`
`Brown LeMay Bursten
`
`CHEMISTRY
`
`lSE‘d Eighth Ed.UOfl
`
`
`
`Apotex (IPR2019-00400) Ex. 1049 p. 001
`
`

`

`Chemistry
`
`The Central Science
`
`Eighth Revised Edition
`
`Theodore L. Brown
`
`University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
`
`H. Eugene LeMay, Ir.
`
`University of Nevada, Reno
`
`Bruce E. Bursten
`
`The Ohio State University
`
`With contributions by Julia R. Burdge, University of Akron
`
`PRENTICE HALL
`
`Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
`
`
`
`
`
`Apotex (IPR2019-00400) Ex. 1049 p. 002
`
`

`

`1
`
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`__ .1 _
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`13‘
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`Editor: John Challice
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`
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`Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
`
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`Printed in the United States of America
`10
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`ISBN EI-luEI-EIE-llllIE-S
`
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`
`
`
`Apotex (IPR2019-00400) Ex. 1049 p. 003
`
`

`

`G-12
`
`GLOSSARY
`
`redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction A reaction in which certain
`atoms undergo changes in oxidation states. The substance increas
`ing in oxidation state is oxidized; the substance decreasing in oxi-
`dation state is reduced. (Chapter 20; Introduction)
`reducing agent or reductanl The substance that is oxidized and
`thereby causes the reduction of some other substance in an oxida—
`tion-reduction reaction. (Section 20.1)
`reduction A process in which a substance gains one or more elec-
`trons. (Section 4.4)
`
`refining The process of converting an impure form of a metal into
`a more usable substance of well-defined composition. For example,
`crude pig iron from the blast furnace is refined in a converter to
`produce steels of desired compositions. (Section 23.2)
`rem A measure of the biological damage caused by radiation; rems
`= rads >< RBE. (Section 21.9)
`
`renewable energy Energy such as solar energy, wind energy, and
`hydroelectric energy that is from essentially inexhaustible sources.
`(Section 5.8)
`representative (main-group) element Element in which the s and
`p orbitals are partially occupied. (Section 6.9)
`resonance structures (resonance forms)
`Individual Lewis struc-
`tures in cases where two or more Lewis structures are equally good
`descriptions of a single molecule. The resonance structures in such
`an instance are "averag
`" to give a correct description of the real
`molecule. (Section 8.?)
`
`reverse osmosis The process by which water molecules move
`under high pressure through a semipermeable membrane from the
`more concentrated to the less concentrated solution. (Section 18.5)
`reversible process A process that can go back and forth between
`states along exactly the same path; a system at equilibrium is re—
`versible because it can be reversed by an infinitesimal modification
`of a variable such as temperature. (Section 19.1)
`ribonucleic acid (RNA) A polynucleotide in which ribose is the
`sugar component. (Section 25.11)
`
`roasting Thermal treatment of an ore to bring about chemical re-
`actions involving the furnace atmosphere. For example, a sulfide ore
`might be roasted in air to form a metal oxide and 502. (Section 23.2)
`root-mean-square (rms) speed (u) The square root of the aver-
`age of the squared speeds of the gas molecules in a gas sample.
`(Section 10.7)
`
`rotational motion Movement of a molecule as though it is spin—
`ning like a top. (Section 19.3)
`
`salinity A measure of the salt content of seawater, brine, or brack-
`ish water. It is equal to the mass in grams of dissolved salts present
`in 1 kg of seawater. (Section 18.5)
`
`salt An ionic compound formed by replacing one or more H" of
`an acid by other cations. (Section 4.3)
`
`saponification Hydrolysis of an ester in the presence of a base.
`(Section 25.6)
`saturated solution A solution in which undissolved solute and
`dissolved solute are in equilibrium. (Section 13.2)
`
`scientific law A concise verbal statement or a mathematical equa-
`tion that surrunarizes a broad variety of observations and experi—
`ences. (Section 1.3)
`
`scientific method The general process of advancing scientific
