United States Patent (19)
`Kay et al.
`
`III US005299198A
`
`5,299,198
`11) Patent Number:
`(45) Date of Patent: Mar. 29, 1994
`
`(54) METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
`EXPLOITATION OF VOICENACTIVITY TO
`NCREASE THE CAPACTY OF A TIME
`DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS RADIO
`COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
`75 inventors: Stanley E. Kay, Rockville, Md.; John
`E. Corrigan, III, Washington, D.C.;
`Daniel Wendling, Darnstown; Ashok
`Mehta, Gaithersburg, both of Md.;
`Michael Parr, San Diego, Calif.
`73) Assignee: Hughes Aircraft Company, Los
`Angeles, Calif.
`(21) Appl. No.: 622,232
`(22
`Filed:
`Dec. 6, 1990
`51
`int. Cl................................................ H04 3/16
`52 U.S. C. ................
`............... 370/95.3; 455/33.1
`58) Field of Search ..................... 370/95.3, 77, 104.1,
`370/60, 94.1; 455/33, 103,214, 33.1, 33.2, 33.3,
`33.4
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`4,009,344 2/1977 Flemming....................... 179/15 BS
`4,009,345 2/1977 Flemming ...................... 179/15 BA
`4,009,346 2/1977 Parker.
`. 179/15AQ
`4,009,347 2/1977 Fleming
`... 179/15 BS
`4,128,809 12/1978 Kage ................................... 325/324
`4,253,193 2/1981 Kennard et al.
`... 455/101
`4,419,758 12/1983 Dorey ...........
`... 375/38
`4,596,024 6/1986 Thomson
`37.5/100
`4,616,364 10/1986 Lee .......................................... 375/1
`4,621,368 11/1986 Onoe et al............................. 375/40
`4,782,485 11/1988 Gollub ......
`370/94.1
`4,783,780 ll/1988 Alexis................................. 370/95.3
`4,809,296 2/1989 Braun et al. ............................ 375/1
`4,817,089 3/1989 Paneth et al.
`... 370/95
`5,018,136 5/1991 Gollub ..........
`370/94.1
`5,088,108 2/1992 Uddenfeldt et al. .................. 45S/33
`5,121,387 6/1992 Gerhardt et al. .................. 370/95.3
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Al-Salihi et al., "The Application of Time Assignment
`Speech Interpolation (TASI) to the Radiophone Ser
`
`
`
`vice", Colloquium on Radio System Organisation di Con
`trol, 1980, pp. 5/1-5/5.
`Campanella, "Digital Speech Interpolation', COMSAT
`Technical Review, vol. 6, No. 1, Spring 1976, pp.
`127-158.
`Chien et al., "Cellular Access Network (CADN): Wire
`less Access to Networks of the Future', IEEE Commu
`nications Magazine, Jun. 1987, vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 22-31.
`Choudhury et al., "Diversity ALOHA-A Random
`Access Scheme for Satellite Communications', IEEE
`Transactions on Communications, vol. COM-31, No. 3,
`Mar. 1983, pp. 450-457, Comments: Su et al., vol. CO
`M-32, No. 10, Oct. 1984, pp. 1143-1145.
`Cooper et al., "Cellular Mobile Technology: The Great
`Multiplier", IEEE Spectrum, Jun. 1983, pp. 30-37.
`D'Avella et al., “An Adaptive MLSE Receiver for
`TDMA Digital Mobile Radio", IEEE Journal on Se
`lected Areas in Communications, vol. 7, No. 1, Jan. 1989,
`pp. 122-129.
`Everitt et al., "Performance Analysis of Cellular Mobile
`Communication Systems with Dynamic Channel As
`(List continued on next page.)
