Compare proprietary.
`public-domain software
`\pu'blik-do-man soft/-
`war\ n. A program donated for public use by its
`owner or developer and freely available for copy-
`ing and distribution. Compare free software, free-
`ware, proprietary software, shareware.
`public files \pu'blik filz/\ n. Files with no access
`restrictions.
`public folders \pu'blik fol/ddrz\ n. The folders
`that are made accessible on a particular machine
`or by a particular user in a shared networking
`environment. Compare private folders.
`public key \ pu /blik ke' \ n. One of two keys in
`public key encryption. The user releases this key
`to the public, who can use it for encrypting mes-
`sages to be sent to the user and for decrypting the
`user's digital signature. See also public key encryp-
`tion. Compare private key.
`public key cryptography \pu'blik ke krip-to/grd-
`fe\ n. See public key encryption.
`public key encryption \pu'blik ke/ en-krip'shdn\
`n. An asymmetric scheme that uses a pair of keys
`for encryption: the public key encrypts data, and
`a corresponding secret key decrypts it. For digital
`signatures, the process is reversed: the sender uses
`the secret key to create a unique electronic num-
`ber that can be read by anyone possessing the cor-
`responding public key, which verifies that the
`
`• :11111 •
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`SAMSUNG EX. 1013 - 8/12
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`

`

`public rights
`
`pulse duration modulation
`
`message is truly fron1 the sender. See also private
`key, public key.
`public rights \ pu'blik r!ts/\ n. In the context of
`the Internet, the extent to which n1embers of the
`public are permitted to use (and to place) informa-
`tion on the Internet under intellectual property
`law. See also fair use, public domain, public-
`domain software.
`puck \ puk\ n. A pointing device used with a
`graphics tablet. A puck, which is often used in
`engineering applications, is a mouselike device
`with buttons for selecting items or choosing com-
`mands and a clear plastic section extending from
`one end with cross hairs printed on it. The inter-
`section of the cross hairs on the puck points to a
`location on the graphics tablet, which in turn is
`mapped to a specific location on the screen.
`Because the puck's cross hairs are on a transparent
`surface, a user can easily trace a drawing by plac-
`ing it between the graphics tablet and the puck
`and moving the cross hairs over the lines of the
`drawing. See the illustration. See also graphics tab-
`let, stylus.
`
`Puck.
`pull \ pul\ vb. 1. The process of retrieving data
`from a network server. Compare push (definition
`2). 2. See pop.
`pull-down menu \ pul / doun men' yOb \
`n. A
`menu that is pulled down from the menu bar and
`that remains available as long as the user holds it
`open. Compare drop-down menu.
`pulse \puis\ n. A transient signal, usually brief and
`with a discrete onset and offset.
`pulse amplitude modulation \ puls'
`am' pl;;}-
`n. A
`tObd mo-dy;;}-Ei/sh;dn,
`n1oj';d-Ei/shdn\
`method of encoding information in a signal by
`varying the amplitude of pulses. The unmodu-
`
`lated signal consists of a continuous train of
`pulses of constant frequency, duration, and
`amplitude. During tnodulation the pulse ampli-
`tudes are changed to reflect the
`information
`being encoded. See the illustration. Acronym:
`PAM (pam, P'A-M/). Compare pulse code modu-
`lation, pulse duration modulation, pulse position
`tnodulation.
`
`Pulse amplitude modulation.
`pulse code modulation \puis'
`kod' mo-dy;d-
`la/sh;dn, moj';d-la/sh;dn\ n. A method of encoding
`information in a signal by varying the amplitude of
`pulses. Unlike pulse amplitude modulation (PAM),
`in which pulse an1plitude can vary continuously,
`pulse code tnodulation limits pulse amplitudes to
`several predefined values. Because the signal is
`discrete, or digital, rather than analog, pulse code
`modulation is more immune to noise than PAM.
`Acronym: PCM (P'C-M/). Compare pulse ampli-
`tude modulation, pulse duration modulation,
`pulse position modulation.
`pulse duration modulation \puis' dur-a/sh;;}n mo-
`dy;d-la / sh;dn, moj-;d-la / sh;;}n \ n. A method of
`encoding information in a signal by varying the
`duration of pulses. The unmodulated signal con-
`sists of a continuous train of pulses of constant
`frequency, duration, and amplitude. During mod-
`ulation,
`to
`the pulse durations are changed
`
`Pulse duration modulation .
`
`• :JII!t -
`
`SAMSUNG EX. 1013 - 9/12
`
`

