ILLENNIUM EDITION
`
`HOW
`THE INTERNET
`WORKS
`
`1 1 0
`
`CP
`
`.S E
`
`7
`
`„.••
`•
`
`-••••
`
`by Preston Gralla
`QUO
`
`Illustrated by SARAH ISHIDA,
`MINA REIMER. & STEPHEN ADAMS
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0001
`
`

`

`How the
`Internet
`Works
`
`Millennium Edition
`
`Preston Gralla
`
`qua•
`
`A division of Macmillan Computer Publishing, USA
`201 W. 103rd Street
`Indianapolis, IN 46290
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0002
`
`

`

`How the Internet Works, Millennium Edition
`Copyright° 1999 by Que°
`Executive Editor
`
`Greg Wiegand
`
`Acquisitions Editor
`
`Development Editor
`
`Managing Editor
`
`Project Editor
`
`Copy Editor
`
`Indexer
`
`Proofreader
`
`Technical Editor
`
`Illustrators
`
`Book Designers
`
`Copy Writer
`
`Stephanie J. McComb
`
`Nicholas Goetz
`
`Thomas F. Hayes
`
`Karen S. Shields
`
`Kay Hoskin
`
`Christine Nelsen
`
`Maribeth Echard
`
`Bill Bruns
`
`Sarah Ishida, Mina Reimer, Stephen Adams, and Shelley Norris
`
`Carrie English and Bruce Lundquist
`
`Eric Borgert
`
`Layout Technicians
`
`Lisa England, Cyndi Davis-Hubler
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, elec-
`tronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is
`assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the prepara-
`tion of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for
`damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
`
`International Standard Book Number: 0-7897-2132-5
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-6301 1
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`First Printing: August 1999
`
`01 00
`
`5
`
`This book was produced digitally by Macmillan Computer Publishing and manufactured using computer-to-plate technology (a film-
`less process) by GAC, Indianapolis, Indiana.
`Trademarks
`All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Que
`cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of
`any trademark or service mark.
`Warning and Disclaimer
`Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied.
`The information provided is on an "as is" basis. The authors and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to
`any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book.
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0003
`
`

`

`ei
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`Introduction
`
`Part I: What Is the
`Internet?
`Chapter 1
`The Wired World of the Internet
`Chapter 2
`How Information Travels Across the
`Internet
`Chapter 3
`How TCP/IP Works
`Chapter 4
`Understanding Internet Addresses and
`Domains
`Chapter 5
`Anatomy of a Web Connection
`Chapter 6
`Internet File Types
`
`I
`
`4
`
`8
`
`12
`
`16
`
`20
`
`24
`
`Part 2: The Internet's
`Underlying Architecture 28
`Chapter 7
`How the Domain Name System Works
`Chapter 8
`How Routers Work
`• Chapter 9
`The. Internet's Client/Server Architecaire 40
`
`36
`
`32
`
`Part 3: Connecting to the
`Internet
`Chapter 10
`Con ecting You Comp
`C pter 11
`•
`nnecting to the Internet
`es
`1
`er 12
`DN Wefts
`
`ti
`
`from Online,-'
`
`44
`
`48
`
`52
`
`56
`
`Chapter 13
`The Internet/Television Connection
`Chapter 14
`How Network. Computers (NCs) Work
`Chapter 15
`How the Digital Subscriber Line'''.
`(DSL) Works
`Chapter 16
`How Satellite and Palmtop Connections
`Work
`
`60
`
`66
`
`70
`
`74
`
`Part 4: Communicating on
`the Internet
`8(1
`Chapter 17
`How Email Works
`Chapter 18
`Email Spam and Blocking
`Chapter 19
`How Usenet Newsgroups Work
`Chapter 20
`How Internet Chat and Instant
`Messaging Work
`Chapter 2]
`Making Phone Calls on the Internet
`
`84
`
`10
`
`•
`I 1
`
`Part 5: How the World
`Wide Web Works
`Chapter 22.
`How Web Pages Work
`Chapter 23
`How Web Browsers Work
`Chapter 24
`Flow Markup Languages or
`Chapter 25
`How Hypertext Werks
`
`I
`
`'26
`
`34 •
`
`150
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0004
`
`