`Primary Examiner-Douglas W. Olms
`Assistant Examiner-Shick Hom
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Gordon R. Lindeen, III;
`Wanda K. Denson-Low -
`(57)
`ABSTRACT
`A mobile telephone system multiplexes plural voice
`traffic channels on a single carrier using a TDMA pro
`tocol. The capacity of the mobile telephone system is
`increased by assigning voice traffic capacity, not on a
`conversation basis, but on a speech spurt basis. In order
`to avoid compromising the voice transmission capacity,
`control signals (for the allocation and deallocation of
`both forward and reverse traffic channels) are sent
`using multiple diversity, i.e. both time and frequency. In
`addition, to increase the number of available control
`channels, a control channel comprises a sub-divided
`portion of an otherwise equivalent voice traffic slot.
`For reverse allocation requests, which are transmitted
`over a contention access channel, power diversity is
`used in addition to time and frequency diversity.
`69 Claims, 33 Drawing Sheets
`
`N INTAATwicks worthwox
`haw as Arputation PAA as we.
`a West And
`Oc WETANOGroup
`as
`TAT
`Oc OPMTsarrace cert
`hour acnaumacmen worm PANtahov
`w MexoSYstad
`as AEAxNarror
`No NTwycrow
`
`Pract
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 1 of 53
`
`

`

`5,299,198
`Page 2
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`signment', IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communi
`cations, vol. 7, No. 8, Oct. 1989, pp. 1172-1180.
`Fisher, "Dual Mode Mobile Unit for Next Generation
`Digital Narrow Channel Cellular Telephone System',
`38th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 1988, pp.
`543-547.
`Goodman et al., "Packet Reservation Multiple Access
`for Local Wireless Communications', IEEE Transac
`tions on Communications, vol. 37, No. 8, Aug. 1989, pp.
`885-889.
`Gupta et al., "Land Mobile Radio Systems-A Tutorial
`Exposition', IEEE Communications Magazine, Jun.
`1985, vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 34-45.
`Lee, "Cellular Operators Feel the Squeeze”, Telephony,
`May 30, 1988, pp. 22-23.
`Li, "Multiple Access Communications Networks',
`IEEE Communications Magazine, Jun. 1987, vol. 25,
`No. 6, pp. 41-48.
`Mahmoud et al., "An Integrated Voice/Data System
`for VHF/UHF Mobile Radio', IEEE Journal on Se
`lected Areas in Communications, vol. SAC-1, No. 6,
`Dec. 1983, pp. 1098-1111.
`
`Nguyen et al., "Access Strategies for D-TASI Over
`Mobile Radio Chennels', IEEE Vehicular Technology
`Conference, 1986, pp. 311-318.
`Riordon et al., "Demand Time-Assigned Speech Inter
`polation for Land Mobile Systems”, International Con
`ference on Mobile Radio Systems and Techniques, 1984,
`pp. 150-154.
`Schoute, "Dynamic Frame Length ALOHA", IEEE
`Transactions on Communications, vol. COM-31, No. 4,
`Apr. 1983, pp. 565-568.
`Sheikh et al., "Performance of Access Strategies for
`D-TASI Over Mobile Radio Fading Channels", Jour
`nal of the Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers,
`vol. 57, No. 6 (Supplement), Nov./Dec. 1987, pp.
`S304-S310.
`Uddenfeldt et al., "Digital Technologies in Cellular
`Radio', 38th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference,
`1988, pp. 516-519.
`Yan, "Performance Analysis of Replication ALOHA
`for Fading Mobile Communications Channels", IEEE
`Transactions on Communications, vol. COM-34, No. 12,
`Dec. 1986, pp. 1256-1259.
