`
`April 1995
`
`
`NONRESIDENT
`
`TRAINING
`
`COURSE
`
`
`
`Engineering Aid 3
`
`NAVEDTRA 14069
`
`DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
`
`FUJIFILM, Exh. 2012, p. 1
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`

`

`Although the words “he,” “him,” and
`“his” are used sparingly in this course to
`enhance
`communication,
`they
`are
`not
`intended to be gender driven or to affront or
`
`discriminate against anyone.
`
`DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
`
`FUJIFILM, Exh. 2012, p. 2
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`

`

`COMMANDING OFFICER
`NETPMSA
`6490 SAUFLEY FIELD ROAD
`PENSACOLA FL 32509-5237
`
`04 Jun 96
`
`ERRATA # 2
`
`Specific Instructions and Errata for
`Training Manual
`
`ENGINEERING AID BASIC
`
`1.
`
`This errata supersedes all previous errata.
`
`No attempt has been made to issue corrections for errors in
`2.
`that do not affect
`technical
`typing, punctuation, and so forth,
`accuracy or readability.
`
`3. Make the following changes:
`
`Pa e
`2-
`
`Column
`1
`
`3-11
`
`3-19
`
`5-7
`
`7-17
`
`14-19
`
`14-28
`
`14-28
`
`Change
`Replace “Naval Publications and
`Forms Center” with “Aviation
`
`Support Office”
`
`Replace figure 3-14 with figure
`3-14 A & B
`
`Replace “DOD-STD-IOOC” with “MIL-
`STD-100E”
`
`Replace figure 5-12 with figures
`5-11 and 5-12
`
`Replace figure 7-22 with figures
`7-21 and 7-22
`
`Replace caption in figure 14-20
`with “Sample field notes from
`cross-section leveling at first
`three stations shown in figure
`14-17."
`
`Replace 1200/3.7 with 3.7/1200
`
`Replace 800/—5.0 with -5.0/800
`
`FUJIFILM, Exh. 2012, p. 3
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`FUJIFILM, Exh. 2012, p. 4
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`

`

`DRAWING FORMATS
`
`is the systematic space
`Drawing format
`arrangement of required information within the drafting
`sheet. This information is used to identify, process, and
`file drawings methodically. Standard sizes and formats
`for military drawings are arranged according to
`DoD-STD-IOOC, Engineering Drawing Practices, and
`MIL-HDBK- 1006/1, Policy and Procedures for Project
`Drawing and Specification Preparation. With the
`exception of specific local command requirements,
`DoD-STD-lOOC and MIL-HDBK-1006/1 are your
`guidelines for preparing SEABEE drawings.
`
`Most of the documents applicable to these
`standards have recently been revised and updated in
`order to gain like information and to share uniformity
`of form and language within the Naval Construction
`Force and between DoD organizations. Other
`
`influencing factors are the current widespread use of
`reduced-size copies of both conventional and
`
`computer-generated drawings and exchange of
`microfilm.
`
`SHEET SIZES
`
`Standard drawing sheet sizes are used to facilitate
`readability, reproduction, handling, and uniform filing.
`Blueprints produced from standard size drawing sheets
`are easily assembled in sets for project stick files and
`can readily be folded for mailing and neatly filed in
`project letter size or legal size folders. (Filing drawings
`and folding blueprints will be covered later in this
`training manual.)
`
`Finished format sizes for drawings shown in
`figure 3-14. view A, are according to ANSI Y14.1
`
`FLAT SIZES
`
`(WIDTH)
`
`(LENGTH)
`
`H—MARGIN
`‘HJIR,Z)(VQ’RT
`
`ROLL SIZES
`
`|
`
`SIZE
`DESIGNATION
`
`M(LENG_TH)
`WWI—
`
`SIZE
`DESIGNATION
`LETTER
`
`A (HORI Z)
`INVERT)
`
`NOTES :
`
`1. ADDITIONAL PROTECTION MARGINS FOR ROLL SIZE DRAWINGS ARE
`NOT INCLUDED IN ABOVE DIMENSIONS.
`2. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES.
`
`LETTER
`AI EL-
`
`LH = HORIZONTAL
`MARGIN
`
`NOTE’ Rounded corners
`are optIonal on
`all drawing forms.
`
`
`
`BORDER LINES (THICK)
`
`V
`
`
`
`J
`J
`§ g
`|
`I
`l g;
`I._— l- _
`—
`I: E _
`99%|
`'5
`I 00%
`D 8 3
`3
`5 0 3
`9 ,_ é
`I;
`D ,“_-' é
`I 8 Q
`2
`:3 g Q
`O n. H
`01
`o o. w
`E m —-
`8
`E [r N
`0" 8 2
`D
`(\ll 0 (I?
`6 Z _.
`Lu
`X LL j
`git ,3 8
`5,-
`E (,2: 52
`n. n:
`E
`“- n:
`
`I
`< §
`E
`I % g
`II
`|
`X
`I
`Y = FINISHED FORMAT LENGTH
`
`V = VERTICAL
`
`MARGIN
`
`
`
`TRIM LINE
`
`Figure 3-14.—Guide for preparing horizontal and vertical margins, sizes, and finished drawing format.
`
`84NP0082
`
`45.857
`
`3-11
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`FUJIFILM, Exh. 2012, p. 6
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`