`

`Chapter 26
`How URLs Work
`Chapter 27
`How Imagemaps and Interactive
`Forms Work
`Chapter 28
`How Web Host Servers Work
`Chapter 29
`=
`How Web Sites Work with Databases
`
`154
`
`t58
`
`/162
`
`166
`
`Part 6: Common Internet
`Tools
`170
`Chapter 30
`How Telnet Works
`Chapter 31
`FTP and Downloading Files
`Chapter 32
`Searching the Internet
`Chapter 33
`How Push Technology Works
`Chapter 34
`How Java, JavaScript, and ActiveX Work 198
`Chapter 35
`How Agents Work
`Chapter 36
`How CGI Scripting Works
`
`174
`
`178
`
`184
`
`190
`
`206
`
`210
`
`Part 7: Multimedia on the
`214
`Internet
`Chapter 37
`Audio on the Internet
`Chapter 38
`Video on tile Internet
`
`218
`
`226
`
`VII
`
`Chapter 39
`How Multicast IP and the Mbone Work
`Chapter 40
`Virtual Reality on the Internet
`Chapter 41
`Animation on the Web
`
`234
`
`238
`
`242
`
`Part 8: Intranets and
`Shopping on the Internet 248
`Chapter 42
`How Intranets Work
`Chapter 43
`How Workgroup Software Works
`Chapter 44
`Shopping on the Internet
`
`256
`
`260
`
`252
`
`Part 9: Safeguarding the
`Internet
`Chapter 45
`How Firewalls Work
`Chapter 46
`How "Smurf Attacks" Can Cripple
`Internet Service Providers
`Chapter 47
`How Viruses Work
`Chapter 48
`How Cookies, Passports, and Web
`Tracking Work
`Chapter 49
`Cryptography, Privacy, and Digital
`Certificates
`Chapter 50
`Parental Controls on the Internet
`Index
`
`270
`
`274
`
`280
`
`284
`
`290
`
`298
`
`304
`30
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0005
`
`

`

`40
`
`PART 2 THE INTERNET'S UNDERLYING ARCHITECTURE
`
`CHAPTER
`
`9 The Internet's
`
`Client/Server
`Architecture
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0006
`
`

`

`• - 1 -II',
`
`TH I: Internet works on the client/server model of information delivery. In this model, a client computer
`connects to a server computer on which information resides; the client depends on the server to deliver
`information. In effect, the client requests the services of the larger computer. These services may involve
`searching for information and sending it back to the client, such as when a database on the Web is queried.
`Other examples of these services are delivering Web pages, and handling incoming and outgoing email.
`Whenever you use the Internet, you're connected to a server computer and requesting the use of that
`server's resources.
`Typically, the client is a local personal computer and the server (also known as the host) is usually a
`more powerful computer that houses the data. These computers can be of many different kinds: powerful
`Windows-based PCs, Macintoshes, and a wide variety of hardware that runs the UNIX operating system,
`such as computers made by the Digital Equipment Corporation.
`The connection to the server is made via a LAN (local area network), a phone line, or a TCP/IP-based
`WAN (wide area network) on the Internet. A primary reason to set up a client/server network is to allow
`many clients to access the same applications and files that are stored on a server.
`In the case of the Internet's World Wide Web, the client is actually the browser on your PC and the server is
`a host computer located somewhere on the Internet. Typically, the browser sends the server a request for a spe-
`cific Web page. The server processes that request and sends an answer back to the browser (again, most often
`in the form of a Web page).
`The connection between the client and server is maintained only during the actual exchange of informa-
`tion. Thus, after a Web page is transferred from the host (or server) computer, the HTTP connection
`between that computer and the client is broken. (HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol; it's the pro-
`tocol used by the World Wide Web.) Even though the HTTP connection is closed, the ISP maintains the
`TCP/IP connection to the Internet.
`The client/server model enables the desktop PC to run the browser software to search the Web, yet still
`access host servers around the Internet to execute search and retrieval functions. In essence, this architecture
`enables the Web to be conceived of as a limitless file storage medium and database, distributed among thou-
`sands of host computers, all accessible by any individual PC.
`The following illustration shows how the Web runs on a client/server architecture. Keep in mind that all
`other resources on the Internet run on the client/server model as well. For example, in email transactions
`the client would be the email software on your computer while the server would be the email server into
`which you connect.
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0007
`
`

