ies
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`The Focal
`Illustrated Dictionary
`of Telecommunications
`
`Xerxes Mazda
`
`Fraidoon Mazda
`
`Y
`
`FOCAL PRESS
`
`OXFORD JOHANNESBURG BOSTON MELBOURNE NEW DELHI SINGAPORE
`
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`Focal Press
`An imprint of Butterworth-Heineman
`Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
`225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041
`A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd
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`Ca memberof the Reed Elsevier ple group
`
`First published 1999
`© Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 1999
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`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any
`material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium byelectronic
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`copyright holders’ written permission to reproduce any part of this publication
`should be addressed to the publishers.
`
`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`ISBN 0 240 51544 7
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`Printed in Great Britain by Biddles Limited, Guildford and King’s Lynn
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`LiLat
`iihimdelia use
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`FOR EVERY TITLE THAT WE PUBLISH, BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN
`WILL PAY FOR BTCV TO PLANT AND CARE FOR A TREE.
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`Ericsson Exhibit 1032
`8-00727
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`i
`Page 3
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`classes are based on multiples of 1.5 Mbit/s (77) and three classes on
`multiples on 2.0 Mbit/s (E/). Each class specifies a maximum possible
`downstream and upstream bandwidth, taking factors such as line condi-
`tions, wire gauge, loop length, etc. into account. Classes 1 and 2M1 are
`for operating under best conditions and classes 4 and 2M3 for worst
`conditions. Progress in ADSL chipset development has allowed even
`faster rates than those in Table A.3 to be achieved in practice.
`asymmetrical duplex transmission: The process of using two separate
`transmission rates to transmit data simultaneously over the same trans-
`mission line.
`asynchronousdata channel: A data communications channel in which no
`separate timing information is transferred between the sender. and re-
`ceiver. Asynchronous transmission occurs.
`asynchronous multiplexer: An older type of ae which handled
`asynchronous data channels.
`asynchronous network: A transmission network which does not operate
`using a synchronous or mesochronousclock.
`asynchronoussatellite: A satellite whose rotation in its orbit is not af-
`fected by the rotation of the »bject around whichit is moving.
`asynchronous terminal: A terminal which operates using asynchronous
`transmission. It is also often referred to as an ASCII terminal or a dumb
`terminal.
`Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing (ATDM): A Time Division
`Multiplexing (TDM) technique which uses asynchronous transmission.
`Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM): A packet switching communica-
`tions standard which uses packets of constant length, called ATM cells.
`These cells are routed through the network by reference to address
`informationratherthan by their position in aframe. Operation is connec-
`tion mode bysetting up virtual channels. ATM isable to carry a mix of
`traffic types: voice, data, and video.
`asynchronoustransmission: A communication system in which there is
`no timing relationship between different elements. Transmission in an
`asynchronoussystem occurs with useof start bits and stop bits. See also
`anisochronous system and synchronous transmission.
`ATB: All Trunks Busy.
`ATC: ATM Transfer Capabilities.
`ATDM: Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing.
`ATIS: Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions.
`ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode.
`ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL): In the B-ISDN modelthis layer adapts
`the functions or services provided by the higher layers into the ATM
`bearer service. It comes between the ATM layer and the next higher
`layers in the userplane, the control plane and the managementplane. The
`
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`
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`
`
`AAAAaagaa
`
`CCD: Charge Coupled Device.
`CCD scanner: Charge Coupled Device scanner.
`CCH: Connections per Circuit Hour.
`CCIA: Computer and Communications Industry Association.
`CCIR: Comite Consultatif des Radiocommunications. (International Con-
`sultative Committee for Radio). Now renamed the 7TU-R.
`CCIS: Common Channel Interoffice Signalling.
`CCITT: Comite Consultatif International de Telegraphique et Tele-
`phonique. (Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and
`Telephone.) Now renamed ITU-T.
`CCL: Cordless Class License.
`CCR: Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery.
`CCS: Cent Call Seconds or Common Channel Signalling.
`CCSA: Common. Control Switching Arrangement.
`CCSC: Common Channel System Codeword.
`CCSS: Common Channel Signalling System. See Common Channel Sig-
`nalling.
`CTV: Closed Circuit Television.
`DDI: Copper Distributed Data Interface.
`DF: Combined Distribution Frame.
`DMA: Code Division Multiple Access.
`DO: Community Dial Office.
`DPD: Cellular Digital Packet Radio.
`DPSK: Coherent Differential Phase Shift Keying.
`CDR: Call Detail Recording.
`CDV: Cell Delay Variation.
`CEC: Commissionof the European Communities.
`Ceefax: A teletext system, introduced in the UK by the BBC in the 1970s,
`for transmitting data over the normaltelevision transmission signal.
`CEI: Comparably Efficient Interconnection.
`cell: (1) In a cellular radio systemit is the geographical area covered by a
`base station and using the same frequency. (2) In a transmission system,
`such as packetswitching or ATM,it is the group of bits which contains
`user information, and is usually made up of a payload, a header and a
`trailer, as in Figure C.8.