`

`TOP
`VIEW
`
`l
`
`l“KENT
`
`VIEW
`
`|
`
`84NPOAB7
`
`
`
`(3
`
`Figure 5-11.—Altemative method of extending to top view projection lines.
`
`
`3/.
`
`\
`
`:gm;moxmkzmmwxg¢
`. ,
`mg.-
`
`84NP0087
`
`
`Figure 5-12.—American standard arrangement of views in a six-view third-angle multi-view projection.
`
`view always lies in the plane of the drafting surface and
`
`object. The FRONT VIEW (ELEVATION) should
`
`does not require any rotation. Notice that the front, right
`side, left side, and rear views line up in direct horizontal
`projection.
`
`show the most characteristic shape of the object or its
`most natural appearance when observed in its
`permanent or fixed position. The RIGHT-SIDE VIEW
`
`Use the minimum number of views necessary to
`show an item. The three principal views are the top,
`front, and right-side. The TOP VIEW (also called a
`
`PLAN in architectural drawings) is projected to and
`drawn on an image plane above the front view of the
`
`(ELEVATION) is located at a right angle to the front
`and top views, making all the views mutually
`perpendicular.
`
`SPACING 0F VIEWS.— Views should be
`
`spaced on the paper in such a manner as
`
`5-7
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`FUJIFILM, Exh. 2012, p. 8
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`

`

`REINFORCING BARS
`
`
`
`JOINT FILLER
`
`METAL WATER STOP
`
`Figure 7-23.—Expansion joint for a wall.
`
`1/2“ PREMOLDED
`EXPANSION JOINT
`
`
`
`BRIDGE
`PIER
`
`1/4“ PREMOLDED
`EXPANSION JOINT
`
`04mm”
`
`Figure 7-24.—Expansion joint for a bridge.
`
`1/2" PREMOLDED
`EXPANSION JOINT
`
`TEMPERATURE
`REINFORCING BARS
`
` I
`
`MAIN REINFORCING BARS
`
`11/2"
`
`13/4"/
`
`//
`
`04NP0003
`
`
`
`Figure7-21.—Construction joint between wall and
`footing With a keyway.
`
`CONTRACTION JOINT
`
`
`
`
`OSNP0002
`
`Figure 7-22.—Use of a contraction joint.
`
`incident to shrinkage of the concrete. Atypical dummy
`contraction joint (fig. 7-22) is usually formed by cutting
`a depth of one third to one fourth the thickness of the
`section. Some contracting joints are made with no filler
`or with a thin coat of paraffin or asphalt and/or other
`materials to break the bond. Depending on the extent
`of local temperature, joints in reinforced concrete slabs
`may be placed at 15- to 25-ft intervals in each direction.
`
`Expansion Joints
`
`Figure 7-25.—Expansion joint for a floor slab.
`
`Wherever expansion might cause a concrete slab to
`buckle because of temperature change, expansion joints
`(also called isolation joints) are required. An expansion
`joint is used with a pre-molded cork or mastic filler to
`separate sections from each other, thus allowing room
`for expansion if elongation or closing of the joint is
`anticipated. Figures 7-23, 7-24, and 7-25 show
`
`expansion joints for a variety of locations. Expansion
`joints may be installed every 20 ft.
`
`CONCRETE FORMS
`
`Most structural concrete is made by placing
`(also called CASTING) plastic concrete into
`
`7-17
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`

