`
`efor
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`Fifth -dition
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`
`
`~
`* Fully updated with the latest
`tecnnologies, terms, and Pecos
`* Easy to read, expertly illustrated
`* Definitive coverage of hardware,
`software, the Internet, and more!
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`PUBLISHED BY
`
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98032-6399
`
`Copynght © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All nghts reserved. No part of the contents of this book maybe reproduced of transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Labrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--3th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7336-1495-4
`
`1. Computers--Dictonaries.
`
`2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267
`004'.03--de21
`
`2002
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`23456789 QWI 765432
`
`Distributed in Canada by HB. Fenn and CompanyLtd.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at wwwmicrosoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSyac, ActiveX, Authenticode.
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DarectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DizectShow, DirectSound, DirectX®, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye.
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Viswal SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with anyzeal company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended of should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part Wo. XO8-41929
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`analyzer can filter and decode traffic, suggest solutions to
`problems, provide graphical reports, and show traffic by
`protocol and percent utilization. See also communications
`protocol.
`
`protocol layer vn. See layer.
`
`protocol stack n. The set of protocols that work together
`on different levels to enable communication on a network.
`For example, TCP/IP, the protocol stack on the Internet,
`incorporates more than 100 standards including FTP, IP,
`SMTP. TCP, and Telnet. See also ISO/OSI reference
`model. Compare protocol suite.
`
`protocol sulte «. A set of protocols designed, usually by
`one vendor, as complementary parts of a protocol stack.
`Compare protocol stack.
`
`prototyping a. The creation of a working model of a new
`computer system or program for testing and refinement.
`Prototyping is used in the development of both new hard-
`ware and software systems and new systems of informa-
`tion management. Tools used in the former include both
`hardware and support sofiware; tools used in the latter can
`include databases, screen mockups, and simulations that,
`in some cases, can be developed into a final product.
`
`proxy a. A computer (or the software that runs on it) that
`acts as a barrier between a network and the Intemet by
`presenting only a single network address to external sites.
`By acting as a go-between representing all internal com-
`puters, the proxy protects network identities while still
`providing access to the Intemet. See also proxy server.
`
`proxy server #. A firewall component that manages Inter-
`net traffic to and from a local area network (LAN) and can
`provide other features, such as document caching and
`access control. A proxy server can improve performance
`by supplying frequently requested data, such as a popular
`Web page, and can filter and discard requests that the
`owner does not consider appropriate, such as requests for
`unauthorized access to propnetary files. See also firewall.
`
`PrtSc key a. See Pont Screen key.
`
`-ps a. The file extension that identifies PostScnpt printer
`files. See also PostScript.
`
`PS,/2 bus #. See Micro Channel Architecture.
`
`PSD va. A graphics file format used to create, modify, and
`display still images in Photoshop, a software application
`designed by Adobe Systems. PSD files have a file exten-
`sion af .psd.
`
`
`
`pseude-streaming
`
`PSEa. See Packet Switching Exchange.
`
`psec n. See picosecond.
`
`pseudocode vn. 1. A machine language for a nonexistent
`processor (a pseudomachine). Such code is executed by a
`software interpreter. The major advantage of p-code is that
`itis portable to all computers for which a p-code interpreter
`exists. The p-code approach has been tried several times in
`the microcomputer industry, with mixed success. The best
`known attempt was the UCSD p-System. Abbreviation: p-
`code. See also pseudomachine, UCSD p-System. 2. Any
`informal, transparent notation In which a program or aleo-
`rithm description is written. Many programmers write
`their programs first in a pseudocode that looks much like a
`mixture of English and their favorite programming lan-
`guage, such as C or Pascal, and then translate it line by
`line into the actual language being used.
`
`pseudo compiler a. A compiler that generates a pseudo-
`language. See alse pseudolanguage.
`
`pseudocomputer nv. See pseudomachine.
`
`pseudolanguage va. A nonexistent programming lan-
`fuage—that is, one for which no implementation exists.
`The term can refer either to the machine language for a
`nonexistent processor or to a high-level language for
`which no compiler exists. See also pseudocode.
`
`pseudomachine vn. A processor that doesn't actually exist
`in hardware but that is emulated in software. A program
`written for the pseudomachine can run on several plat-
`forms without having to be recompiled. Abbreviation: p-
`machine. See also pseudocode, UCSD p-System.
`
`pseudo-op nv. See pseudo-operation.
`
`pseudo-operation av. In programming, a program insiruc-
`tion that conveys information to an assembler or compiler
`but is not translated into a machine language instruction—
`for example, an instruction that establishes the value of a
`constant or the manner in which Boolean (logical) expres-
`sions are to be evaluated. Abbreviation; pseudo-op.
`
`pseude-streaming #. A method used for real-time dis-
`play of audio and video over the Web. Unlike sound or
`video files that are downloaded to a computer in their
`entirety before they can be played back, pseudo-streaming
`enables playback after only a portion of the ile—enough
`to Hl a buffer on the receiving computer—has been down-
`loaded. Psewdo-streaming, unlike “true,” or Web, stream-
`ing, does not depend on server software to dynamically
`monitor the transmission. It can, however, play back only
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