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 2 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 1 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`
`
`XHONA LEN EINOHdHTEL OL
`
`
`
`
`
`©NIHO LINAS
`
`=Tiaow
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 3 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 2 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`FRAME 1
`
`FORWARD FRAMES
`SLOT SLOT SLOT SLOT SLOT SLOT
`-1---2-s-3--4----5-I-6-
`MS 15 MS 11 MS 21 MS 4 MS 1 MS 22
`MS 15 MS 11 MS 21 MS 4
`MS 22
`MS 15 MS 11 MS 21 Ms. 4 MS 19 MS 22
`MS 15
`MS 21 MS 4 MS 19 MS 22
`MS 15 MS 8 MS 21 MS 4MS 19 MS 22
`MS 15 MS 8
`MS 4 MS 19
`MS 2 MS 8
`MS 4 MS 19
`MS 2 MS 8 MS 32 MS 4 MS 19
`MS 2 MS 8 MS 32 MS 4 MS 19 MS 15
`FIG. 2.
`FIG. 3.
`
`
`
`
`
`MOBLE
`SWITCHENG
`CENTER
`
`SS #7
`AND
`VOICE
`CIRCUITS
`
`
`
`
`
`DS
`POOL
`
`
`
`COMMON
`FUNCTIONS
`
`DS
`POOL
`
`T1
`FACLES
`
`
`
`BASE
`TRANSMISSION
`SYSTEM
`
`
`
`MS
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 4 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 3 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`4.
`/
`
`26
`M
`
`4.
`
`6
`
`7
`
`1
`
`ONEOS GROUP
`12 RF CHANNELS
`72 SLOTS
`6 CONTROL, SLOTS
`66 USER SLOTS
`
`FIG. 4.
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 5 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 4 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`ONE FRAME = 1944. BITS (972 SYMBOLS) - 40 msec (25 FRAMES PER SECOND)
`
`
`
`SLOT 1
`
`SLO 2
`
`SLOT3 SLOT 4
`
`SLOT 5
`
`SLOT 6
`
`FIG. 5.
`
`--
`ONE SLOT
`6.67ms
`
`6 SLOTS is 3 CHANNELS - 1 FRAME e 40 ms
`
`|
`
`|
`
`|
`
`FIG.6.
`
`|
`
`|
`
`6 SLOTS is 6 CHANNELS = 1 FRAME = 40 ms
`
`FIG.7.
`
`28
`
`136
`
`12
`
`136
`
`12
`RSVD
`
`OO.00
`
`FIG.8.
`
`6 6
`16
`28
`g DATA SYNC
`
`128
`12
`DATA COVCC
`
`128
`DATA
`
`FIG.9.
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 6 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 5 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`SUBSLOT 1
`
`SUBSLOT 2
`
`28
`
`134
`
`28
`
`134
`
`FIG.10.
`
`162 SYMBOLS 6.67 mSec
`
`40
`SYM
`
`40
`SYM
`
`40
`SYM
`
`40
`SYM
`
`2
`SYM
`
`FIG.11.
`
`| SLOT 1 SLOT 2 SLOT3 SLOT 4 SLOT 5 SLOT 6
`
`
`
`FREC 1
`
`FREO2
`
`FREO 3
`
`FREO 4
`
`FREQ5
`FREQ6
`
`FIG.12.
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 7 of 53
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`m
`
`0
`
`5,299,198
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`ERICSSON V. UNILOC
`
`Ex. 1004 / Page 8 of 53
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`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 8 of 53
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 7 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`
`
`9 Lois | slots | w IOTS | € 10TS I Z LOTS
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`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 9 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`5,299,198
`
`| 91OTS | GLOTS | V LOTS | 8 LOTS | 21OTS | | LOTS !
`
`
`
`
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 10 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 9 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`MS
`
`BSC
`
`RevAllocRed
`
`aiminumismanipulatinamue
`
`unusuammaalaamamue
`annuumuumanagasamune
`
`(RA)
`
`RevASgn
`
`similminalamutuate
`seminimumilupunnama
`soutputumomami
`
`(FC)
`
`MS
`
`BSC
`
`RevAllocRed
`
`aminguage-mammasamine
`aminimismugamme
`
`maiminimumnue
`
`(RA)
`
`ReVAlloCAck
`
`emaintanamomuluai
`drimnogomilliame
`
`damananmiammam
`
`(FC)
`
`FIG. 20.