`knowledge by making experimental observations and by formu-
`lating laws, hypotheses, and theories. (Section 1.3)
`scintillation counter An instrument that is used to detect and
`measure radiation by the fluorescence it produces in a fluorescing
`medium. (Section 21.5)
`
`screening effect The effect of inner electrons in decreasing the m; -
`clear charge experienced by outer electrons. (Section 6.7)
`secondary structure The manner in which a protein is coiled .
`stretched. (Section 25.9)
`
`.'
`
`second law of thermodynamics A statement of our experien :-_
`that there is a direction to the way events occur in nature. When :
`process occurs spontaneously in one direction, it is nonspontaneuu-
`in the reverse direction. It is possible to state the second law in mark.
`different forms, but they all relate back to the same idea about spor—
`taneity. One of the most common statements found in chemical cor-
`texts is that in any spontaneous process the entropy of the unit-en.
`increases. (Section 19.2)
`second-order reaction A reaction in which the overall reacts-.—
`order (the sum of the concentration-term exponents) in the rate la:-
`iS 2. (Section 14.3)
`
`sigma (or) bond A covalent bond in which electron density is cor.—
`centrated along the internuclear axis. (Section 9.6)
`sigma (or) molecular orbital A molecular orbital that centers tit—.-
`electron density about an imaginary line passing through two r1;-
`clei. (Section 9.7)
`
`significant figures The digits that indicate the precision wt:-
`which a measurement is made; all digits of a measured quantity are
`significant, including the last digit, which is uncertain. (Section 1 ._=
`silicates Compounds containing silicon and oxygen, structural;
`based on SiO4 tetrahedra. (Section 22.10)
`
`single bond A covalent bond involving one electron pair
`(Section 8.4)
`
`SI units The preferred metric units for use in science. (Section 1.-1~
`
`slag A mixture of molten silicate minerals. Slags may be acidic or
`basic, according to the acidity or basicity of the oxide added to 5-11-
`ica. (Section 23.2)
`
`smectic liquid-crystalline phase A liquid crystal in which the
`molecules are aligned along their long axes and arranged in sheets
`with the ends of the molecules aligned. There are several different
`kinds of smectic phases. (Section 12.1)
`smelting A melting proeess in which the materials formed i:
`the course of the chemical reactions that occur separate into twe-
`or more layers. For example, the layers might be slag and molten
`metal. (Section 23.2)
`
`sol-gel process A process in which extremely small particles (0.003
`to 0.1 mm in diameter) of uniform size are produced in a series of
`chemical steps followed by controlled heating. (Section 12.4)
`solid Matter that has both a definite shape and a definite volume.
`(Section 1.2]
`
`solubility The amount of a substance that dissolves in a given
`quantity of solvent at a given temperature to form a saturated so
`lution. (Sections 4.2 and 13.2)
`
`solubility-product constant (solubility product) (Kw) An equi—
`librium constant related to the equilibrium between a solid salt and
`its ions in solution. It provides a quantitative measure of the solu-
`bility of a slightly soluble salt. (Section 17.4)
`solute A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution,- it is
`normally the component of a solution present in the smaller
`amount. (Section 4.1)
`
`solution A mixture of substances that has a uniform composition;
`a homogeneous mixture. (Section 1.2)
`
`solution alloy A homogeneous alloy, with the components dis-
`tributed uniformly throughout. (Section 23.6)
`solvation The clustering of solvent molecules around a solute par—
`ticle. (Section 13.1)
`
`solven
`compo
`specifi:
`to raise
`
`spectai
`appear
`spectrv
`abilitie
`crystal
`spectrl
`diant e
`
`spin-p
`anothc
`
`sponta
`given I
`ven by
`even tl
`
`sputte
`al that
`gaseoi
`standa
`101.32
`standa
`a cell i
`stand:
`that at
`ement
`stand:
`all rea
`stand:
`ergy a
`under
`stand:
`tion 2]
`fial of'
`Stand;
`Subste
`stand.-
`half—rt
`stand;
`called
`stand.-
`stand.
`atm p:
`tion 1|
`starch
`acts a:
`state f
`Or COI‘I
`is fixe
`are sp
`slates
`
`liquid
`stere:
`bondi
`the at
`stoict
`and. p
`strata
`
`pospl
`
`
`
`Apotex (IPR2019-00400) Ex. 1049 p. 004
`
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