`

`2
`
`PART 2 THE INTERNET'S UNDERLYING ARCHITECTURE
`
`How Client/Server
`Architecture Works
`
`I
`
`0
`
`The PC-based browser software controls the
`client end of the Web application. Using TCP/IP,
`the browser issues HTTP requests to the host
`server. The browser can request a specific
`Web page or it can ask the host server to
`perform a database query. In either in-
`stance, the request is broken into
`HTTP packets that are sent across
`the Internet's TCP/IP communi-
`cations infrastructure to the
`host computer.
`
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`The host computer runs the
`server software that enables
`the host to separate the actual
`request kohl the packets and
`perfoTilhe asked-for services.
`Ti-ewill either involve retriev-
`iniOnd sending back to the
`client PC the specified Web
`page, or executing a database
`search and sending back to
`the client the result in the form
`of a Web page.
`
`H
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0008
`
`

`

`r
`
`CHAPTER 9 THE INTERNET'S CLIENT/SERVER ARCHITECTURE
`
`43
`
`El The host computer houses the Web
`
`site. Web server software enables
`the host to locate a requested page
`and return it to the client.
`
`I
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`
`Database and other similar applications
`on the host computer are accessed and
`controlled through a common gateway
`interface (CGI). When the server receives
`the request for the database query, it
`forwards the request to a separate,
`dedicated database server or application
`for processing via the CGI.
`
`•
`APplicatO
`
` too-
`Database
`
`Data
`
`ase Appli 21'6
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0009
`
`

`

`I26 PART 5 HOW THE WORLD WIDE WEB WORKS
`
`CHAPTER
`
`22 How Web
`
`Pages Work
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0010
`
`

`

`,
`
`THE World Wide Web is the fastest growing, and in many ways, the most exciting and intriguing part
`of the Internet. When people refer to "surfing the Net," more often than not they're talking about using
`the World Wide Web.
`As its name implies, the World Wide Web is a globally connected network. The Web contains many
`things, but what makes it so fascinating to so many are the Web "pages" that incorporate text, graphics,
`sound, animation, and other multimedia elements. In essence, each page is an interactive multimedia
`publication that can include videos and music as well as graphics and text.
`Pages are connected to one another using hypertext that allows you to move from any page to any
`other page, and to graphics, binary files, multimedia files, as well as any Internet resource. To jump
`from one page to another, click on a hypertext link.
`The Web operates on a client/server model. You run Web client browser software such as Netscape
`Navigator or Microsoft's Internet Explorer on your computer. That client contacts a Web server and
`requests information or resources. The Web server locates and then sends the information to the Web
`browser, which displays the results.
`Pages on the Web are built using a markup language called HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).
`The language contains commands that tell your browser how to display text, graphics, and multimedia
`files. It also contains commands for linking the page to other pages, and to other Internet resources.
`The term "home page" is often used to refer to the first, or top, page in a collection of pages that
`make up a Web site. This is to distinguish it from the many pages collected together as a single "pack-
`age" of sorts that often make up Web sites. The home page is like a magazine cover or the front page of
`a newspaper. Usually, it acts as an introduction to the site, explaining its purpose and describing the in-
`formation found on other pages throughout the site. In this way, the home page often acts as the table
`of contents for the rest of the site.
`In general, Web sites use three kinds of organizational structures to organize their pages. In a tree
`structure, a pyramid or outline format makes it easy for users to navigate through the site and find the
`information they want. In a linear structure, one page leads to the next, which then leads to the next,
`and so on, in a straight line. Finally, in a random structure, pages are connected to one another, seem-
`ingly at random.
`The last illustration in this chapter shows how someone might build his or her own pages using an
`HTML editor. After you create your pages, you use FTP software to post them onto a small portion of
`a Web server. You can either rent the server space from a local ISP or set up your own Web server.
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0011
`
`