`

`PREFACE
`
`By enrolling in this self-study course, you have demonstrated a desire to improve yourself and the Navy.
`Remember, however, this self-study course is only one part of the total Navy training program. Practical
`experience, schools, selected reading, and your desire to succeed are also necessary to successfully round
`out a fully meaningful training program.
`
`THE COURSE: This self-study course is organized into subject matter areas, each containing learning
`objectives to help you determine what you should learn along with text and illustrations to help you
`understand the information. The subject matter reflects day-to-day requirements and experiences of
`personnel in the rating or skill area.
`It also reflects guidance provided by Enlisted Community Managers
`(ECMs) and other senior personnel, technical references, instructions, etc., and either the occupational or
`naval standards, which are listed in the Manual of Navy Enlisted Manpower Personnel Classifications
`and Occupational Standards, NAVPERS 18068.
`
`THE QUESTIONS: The questions that appear in this course are designed to help you understand the
`material in the text.
`
`improve your military and professional knowledge.
`In completing this course, you will
`VALUE:
`Importantly, it can also help you study for the Navy-wide advancement in rate examination. If you are
`studying and discover a reference in the text to another publication for further information, look it up.
`
`1991 Edition Prepared by
`EAC Andres M Embuido,
`
`EACS Reynaldo N. Azucena, and
`EA CS Gary L. Davis
`I 995 Revision
`
`EA C(SCW) Michael R. Mann
`
`Published by
`NAVAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING
`PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
`AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER
`
`NAVSUP Logistics Tracking Number
`0504-LP-026—7350
`
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`

`

`Sailor’s Creed
`
`“I am a United States Sailor.
`
`the fair treatment of all. ”
`
`I will support and defend the
`Constitution of the United States of
`
`America and I will obey the orders
`of those appointed over me.
`
`I represent the fighting spirit of the
`Navy and those who have gone
`before me to defend freedom and
`
`democracy around the world.
`
`I proudly serve my country ’s Navy
`combat team with honor, courage
`and commitment.
`
`I am committed to excellence and
`
`ii
`
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`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`CHAPTER
`
`1. Mathematics and Units of Measurement.............
`
`2. Drafting Equipment ..............................
`
`3. Drafting: Fundamentals and Techniques;
`Reproduction Process .............................
`
`4. Drafting: Geometric Construction ..................
`
`5. Drafting: Projections and Sketching ................
`
`6. Wood and Light Frame Structures..................
`
`7. Concrete and Masonry ............................
`
`8. Mechanical Systems and Plan....................
`
`9. Electrical Systems and Plan.....................
`
`10. Construction Drawings ............................
`
`11. Elements of Surveying and Surveying
`Equipment .......................................
`
`12. Direct Linear Measurements and Field Survey
`Safety ...........................................
`
`13. Horizontal Control ...............................
`
`14. Direct Leveling and Basic Engineering Surveys .......
`
`15. Materials Testing: Soil and Concrete ................
`
`16. Administration ...................................
`
`APPENDIX
`
`I. Glossary .........................................
`
`II. Engineering Technical Library .....................
`
`III. Useful Mathematical Symbols, Formulas, and
`Constants ........................................
`
`IV. Useful Drafting Symbols..........................
`
`V. Sample Survey Field Notes, .......................
`
`VI. References .......................................
`
`Page
`
`1-1
`
`2'1
`
`3-1
`
`4-1
`
`5-1
`
`6-1
`
`7-1
`
`3-1
`
`9-1
`
`10-1
`
`1 1-1
`
`12-1
`
`13'1
`
`14-1
`
`15'1
`
`16-1
`
`1'1
`
`11-1
`
`III-1
`
`IV'1
`
`V'1
`
`Vl'l
`
`INDEX ................................................ INDEX-l
`
`iii
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`