`
`RevAsgn
`
`dananmeianuminalism
`suminimumumus
`damamoumanumumumum
`
`(FC)
`
`quantasianaanaanaammes
`
`RevAsgnAck
`(RR)
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 11 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 10 of 33
`
`A. 5,299,198
`
`
`
`CECITATOXE£ 1 OTS
`
`STVAHELNI
`
`Ø2
`
`
`
`
`
`OEH. OOTTV/ ABH
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 12 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 11 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`MS
`
`BSC
`
`Rev.DeallocReq
`
`(RT)
`
`ReVDealloCAck
`
`MS
`Rev.DeallocRed
`
`BSC
`
`(RA)
`
`ReVDealloCAck
`
`
`
`MS
`
`
`
`BSC
`
`Rev.DealloCAck
`
`(FC)
`
`FwdAsgnAck
`
`FwdOealloCAck
`
`FIG. 24.
`
`FIG. 25.
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 13 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 12 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`MS
`
`BSC
`
`PWrSetCnd
`(FT - FACCH)
`
`PwrSetAck
`
`FIG. 26.
`
`MS
`
`BSC
`
`
`
`PWrSetCmd
`
`(FC)
`
`PWrSetAck
`
`FIG. 27.
`
`MS
`
`
`
`BSC
`
`Handoff.Cmd
`
`(FT-FACCH)
`
`HandoffAck
`
`FIG. 28.
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 14 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 13 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`MS
`
`BSC
`
`TimeSetCmd
`(FT - FACCH)
`
`TimeSetAck
`
`FIG.29.
`
`MS
`
`
`
`BSC
`
`TimeSetCmd
`
`(FC)
`
`TimeSetAck
`
`FIG.30.
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 15 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 14 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`FIG. 31.
`
`S/D MSP ENCODER CU
`
`CAC
`
`SOT
`USAGE COMMENTS
`
`
`
`Mobile Proccessing
`Request
`
`|Redundant Request
`Redundant Request
`AC Processing
`
`o
`
`N e G
`R C
`ST Redundant
`N
`co NSN R
`S. Req 3 N Redundant
`R
`2s. He
`- 21 Redundant
`-1 FC
`
`a
`
`e
`
`
`
`
`
`Occurs only under conditions of missed REV control messages
`
`
`
`Redundant a
`FC
`-----1 E"" Mobile Procesing
`Recundant a
`ReCO2 O
`n N
`IRV (Req2)
`
`N
`
`irst speech frame
`St Case
`
`52H e RV (Req1)
`8 t S ec Eile
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 16 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 15 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`FIG. 32.
`
`-
`S/D ENCODER CU DECODE BSC-PCM
`
`SLOT
`USAGE COMMENTS
`
`
`
`L
`co
`
`peech Detect
`OT
`
`CAC Processing
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`BUFFERVF1
`
`8 n S e C
`
`BUFFERVF2
`
`SE S. First speech
`gN s H
`
`Mobile Procesing
`Reverse voice
`
`RV
`
`R V
`
`
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 17 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 16 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`FIG. 33.
`
`S/D CAC ENCODER CU
`
`
`
`MSP
`
`SLOT
`USAGE COMMENTS
`
`N FC
`
`Fwd Asantomobile
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 18 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 17 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`FIG. 34.
`
`S/D ENCODER CU DECODER MS-PCM
`
`SLOT
`USAGE COMMENTS
`
`tart of speec
`Speech Detect -5nsec
`
`8nsec
`
`emsec
`
`emsec
`--- D
`
`Encoder finishes
`
`Mobile decoding
`irst speech at
`nobile
`
`N
`
`rv
`
`Forward voice
`
`y
`
`N
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 19 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 18 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`FIG. 35.
`
`S/D CAC ENCODER - CU
`1.