`

`ROM cartridge
`
`ROTFL
`
`ROM cartridge \rom/ kar'trij, R-0-M/\ n. A plug-
`in module that contains one or more printer fonts,
`programs, games, or other information stored in
`ROM
`(read-only memory) chips on a board
`enclosed in a plastic case with a connector
`exposed at one end so that it can easily plug into
`a printer, con1puter, game system, or other device.
`For example, a cartridge that plugs into a game
`systetn is a ROM cartridge. Also called game car-
`tridge. See also ROM (definition 1), ROM card.
`ROM emulator \rom/ em'yd-la-tdr, R-0-M/\ n. A
`special circuit containing RAM tnemory that is
`connected to a target computer in place of the
`target computer's ROM chips. A separate com-
`puter writes the contents into the RAM, and then
`the target computer reads the RAM as if it were
`ROM. ROM emulators are used to debug ROM-
`resident software without the high cost and delay
`of manufacturing chips. Even though the use of a
`ROM emulator is more expensive than program-
`ming an EPROM,
`it
`is often preferred today
`because its contents can be changed much more
`quickly than those of an EPROM. Also called ROM
`simulator. See also EEPROM, EPROM, ROM (defi-
`nition 1).
`ROM simulator \rom/ sim'yd-la-tdr, R'O-M/\ n.
`See ROM emulator.
`root \root\ n. The main or uppermost level in a
`hierarchically organized set of information. The
`root is the point from which subsets branch in a
`logical sequence that tnoves from a broad focus to
`narrower perspectives. See also leaf, tree.
`root account \root/ d-kounf, rdbt/\ n. On UNIX
`systerr1s, the account having control over the oper-
`ation of a computer. The system administrator
`uses this account for system maintenance. Also
`called superuser. See also system adn1inistrator.
`root directory \root/ ddr-ek'tdr-e\ n. The point of
`entry into the directory tree in a disk-based hierar-
`chical directory structure. Branching from this root
`are various directories and subdirectories, each of
`which can contain one or more files and subdirec-
`tories of its own. For example, in the MS-DOS
`operating system the root directory is identified by
`a name consisting of a single backslash character
`(\). Beneath the root are other directories, which
`may contain further directories, and so on. See the
`illustration.
`
`Root directory. The structure of a hierarchical
`directory; the root is identified by the backslash.
`
`root name \root/ natn, rdbt/\ n. In MS-DOS and
`Windows, the first part of a filename. In l'viS-DOS
`and earlier versions of Windows, the maximum
`length of the root name was eight characters; in
`Windows NT and later versions of Windows, the
`root name may be as long as 255 characters. See
`also 8.3, extension (definition 1), filename, long
`filenames.
`ROT13 encryption \R'O-T'thdr-ten/ en-krip'shdn\
`n. A simple encryption method in which each let-
`ter is replaced with the letter of the alphabet 13 let-
`ters after the original letter, so that A is replaced by
`N, and so forth; N, in turn, is replaced by A, and Z
`is replaced by M. ROT13 encryption is not used to
`protect messages against unauthorized readers;
`rather, it is used in newsgroups to encode mes-
`sages that a user may not want to read, such as
`sexual jokes or spoilers. Some newsreaders can
`automatically perform ROT13 encryption and
`decryption at the touch of a key.
`rotate \r6/tat\ vb. 1. To turn a model or other
`graphical image so that it is viewed at a different
`angle. 2. To move bits in a register to the left or to
`the right. The bit that moves out of the end posi-
`tion rotates to the newly vacated position at the
`opposite end of the register. Compare shift.
`rotational delay \r6-ta'shd-ndl dd-la/\ n. The
`time required for a desired disk sector to rotate to
`the read/write head. Also called rotational latency.
`rotational latency \r6-ta'shdn-dlla/tdn-se\ n. See
`rotational delay.
`RO terminal \R-0/ tdr'md-ndl\ n. Short for read-
`only terminal. A tern1inal that can receive data
`but cannot send data. Nearly all printers can be
`classified as RO terminals.
`ROTFL \R'O-T-F-L/\ See ROFL.
`Ill
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`stateful handling of 1nessages takes account of
`their content. COJnpare stateless.
`stateless \stat /Ids\ adj. Of or pertaining to a sys-
`tem_ or process that participates in an activity with-
`out monitoring all details of its state. For example,