`

`CREDITS
`
`The illustration indicated below is included in this edition of
`
`Engineering Aid Basic through the courtesy of the designated company.
`Permission to use this illustration is gratefully acknowledged.
`
`SOURCE
`
`ELE International,
`
`Inc.
`
`FIGURE
`
`15-28
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`

`

`horizontal would be parallel or perpendicular (or
`nearly so) to a prominent visible outline, the angle
`should be changed to 30°, to 60°, or some other
`angle. If two adjacent sectioned surfaces are
`shown,
`the hatching should be in opposite
`directions, as shown in figure 5-34, view B. If still
`a third surface is included, it should be hatched
`
`at another suitable angle to make the surface
`clearly stand out separately from the other
`surfaces (figure 5-34, view C). Note that the
`hatching lines on one surface are not permitted
`to meet those on an adjacent surface.
`In drawing section lining, use a sharp,
`medium-grade pencil (H or 2H). Space the lines
`as uniformly as possible by eye. As a rule,
`spacing of the lines should be as generous as
`possible, yet close enough to distinguish the
`sectioned surface clearly. For average drawings,
`space the lines about 3/32 in. or more apart.
`Diagonal hatching on an auxiliary section
`should be drawn at 45 degrees to the horizontal,
`with respect to the section. Figure 5-35 shows this
`rule.
`
`In a revolution or other view of an object in
`other than the normal position,
`the diagonal
`hatching on a section should be drawn at
`45 degrees to the horizontal or vertical axis of the
`object as it appears in the revolution. Figure 5-36
`shows this rule.
`
`Axonometric Projection
`
`Axonometric single-plane projection is
`another way of showing an object in all three
`
`
`
`Figure 5-35.-Diagonal hatching on an auxiliary section.
`
`5-20
`
`
`
`
`RIGHT SlDE VIEW
`
`FRONT VIEW
`
`Figure 5-36.-Diagonal hatching on a revolution.
`
`dimensions in a single view. Theoretically,
`axonometric projection is orthographic projection
`in that only one plane is used and the projection
`lines are perpendicular to the plane of projections.
`It is the object itself, rather than the projection
`lines, that is inclined to the plane of projection.
`
`ISOMETRIC PROJECTION AND ISOMET-
`
`RIC DRAWING.— Figure 5-37 shows a cube
`projected by ISOMETRIC PROJECTION,
`the
`most frequently used type of axonometric
`projection. The cube is inclined so that all of its
`surfaces make the same angle (35°16’) with the
`plane of projection. As a result of
`this
`inclination, the length of each of the edges shown
`in the projection is somewhat shorter than the
`actual length of the edge on the object itself. This
`reduction is called FORESHORTENING. The
`
`degree of reduction amounts to the ratio of 1 to
`the cosine of 35°16’, or 1/0.8165. This means that
`
`if an edge on the cube is 1 in, long, the projected
`edge will be 0.8165 in. long. As all of the surfaces
`make the same angle with the plane of projection,
`the edges all foreshorten in the same ratio.
`Therefore, one scale can be used for the entire
`
`layout; hence the term isometric, which literally
`means “one-scale.”
`
`Figure 5-38 shows an isometric projection as
`it would look to an observer whose line of sight
`was perpendicular to the plane of projection. Note
`
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`