`2
`3
`
`8 SeC
`
`MSP
`
`SLOT
`USAGE COMMENTS
`DealOCCate
`(VF last-1)
`is
`FV
`--Deallocating mobile
`Dealloccate to CAO
`--sallocating mobile
`
`
`
`Se N EASE"
`NN redundan Fc
`N Redundant FC
`VF-1
`-1 an
`- ->3
`
`
`
`
`
`Eton Ack
`
`2
`38 msec
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`|
`
`|
`
`|
`
`|
`
`|
`
`|
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 20 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 19 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`FIG. 36.
`
`S/D MSP ENCODER CU
`
`CAC
`
`SLO
`USAGE COMMENTS
`
`38 msec
`------len
`sig
`N
`
`
`
`
`
`8msec
`
`R G 1
`
`Buffer
`NS s
`
`Nu
`
`1
`
`statospeech
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Speech detect-30
`Sec
`Mobile Processing
`Request
`Redunant Request
`Redunant Request CAC
`Proc. WFast to
`
`AC Processing
`
`Mobile Processing
`speech frame
`best case
`
`
`
`
`
`RC
`Blundant
`RV
`
`Redundant
`FC
`FC
`Egundant
`RV(Req1)
`Redundant FC
`st
`RV (Req2)
`RV (Req3)
`
`D s
`U r eq2 s s la
`
`as
`
`Na
`a.
`Na
`
`8 S e
`
`
`
`occurs only under conditions of hissed REV Control message
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 21 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 20 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ssNo.7 -
`upo war as RSINTERFACE
`MAP
`OMCA-INTERFACE
`SS No. 7
`RSSAP
`
`PSTN/
`ISDN
`
`MSC/VLR
`
`MAP-ISUP
`
`MSC/VR
`
`OMC
`
`P are are
`
`r time to its am aw was as at a s. .
`
`----------------NSS
`
`---------------------------------
`
`OMC
`
`OMC SUBSYSTEM
`
`MSC MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER
`HLR HOME LOCATION REGISTER
`BTS BASE
`A
`THENTICATION CENT
`TRANSCEIVER
`uC AUTHENTICATIONC
`ER
`STATION
`VLR VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER
`PSTN PUBLIC SWITCHEDTELEPHONE NETWORK MTSO MOBILE
`NE
`T
`SDN INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK SFR
`MAP MOBILE APPLICATION PART (SS. NO.7)
`OFFICE
`BS BASE STATION
`BSC BASE STATION CONTROLLER
`MS MOBILE STATION
`OMC OPERATIONS 8, MAINTENANCE CENTER
`ISUP ISDN SUBSCRIBER USERPART (SS. NO.7)
`RS RADIO SUBSYSTEM
`BSS BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM
`NSS NETWORKSUBSYSTEM
`FIG. 37.
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 22 of 53
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 21 of 33
`
`5,299,198
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`ERICSSON V. UNILOC
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`Ex. 1004 / Page 23 of 53
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`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 23 of 53
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`
`Ex. 1004 / Page 24 of 53
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 24 of 53
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 23 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`FIG. 40.
`
`100
`
`32
`
`80960CA
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`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 25 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 24 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`E1 TRAFFICBUS
`TO/FROM
`MCS
`
`T TRAFFIC BUS
`TO/FROM
`BTS
`
`E TRAFFIC BUS
`INTERFACE
`
`T TRAFFIC BUS
`INTERFACE
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`TRAFFIC BUFFER
`
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`VME
`
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`
`FIG. 41.