`

`128
`
`PART 5 HOW THE WORLD WIDE WEB WORKS
`
`How the World Wide Web
`Works
`
`The World Wide Web is the fastest growing and most innovative paffof the Internet.
`When you browse the Web, you view multimedia pages composed of text, graphics,
`sound, and video. The Web uses hypertext links that allow you to jump from one place
`to another on the Web. The language that allows you to use hypertext links and to view
`Web pages is called Hypertext Markup Language, more commonly known as HTML.
`
`1
`
`The Web works on a client/server
`model in which client software—
`known as a Web browser—runs
`on a local computer. The server
`software runs on a Web host. To
`use the Web, you first make an
`Internet connection, and then
`launch your Web browser.
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`In a Web browser, you type the
`URL for
`location you want to
`visit or click on a link that will
`send you to the desired location.
`The names for Web locations
`are URLs (uniform resource
`locators). Your Web browser
`sends the URL request using
`HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
`Protocol), which defines the
`way the Web browser and the
`Web server communicate with
`each other.
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`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0012
`
`

`

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`FI When the server finds the requested home
`page, document, or object, it sends that
`home page, document, or object back to the
`Web browser client. The information is then
`displayed on the computer screen in the
`Web browser. When the page is sent from
`the server, the HTTP connection is closed
`and can be reopened.
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`E3 The request is sent to the Internet. Internet routers
`examine the request to determine which server to
`send the request to. The information just to the right
`of the http:// in the URL tells the Internet on which
`Web server the requested information can be found.
`Routers send the request to that Web server.
`
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`
`URLs contain several parts. The first part—the http://—details which Internet protocol to
`use. The second part—the part that usually has a www in it—sometimes tells what kind
`of Internet resource is being contacted. The third part—such as zdnet.com—can vary in
`length and identifies the Web server to be contacted. The final part identifies a specific
`directory on the server and a home page, document, or other Internet object.
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0013
`
`

`

`130
`
`PART 5 HOW THE WORLD WIDE WEB WORKS
`
`How Web Pages Are
`Organized on a Web Site
`
`a
`
`•
`
`vopir
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`V.
`the 'Internet Works
`
`O The home page is the first or top
`
`page of any Web Site. A site can be
`just one page, or can comprise
`dozens or even hundreds of pages.
`In the latter case, the home page
`acts as a table of contents to orga-
`nize the site and help users find in-
`formation available on the site.
`
`El Underlined or highlighted hyperlink
`text is-often embedded in the home
`age..The hyperlinks serve to con-•
`
`yiect the top page with other pages
`throughout the site.
`
`Pr
`Related documents residing together
`orizaReh host computer make u -
`Web "i-f!'e,...,However, a single.server can
`host multipleWeb sites, each con-
`tained in a serMriVe area or directory,
`can accommo-
`much like a hard
`date multiple directOrez,Some Web
`sites are so large and hj'at'ily trafficked,
`that they cannot fit on a sin. I server
`and require multiple servers.
`
`4
`
`Good Web design principles such ge•
`back
`
`that pages through su
`
`
`
`lk
`
`Ito the home page. rriis approach al-
`lows users to always -find their way •
`hark to the top of a site to navigate in
`other directions.
`
`what's happening behind the scenes when
`Do you ever wonder
`you dive into the Web?
`your own Web site, but just
`Have you thought abinit creating
`.t
`aren't sure where to start?
`(.,
`Is the Internet all magic and inatineiisito you?
`Well, then, you've come to the righ p ice.
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`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0014
`
`

`

`CHAPTER 22 HOW WEB PAGES WORK
`
`131
`
`6 Web sites are typically orga-
`nized in one of three ways.
`The first is an outline or tree
`structure, which arranges in-
`formation hierarchically, mov-
`ing from general information
`to more specific data.
`
`Linear
`
`ElI The second organiza-
`
`tional method is linear,
`in which one page
`leads to the next,
`which leads to the
`next one, and so on.
`
`II Documents within a site can be linked
`to any other document in the site—and
`even to documents on other sites. Most
`Web sites; however, are designed in a
`pyramid or outline structure that gives
`users a -visual model to understand
`how information is arranged, and indi-
`cates how to find and navigate through
`the site's documents.
`
`Tree
`
`f 74
`
`A
`
`i
`
`ir
`
`lite Anatomy
`of a Weh Site
`
`f
`
`•••
`
`Bantibm
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`vv
`
`8
`
`Th4third organizational struc-
`ture is really ailabk of struc-
`ture, in which pages are
`connected to one another
`seemingly at random. (It's this
`last structure, though, that
`makes it clear why the Web is
`called the Web.)
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0015
`
`