`>‘/
`
`Figure 5-37.-Isometric projection of a cube.
`
`that the figure has a central axis, formed by the
`lines 0A, OB, and 0C. The existence of this axis
`
`is the origin of the term axonometn'c projection.
`In an isometric projection, each line in the axis
`forms a 120-degree angle with the adjacent line,
`as shown. A quick way to draw the axis is to draw
`the perpendicular 0C, then use a T square and
`30°/60° triangle to draw 0A and OB at 30 degrees
`to the horizontal. Since the projections of parallel
`lines are parallel,
`the projections of the other
`edges of the cube will be, respectively, parallel to
`these axes.
`
`A rectangular object can be easily drawn in
`isometric by the procedure known as box
`construction. In the upperpart of figure 5-39,
`there is a two-view normal multi-view projection
`of a rectangular block. An isometric drawing of
`the block is shown below. You can see how you
`build the figure on the isometric axis and how you
`lay out the dimensions of the object on the
`
`
`
`the
`isometric drawing. Because you lay out
`identical dimensions, it is an isometric drawing
`rather than an isometric projection.
`
`Non-isometric Lines.— If you examine the
`isometric drawing shown in figure 5-39, you will
`note that each line in the drawing is parallel to
`one or another of the legs of the isometric axis.
`You will also notice that each line is a normal line
`
`that a
`in the multi-view projection. Recall
`normal line is a line that, in a normal multi-view
`
`is parallel to two of the planes of
`projection,
`projection and perpendicular to the third. Thus,
`
`
`
`Figure 5-38.-Use of an isometric axis.
`
`Figure 5-39.-Use of “box construction” in isometric
`drawing.
`
`5-21
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`

`

`however, transfer directly all the normal lines in
`the multi-view projection, which will be isometric
`lines appearing in their true lengths in the
`isometric drawing. When you have done this, you
`will have constructed the entire isometric draw-
`
`ing, exclusive of line AB and of its counterpart
`on the bottom face of the block. The end points
`of AB and of its counterpart will be located,
`however, and it will only be necessary to connect
`them by straight lines.
`
`Angles in Isometric.—In a normal multi-view
`view of an object, an angle will appear in its true
`size. In an isometric projection or drawing, an
`angle never appears in its true size, Even an angle
`formed by normal
`lines, such as each of the
`90-degree corner angles of the block shown in the
`bottom part of figure 5-41, appears distorted in
`isometric.
`
`The same principle used in transferring
`a non-isometric line is used to transfer an
`
`angle in isometric. The upperpart of figure 5-41
`shows a two-view multi-view projection of a
`block. On the top face of the block,
`the line
`AB makes a 40-degree angle with the front
`edge. The line AB is an oblique (that is, not
`normal) line, which will appear as a non-isometric
`line in the isometric drawing. You locate the end
`points of AB on the isometric drawing by
`
`
`
`Figure 5-4l.-Drawing an angle in isometric.
`
`5-22
`
`FUJIFILM, Exh. 2012, p. 17
`
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`
`r__
`
`°—"1
`
`T.
`
`A
`
`s
`
`FRONT VIEW
`
`T—
`6
`1
`.L_
`
`r P
`
`AH?
`
`e
`(5
`l
`3'
`\5 0°
`1
`\-+_./
`
`Figure 5-40.-A non-isometric line (AB)'in an isometric
`projection.
`
`a NON-ISOMETRIC LINE is a line that is not
`
`to any one of the three legs of the
`parallel
`isometric axis. It is not a normal line in a normal
`
`multi-view projection of the object.
`The upperpart of figure 5-40 shows a two-
`view normal multi-view projection of a block.
`Though the line AB is parallel to the horizontal
`plane of projection,
`it
`is oblique to both the
`vertical and the profile planes. It is therefore
`not a normal, but an oblique, line in the multi-
`view projection, and it will be a non-isometric
`line in an isometric projection or drawing of the
`same object.
`The line AB appears in its true length
`in the top multi-view view because it is parallel
`to the plane of the view (the horizontal plane);
`but
`it will appear as a non-isometric line,
`and therefore not
`in its true length,
`in an
`isometric drawing, as shown in the bottom
`part of figure 5-40. It follows that you cannot
`transfer AB directly from the multi-view
`projection to the isometric drawing. You can,
`
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`