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`(1544 kbps)
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`
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`
`
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`(2048 kbps)
`
`ALSO
`CALLED
`A NTERFACE
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 26 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 25 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`
`
`
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`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 27 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 26 of as
`
`5,299,198
`
`PRESENT STATE "REVERSE"
`CANDDATE FORWARDSLOT
`
`
`
`N 1
`2 3 4 5 6
`existing
`|
`| xX
`RESE 2 X
`X
`3XX
`FIG. 44
`4 XX
`5
`XX
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`
`PRESENT STATE "FORWARD"
`CANDDATE REVERSE SLOT
`
`
`
`EXISTING
`FORWARD
`SLOT
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`FIG. 45
`
`PRESENT STATE "FORWARD"
`CANDDATE "ODD" FORWARD
`CONTROL SUBSLOT
`
`
`
`N 1 2 3 4 5 6
`EXISTING
`FASAP XXII
`FIG. 46
`4
`XX
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 28 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 27 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`PRESENT STATEFORWARD"
`CANDDATE "EVEN FORWARD
`COTROL SUBSLOT
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`CANDIDATE "EVEN FORWARD
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`FIG. 49.
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 29 of 53
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 28 of 33
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`- 5,299,198
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`Ex. 1004 / Page 30 of 53
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`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 30 of 53
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`US. Patent
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`Mar. 29, 1994
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`Sheet 29 of 33
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`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 31 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 30 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`PRESENT STATE "FORWARD
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`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 32 of 53
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 31 of 33
`
`5,299,198
`
`PRESENT STATE ". REVERSE
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`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 33 of 53
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`' Mar. 29, 1994
`
`Sheet 32 of 33
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`5,299,198
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`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 34 of 53
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Mar. 29, 1994
`
`I Sheet 33 of 33
`
`5,299,198
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`Ex. 1004 / Page 35 of 53
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`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 35 of 53
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`
`
`

`

`1.
`
`METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
`EXPLOITATION OF VOICE INACTIVITY TO
`NCREASE THE CAPACITY OF ATMEDIVISION
`MULTIPLE ACCESS RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
`5
`SYSTEM
`
`15
`
`5,299,198
`2
`the PSTN and to interface with several mobile specific
`components of the network subsystem, including an
`authentication center, an equipment identity register
`and an operations and maintenance center.
`In the United States, the Telecommunications Indus
`try Association (TIA) is in the process of adopting a set
`of standards for migrating the current analog (AMPS)
`system to a dual mode operating environment in which
`a digital cellular network will co-exist with the present
`analog service. This collection of new standards is
`loosely referred to as AMPS-D. AMPS-D will subdi
`vide existing air (radio channels) into six TDMA (Time
`Division Multiple Access) slots over which voice and
`control data will be transmitted. The T/4 DQPSK (Dif.
`ferential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) modulation
`scheme will be used. The standard supports use of two
`time slots per frame to achieve full-rate coded voice
`transmission at approximately an 8Kbps (Kilobits per
`Second) rate. Support for half-rate voice (4.8 Kbps)
`using a single TDMA slot per frame is also envisioned.
`Half rate voice will provide approximately a 6:1 overall
`capacity gain over AMPS. The reference model used
`for AMPS-D is a derivative of the GSM architecture.
`There are, however, some major differences in the op
`eration of the two systems. The most significant differ
`ence lies in the air (radio) interface between the mobile
`terminal and the base station equipment. Unlike GSM,
`which uses a dedicated channel for signaling between
`the mobile and the BTS, AMPS-D uses control mes
`sages embedded within the traffic channels to perform
`call-related functions. To remain compatible with
`AMPS, though, a common analog channel is also used
`for the initial phase of call setup (until the type and
`capability of the mobile station is determined). The air
`(radio) interface for AMPS-D is documented in the
`TIA standard IS-54. These terms (AMPS-D and IS-54)
`thus refer to the same air (radio) interface.
`Several manufacturers have formed consortia to pro
`vide GSM systems in time for deployment in the 1991
`time frame. Among these is a group called European
`Cellular Radio Consortium, or simply, ECR. ECR is
`producing a number of GSM-compatible subsystems
`that can be packaged and marketed in various combina
`tions, and in conjunction with each of the switching
`systems of the member companies.