`

`132 PART 5 HOW THE WORLD WIDE WEB WORKS
`
`How Web Sites Work
`
`Text
`
`Graphics
`
`0
`
`•
`
`41
`First, the raw materials are collected
`for the Web page. Content may be
`any number of things—family pho-
`tos, poems, personal opinions, text
`of any kind, even sound clips and
`movies. Text can be easily compiled
`with any word processor, such as
`Microsoft Word.
`
`• • •
`
`ij !rit
`
`;.1 If
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`the arrangement of text, images,
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`need to be tweaked, there is no
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`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0016
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`

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`ri The Web page can typically be posted
`by means of a dial-up connection to
`the Internet (via a local ISP). Many ISPs
`provide the spac for doing this free of
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`An FTP program is used to log on
`to the ISP's Web server; many
`good ones are available as share-
`ware on the Internet. The ISP is-
`sues a username and password at
`sign-up time, which are used to log
`on to the directory where the
`HTML page, graphics, and other
`media will be placed. After the var-
`ious elements are put in the right
`folder, the "live" pages can be
`checked on the Web using the URL
`provided by the ISP.
`El A page can come to life with a few well-chosen images. In designing a
`family home page, for example, a scanned photo might work well on the
`Web page. Icons or colored bullets spruce up a text list, and navigational icons such
`as arrows or pointers let a user move logically around the site. A whole range of
`shareware image editors is available on the Internet. The most full-featured commer-
`cial image editor is Photoshop by Adobe. Photoshop is a professional-grade program
`that allows you to modify, create, or resize virtually any digital image.
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`If you want to add other media to your pages—such as digi-
`tized sound, music, or video—you will need access to the
`digital files, or you can digitize them yourself with additional
`computer hardware. When you are dealing with media with
`large file sizes—such as a 4MB movie—it will take users a very
`long time to download the file. During editing, try to trim all the
`fat out of video and audio clips. Also try to scale back the
`length and resolution of audio and video to decrease file size.
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`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0017
`
`

`

`134
`
`PART 5 HOW THE WORLD WIDE WEB WORKS
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`CHAPTER
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`23 How Web
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`Browsers Work
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`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0018
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`

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`LIKE much of the Internet, the World Wide Web operates on a client/server model. You run a Web
`client on your computer—called a Web browser—such as Netscape Communicator, or Microsoft's
`Internet Explorer. That client contacts a Web server and requests information or resources. The Web
`server locates and then sends the information to the Web browser, which displays the results.
`When Web browsers contact servers, they're asking to view pages built with Hypertext Markup
`Language (HTML). They interpret those pages and display them on your computer. They also can dis-
`play applications, programs, animations, and similar material created with programming languages
`such as Java and ActiveX, and scripting languages such as JavaScript.
`Sometimes, home pages contain links to files that the Web browser can't play or display, such as
`sound or animation files. In that case, you'll need a plug-in or a helper application. You configure your
`Web browser to use the helper application or plug-in whenever it encounters a sound or animation file
`that the browser can't run or play.
`Over the years, Web browsers have become increasingly sophisticated. Browsers have now become
`full-blown software suites that can do everything from videoconferencing to letting you create and
`publish HTML pages. They have also begun to blur the line between your local computer and the
`Internet—in essence, they can make your computer and the Internet function as a single computer
`system.
`Toward this end of bringing the Internet more directly into computers, Microsoft has integrated
`Web browsing and the Internet directly into the operating system. For example, with Internet Explorer
`4.0 and later, and with Windows 98, the Windows desktop can be HTML-based. This means Web links
`can be directly embedded into the desktop. So, for example, you can have links to your favorite Web
`pages right on the desktop. And even applications such as word processors now have Web capabilities
`built into them, such as being able to browse the Web, or build home pages. Even more significantly,
`using technology that Microsoft calls Active Desktop, Internet-based desktop components can live on the
`desktop. These components can be things such as stock tickers, which deliver live Web content directly
`to the desktop. You don't need to go fire up your Web browser to get the information; it's delivered
`straight to your Windows desktop without your having to do anything.
`Both Microsoft and Netscape have also built entire suites of software around their browsers.
`Netscape, for example, calls its suite Netscape Communicator. Communicator includes modules for
`reading newsgroups; for reading, sending and managing Internet mail; for audio conferencing; for col-
`laborative work on whiteboard applications in which people can view and mark up the same documents
`simultaneously; and more. These enhancements will help usher in an era of collaborative computing.
`Not only will the Internet be used to transmit and receive information, but it will also alter the way we
`do business and help us communicate more effectively.
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0019
`
`