`

`measuring distances along normal lines on the
`multi-view projection and laying them off along
`the corresponding isometric lines on the isometric
`drawing. The angle that measures 40 degrees on
`the top multi-view view measures only about
`32 degrees on the isometric drawing. Note,
`however, that it is labeled 40 degrees on the
`isometric drawing. This is because it actually is
`a 40-degree angle as it would look on a surface
`plane at the isometric angle of inclination.
`
`Circles in Isometric.— A circle in a normal multi-
`
`view view will appear as an ellipse in an isometric
`drawing. This is shown in figure 5-42, view A.
`A procedure that maybe used to construct an
`isometric circle is shown in figure 5-42, view B.
`The steps of that procedure are as follows:
`
`1. Draw the isometric center lines of the
`
`circle. Then, using those center lines, lay off an
`isometric square with sides equal to the diameter
`of the circle.
`
`2. From the near corners of the box, draw
`
`bisectors to the opposite intersections of the center
`lines and the box. The bisectors will intersect at
`
`four points (A, A', B, B’), which will be the
`centers of four circular arcs.
`
`3. Draw two large arcs with radius R, using
`Points A and A‘ as centers, Draw the two smaller
`
`arcs with radius r, using Points B and B’ as centers.
`
`If the above discussion seems familiar,
`
`it
`
`should. It is simply an approximation of the four-
`point method you studied in the previous chapter.
`However,
`it can be used only when drawing
`isometric circles on an isometric drawing.
`
`Noncircular Curves in Isometric.— A line that
`
`appears as a noncircular curve in a normal multi-
`view view of an object appears as a non-isometric
`
`I"’*"1[
`
`FRONT VIEW
`
`v
`
`Figure 5-43.-Method of drawing a noncircular curve in
`isometric.
`
`line in an isometric drawing. To transfer such a
`line to an isometric drawing, you must plot a
`series of points by measuring along normal lines
`in the multi-view view and transferring these
`measurements to corresponding isometric lines in
`the isometric drawing.
`The upperpart of figure 5-43 shows a two-
`view multi-view projection of a block with
`
`
`
`A§
`
`TOP VIEH
`
`FRONT VIEH
`[:1
`
`Figure 5-42.-A circle on a normal multi-view view appears as an ellipse in an isometric drawing.
`
`5-23
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`FUJIFILM, Exh. 2012, p. 18
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`FUJIFILM V. Sony, 2018-00876
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`FUJIFILM, Exh. 2012, p. 18
`FUJIFILM v. Sony, 2018-00876
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`

`

`an elliptical edge. To make an isometric drawing
`of this block, draw the circumscribing rectangle
`on the top multi-view view,
`lay off equal
`intervals as shown, and draw perpendiculars at
`these intervals from the upper horizontal edge of
`the rectangle to the ellipse. Then draw the
`rectangle in isometric, as shown below, and plot
`a series of points along the elliptical edge by
`laying off the same perpendiculars shown in the
`top multi-view view. Draw the line of the ellipse
`through these points with a french curve.
`
`Alternate Positions of Isometric Axis.— Up
`to this point,
`the isometric axis has been
`used with the lower leg vertical. The axis
`may, however, be used in any position, pro-
`vided the angle between adjacent legs is always
`120 degrees. Figure 5-44 shows how varying the
`position of the axis varies the view of the object.
`
`Diagonal Hatching in Isometric.— Diagonal
`hatching on a sectional surface shown in isometric
`should have the appearance of making a 45-degree
`angle with the horizontal or vertical axis of the
`surface. If the surface is an isometric surface (one
`that makes an angle of 35°16’ with the plane of
`projection), lines drawn at an angle of 60 degrees
`to the horizontal margin of the paper, as shown
`in figure 5-45, present the required appearance.
`To show diagonal hatching on a non-isometric
`surface, you must experiment to determine the
`angle that presents the required appearance.
`
`
`
`K)
`
`Figure 5-45.-An example of diagonal hatching in isometric.
`
`axonometric projection category are dimetric and
`trimetric projections; however, these types are used
`less frequently than isometric projections and will
`not be discussed further in this training manual.
`
`OBLIQUE SINGLE-PLANE
`PROJECTION
`
`DIMETRIC AND TRIMEI‘RIC PROJEC-
`TION.— TWO other subclassifications of the
`
`We have seen that an object may be drawn
`showing length and width on a single plane. Depth
`
`
`
`Figure 5-44.—Various positions of isometric axes.
`
`5-24
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`FUJIFILM, Exh. 2012, p. 19
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`FUJIFILM V. Sony, 2018-00876
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`FUJIFILM, Exh. 2012, p. 19
`FUJIFILM v. Sony, 2018-00876
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`