`Experience since the introduction of the mobile tele
`phone service has revealed that an overriding difficulty
`with the service is the provision of sufficient capacity to
`meet the demand. This is the reason, for example for
`implementing the new IS-S4 standard, providing for a
`6:1 capacity gain over conventional AMPS. Notwith
`standing this improvement, it should be apparent that
`the ability to provide for additional capacity, over and
`above that provided in the IS-54, would be extremely
`valuable.
`Techniques are available for exploiting the silent
`intervals in voice conversations to increase transmission
`capacity. These systems are referred to as Time As
`signed Speech Interpolation (TASI), Digital Speech
`Interpolation (DSI) and by other terms. TASI was
`originally introduced to increase the capacity of under
`water telephone transmission systems. Campanella, in
`"Digital Speech Interpolation", from the COMSAT
`Technical Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, Spring 1976, at pages
`127 et seq., describes the use of these techniques in
`satellite communications. Others have proposed using
`these techniques in the mobile telephone service, see
`
`CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`The application is related to co-pending application
`10
`Ser. No. 07/622,243, filed Dec. 6, 1990, the disclosure of
`which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
`TECHNICAL FIELD
`The invention relates to radio communications, and
`more particularly, to provision of telephone service
`over radio frequency links to mobile stations, i.e., mo
`bile telephone service.
`BACKGROUND ART
`Mobile telephone service using radio frequency trans
`mission began here in the late 1970's. Initially, service
`was based on analog (FM) radio transmission for voice
`and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation, along
`with pre-assigned analog channels for control and sig
`25
`naling. ESS switching and standard trunking technol
`ogy was utilized to provide access to and from the
`Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). This
`technology is commonly referred to as Advanced Ana
`log Mobile Phone System (AMPS). A typical AMPS
`30
`system consists of a Mobile Telephone Switching Office
`(MTSO) which controls a set of cell sites or base sta
`tions. The MTSO and cell sites communicate over stan
`dard voice trunks as well as dedicated control data
`links. The MTSO functions include standard local
`35
`switching and call processing, radio channel manage
`ment, location and handoff of mobile stations, billing,
`traffic measurements, service orders, trunk administra
`tion and system maintenance. The cell sites, on the
`other hand, provide for call set-up, supervision and
`termination, call handoff to/from adjacent cells as di
`rected by the MTSO, protocol conversation from
`MTSO data links to an air (radio) interface, mobile
`location, remotely ordered testing, control and recon
`figuration, RF (Radio Frequency) modulation/-
`45
`demodulation and transmission/reception and voice
`processing. An overview of AMPS is found in the Bell
`System Technical Journal, Vol. 58, No. 1, January 1979.
`In 1987, through its working group, Groupe Special
`Mobile (GSM), the organization of the European PTTs
`50
`(CEPT) adopted a new standard for a unified, pan
`European digital cellular mobile radio communications
`system. This standard is commonly referred to as GSM.
`The basic building blocks of the GSM model include a
`network subsystem whose main component is a Mobile
`55
`Switching Center (MSC) which is connected, on the
`one hand, to the PSTN and, on the other hand, to a base
`station subsystem. The base station subsystem com
`prises one or more base stations where each base station
`includes access to at least one Base Station Controller
`(BSC) and one or more Base Transceiver Stations
`(BTS). The BSC is responsible for performing cell man
`agement, channel management and intra-BSC handoffs.
`The network subsystem (NSS) is composed primarily of
`a standard ISDN switching system, called the Mobile
`65
`Switching Center (MSC). The BSC interfaces with the
`MSC for implementing inter-BSC handoffs. The two
`main functions of the MSC are to act as a gateway into
`
`ERICSSON v. UNILOC
`Ex. 1004 / Page 36 of 53
`
`

`

`5,299,198
`3
`4.