`stateless handling of 1nessages might take account
`of only their sources and destinations but not their
`content. Compare stateful.
`statement \stat/n1dnt\ n. The s1nallest executable
`entity within a progran1ming language.
`state-of-the-art \stat/dv-dhe-arf\ adj. Up to date;
`at the forefront of current hardware or software
`technology.
`.state.us \dot-stafdot-U-S/\ n. On the Internet, the
`major geographic domain specifying
`that an
`address belongs to a state government in the
`United States.
`\stat/ik\ adj. In information processing,
`fixed or predetennined. For example, a static
`memory buffer remains invariant in size through-
`out program execution. The opposite condition is
`dynamic, or ever-changing.
`static2 \stat/ik\ n. In communications, a crackling
`noise caused by electrical interference with a
`transmitted signal. See also noise (definition 2).
`static allocation \stafik al-d-ka/shdn\ n. Appor-
`tionment of memory that occurs once, usually
`when the program starts. The men1ory remains allo-
`cated during the program's execution and is not
`deallocated until the program is finished. See also
`allocate, deallocate. Compare dynamic allocation.
`static binding \stafik b1n/deng\ n. Binding (con-
`verting symbolic addresses in the program to
`storage-related addresses) that occurs during pro-
`gram compilation or linkage. Also called early
`binding. Compare dynamic binding.
`static electricity \stafik
`d-lek-tris/d-te,
`e-lek-
`tris/d-te\ n. An electrical charge accumulated in an
`object. Although generally harmless to humans, the
`discharge of static electricity through an electronic
`circuit can cause severe damage to the circuit.
`static RAM \stafik ram/, R-A-M/\ n. A form of
`semiconductor memory (RAM) based on the logic
`circuit known as a flip-flop, which retains infonna-
`tion as long as there is enough power to run the
`device. Static RAMs are usually reserved for use in
`caches. Acronym: SRAM (S/ram, S'R-A-M/). See
`also cache, RAM. Compare dynamic RAM.
`
`\sta/shd-nar'e\ adj. Describing a type
`of document that, when opened by the user, is
`duplicated by the syste1n; the copy is opened for
`the user's n1odification while the original docu-
`tnent remains intact. Stationery documents can be
`used as docun1ent templates or boilerplates. See
`also boilerplate, template (definition 5).
`statio:nerr \sta/shd-nar'e\ n. A stationery docu-
`ment. See also stationery1.
`statistical
`\std-tis'td-kdl mul/ti-pleks-
`dr\ n. A multiplexing device that adds "intelli-
`gence" to time-division multiplexing by using buff-
`ering (temporary storage) and a microprocessor to
`combine transmission streams into a single signal
`and to allocate available bandwidth dynamically.
`Also called stat mux. See also dynamic allocation,
`n1ultiplexing, time-division n1ultiplexing.
`statistics \std-ti/stiks\ n. The branch of mathen1at-
`ics that deals with the relationships among groups
`of measurements and with the relevance of simi-
`larities and differences in those relationships. See
`also binomial distribution, Monte Carlo method,
`probability, regression analysis, standard devia-
`tion, stochastic.
`stat mux \stat/muks\ n. Seestatistical1nultiplexer.
`status \stat/us, sta/tus\ n. The condition at a par-
`ticular time of any of numerous ele1nents of com-
`puting-a device, a communications channel, a
`network station, a program, a bit, or other ele-
`ment-used to report on or to control computer
`operations.
`status bar \stat/us bar', sta/tus\ n. In Microsoft
`Windows, a space at the bottom of many program
`windows that
`a short text message about
`the current condition of the program. Some pro-
`gratns also display an explanation of the currently
`selected menu command in the status bar. See the
`illustration.
`
`Status bar.
`status codes \stat/us kodz', sta/tus\ n. Strings of
`digits or other characters that indicate the success
`or failure of some attempted action. Status codes
`were commonly used to report the results of early
`computer programs, but most software today uses
`words or graphics. Internet users, especially those
`
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`

`

`osoft Press®
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`ry
`
`The Comprehensive
`Standard for Business,
`School, Library, and Home
`
`MICROSOFT PRESS COMPUTER DICTIONARY, THIRD EDITION, is the
`authoritative source of definitions for computer terms,