`

`1 3 6
`
`PART S HOW THE WORLD WIDE WEB WORKS
`
`How a Web Browser Works
`0 Web browsers consist of client soft-
`la A Web browser displays information on your computer by inter-
`preting the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) that is used to
`build home pages on the Web. Home pages usually display graph.
`ics, sound, and multimedia files, as well as links to other pages,
`files that can be downloaded, and other Internet resources.
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`ware that runs on your computer and
`displays home pages on the Web.
`There are clients for PC, Macintosh,
`and UNIX computers.
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`Do you ever wonder what's happening behind the screens when you
`dive into the Web?
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`Have you thought about creating your own Web site, but just ores",
`sure where to start?
`
`Is the Internet all magic and madness to you?
`
`Well, then, you've come to the right place! his Web site is dedicated
`a ing the
`mystery out of the Internet and explaining in clear terms just How
`Internet Works.
`You'll learn about
`Connecting to the Internet
`Multimedia on the Internet
`Safeguarding the Inte_met
`Get ready to surf!
`As you cruise around this informative site, ou'll also find lots of
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`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0020
`
`

`

`CHAPTER 23 HOW WEB BROWSERS WORK
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`The coding in the HTML files tells your browser how to display the
`text, graphics, links, and multimedia,files on the herne page. The
`HTML file that your broWser roads tó display thettiame page
`doesn't actually have the graphics, sound, mOIrriltdia fileS, and
`other resources on it. Instead, it Contains+ITIVI
`references to those
`graphics and files, Your browser uses those references to find the
`files on the server and then display them on the home page.
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`111
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`<BODY>
`<P> Do you ever wonder what's happening behind
`the screens when you dive into the Web?
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`<H3> You'll learn about:
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`<A HREF="URLu> Go TO URL</A>
`4 The Web browser also interprets HTML tags as links to other \/VA sites„or to other Web re-
`sources, such as graphics, multimedia files, newsgroups, or files to dovirriload..pepending
`on the link, it will perform different actions. For example, if the HTML Code specifies the
`link as another home page, the browser will retrieve the URL specified in the HTML file
`when the user clicks on the underlined link on the ia9.1ge. If the HTML Code specifies a file to
`be downloaded, the browser will download the file to your computer:
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`<P> As you cruse around this informative site,
`you'll also Wild
`of hyperlinks to other sites all
`across the Word Wfrle Web.
`NOTE There are many kinds of files on the Internet that Web browsers cannot display, In particular, this per-
`tains to many kinds of multimedia files such as sound, video, and animation files. Still, there are often references to
`these kinds of files on Web pages. To view or play these files, you'll need what are callfd "helper applications" and
`plug-ins. You must configure your Web browser to launch these helper applications and/plug-ins whenever you dick on
`an object that needs them in order to be viewed. Helper auplitations and plug-ins earl' also be used for displaying vir-
`tual reality pages, for chatting on the Internet, and for doing other Internet tasks.
`or-Luni the meanings of tags are easily decipherable. Every hTElL tag, or .nstruction, is surrounded by a
`less-than and a greaterthan sign--<P>. Often tags appeartin pairs, the beginning tag and die ending tag.
`They are identical except for a simple slash in the end tag. So a paragraph of tex., se frequently be surrounded
`by tags like this: •e.:P> Paragraph of text.</P>. Also, tags are not case sensitive. <P>. equals <p>.
`
`Sling-Uniloc-609
`Exhibit 1010, Page 0021
`
`

`

`R' l38
`
`PART 5 HOW THE WORLD WIDE WEB WORKS
`
`How Netscape
`Communicator Works
`• Netscape Communicator is a complete
`
`suite of Internet applications, not merely
`a Web browser. Any individual compo-
`nent c