`Al-Salihi, "The Application of Time Assignment
`sions is also altered so that the transmission is protected
`Speech Interpolation (TASI) to the Radio Phone Ser
`by power diversity.
`vice', from the 1980 Colloquium on Radio System Orga
`(2) When the base station receives such a request, a
`nization and Control; Riordon, "Demand Time
`search is conducted of available transmission capacity
`Assigned Speech Interpolation for Land Mobile Sys
`or available traffic slots within the pool. The pool, of
`tems', from International Conference-Mobile Radio Sys
`course, is divided between forward (that is base to no
`tems and Techniques (1984); Nguyen, "Access Strategies
`bile) and reverse (mobile to base) directions and the
`for D-TASI Over Mobile Radio Channels', from the
`search is conducted within the appropriate half of the
`IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (1986); and
`pool. For a speech spurt detected at a mobile, the re
`Sheikh, "Performance of Access Strategies for D-TASI
`10
`verse pool is searched. On locating an available chan
`Over Mobile Radio Fading Channels', from the Journal
`nel, the channel is made busy to the pool and the base
`of the Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers, Vol.
`station implements a transmission to the mobile, identi
`57, No. 6 (1987). More recently, Goodman, in "Packet
`fying the located channel. Identification requires both
`Reservation Multiple Access for Local Wireless Com
`carrier frequency identification and slot number identi
`15
`munications', from the IEEE Transactions on Commu
`fication. This identification is protected by time and
`nications, Vol. 37, No. 8, August 1989, describes Packet
`frequency diversity, i.e., it is transmitted on multiple
`Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA), which he indi
`different occasions, at different carrier frequencies.
`cates closely resembles TDMA. Goodman notes "The
`(3) On reception of the channel identification, the
`task of implementing time assignment speech interpola
`mobile tunes its transmitter to the identified channel
`20
`tion in a TDMA system with dispersed wireless termi
`(selected carrier frequency and slot) and begins trans
`nals appears prohibitively complex."
`mitting the speech spurt. During the time between the
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`transmission of the allocation request and reception of
`the identification, voice processing is carried out at the
`It is an object of the present invention to provide
`25
`mobile station, i.e. the voice signal from the user is
`capacity for the mobile telephone service beyond that
`digitized, coded and stored for transmission. Upon re
`envisioned by IS-54. More particularly, it is an object of
`ceipt of the appropriate channel identification, transmis
`the present invention to exploit the inactive periods,
`which are a large portion of any telephone conversa
`sion is initiated in the TDMA format and the mobile
`will occupy the identified channel for the duration of
`tion, in order to increase the capacity of the system. It is
`30
`a more specific object of the invention to assign trans
`the speech spurt, and that duration only. In other
`mission (radio) capacity to a mobile user only when a
`words, in contrast to certain prior art mobile telephone
`systems, the mobile is not permanently assigned a chan
`voice signal is available for transmission to or from that
`mobile.
`nel for the duration of the conversation. Rather, taking
`advantage of DSI techniques, each different speech
`In accordance with the present invention, the base
`station subsystem of a mobile telephone system operates
`spurt is assigned a channel at the time it occurs.
`in accordance with a Time Division Multiple Access
`(4) When the speech detector at the mobile station
`(TDMA) protocol. Each base station manages a pool of
`detects the termination of the speech spurt, a further
`duplex transmission channels. The pool consists of a
`transmission is made requesting de-allocation of the
`plurality of different carrier frequencies, each of which
`traffic channel. In contrast to the allocation request
`40
`are time divided to provide a repeating frame consisting
`message, which was transmitted on a control channel,
`of a number of slots. With six slots per frame (as in the
`the de-allocation message is embedded in the same traf
`IS-54), and for twelve duplex RF channels, 72 provided
`fic slot as is the last several packets of the speech spurt.
`in each direction. In accordance with a preferred em
`Since the base station also includes a speech detector,
`bodiment, up to 66 s