`Cell Delay Variation (CDV): A measure of Quality ofService (QoS), used
`in ATM systerns, which defines the variation in delay of a transmitted
`cell,
`Cell Insertion Ratio (CIR): A Quality of Service (QoS) performance
`measure in ATM systems.It is caused bybit errors in the header address
`field and is measuredas the ratio of the inserted cells to the total number
`of cells entering a Virtual Circuit (VC).
`
`90
`
`:
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`PABX: Private Automatic Branch Exchange.
`pacing: A methodofflow controlin whichthe receiving terminal regulates
`the traffic rate from the sending terminal.
`packet: A collection of bits which are grouped into a unit, containing user
`information as well as control information, such as the address of the
`destination, error control information, size of the packet, etc. Packets
`travel over a Packet Switched Network (PSN).
`Packet Assembler-Disassembler (PAD): A device which enables equip-
`ment not designed for operating over a Packet Switched Network (PSN)
`(X.25 network) to do so. It takes a character stream, such as from
`asynchronousterminals, as in Figure P.1, and converts them into packets
`for transport over the PSN. At the other endthis data is again converted
`into a character stream for the asynchronous host. There are several
`standards for PADs, defined by the /TU-T, such as X.3, which defines
`how the asynchronous terminals should interface; X.28 which deter-
`mines how the network messagesare to be interpreted; and X.29, which
`negotiates parameters needed for end-to-end session compliance.
`packet buffer: Part of the memory of a packet switching exchange or
`terminal, where packets are temporarily stored when received or when
`waiting transmission.
`packet collision: Collision which occurs between packets in a Packet
`Switched Network or in a multiple access system.
`packet disassembly: The process of converting the packet into a message
`for delivery to non-packet terminals. Part of a Packet Assembler-Disas-
`sembler (PAD) unit.
`
`X.25 Packet network
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Asynchronous host
`
`
`
`Asynchronous devices
`
`Figure P.1. A PAD ina Packet Switched Network
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`Packet Internet Groper (PING):Atest facility available in a TCP/JP
`network, such as the Internet, in which a query, in the form ofa packer,
`is sent to a distant processor and its presence on the network is deter-
`mined by receiving a confirmation back.
`packetised voice: The conversion of voice into a digital signal for trans-
`mission as packets over a Packet Switched Network (PSN).
`packet level protocol: Protocol which is concerned with the handling of
`packets within a Packet Switched Network (PSN). It is at Level 3 of the
`ITU-T Recommendation X.25.
`packet mode: The data communications mode which uses packet switch-
`ing rather than some other form, such as circuit switching or message
`switching.
`packet mode terminal: Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) which has the
`capability for handling packets, e.g. formatting, transmitting, receiving
`etc., to and from a Packet Switched Network (PSN).
`packet network: Same as Packet Switched Network (PSN).
`packet radio: A packet modeof transmission in which radio channels are
`used as the transmission medium.
`Packet Switched Data Network (PSDN): Same as Packet Switched Net-
`work,
`Packet Switched Exchange (PSE): The node or exchange within a Packet
`Switched Network (PSN) whichis capable of carrying out all the packet
`switching functions for the network.
`Packet Switched Network (PSN): A network in which packet switching 1s
`used for data communications.
`Packet Switched Public Data Network (PSPDN): /TU-T terminology for
`a public network using packet switching for data communications.
`packet switching: A method of data communications in which the data is
`formed into discrete segments, usually with their own control informa-
`tion, and is routed through the network in these envelopes, referred to as
`packets. Packets occupy a communications channelfor a short duration,
`so that packets from several users can share the same channel. There are
`two different modes for transmission, Known as connection mode trans-
`mission and connectionless mode transmission.
`packet switching service: A public service, provided by a PTO, using
`packet switching.
`packet transfer mode: The method of data transfer between users, which
`uses packet switching.
`packing density: The amount of information which can be stored on a
`storage medium, such as a computerdisk.
`PACS: Personal Access Communications System.
`PAD: Packet Assembler-Disassembler.
`
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`Time Compression Multiplexing (TCM): A technique which allows the
`transmission of duplex digital data by sending the data in compressed
`bursts, these alternating in different directions, as if in a ‘ping-pong’
`arrangement.
`time diversity transmission: A form of transmission where the same
`signals are sent more than once over the same communications channel,
`often in an attempt to overcome bursterrors.
`Time Division (TD): A wayof using time to divide the use of a communi-
`cations system, such as a transmission channel or computing equipment,
`that would normally only cope with oneuserat a time.
`TimeDivision Duplex (TDD): Duplex communication where twosignals,
`eachcarrying different data, are transmitted over the same path. This is
`achieved by using different time intervals for each signal. This technol-
`ogy is used by the CT2 system.
`Time Division Duplex/Frequency Division Multiple Access
`(TDD/FDMA): A method of multiplexing several two-way calls using
`many frequencies, with a single two-waycall per frequency using TDD.
`Time Division Duplex/Time Division Multiple Access (TDD/TDMA):
`Method of multiplexing several two-way calls using a single frequency
`for each call and multiple timeslots.
`Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): The allocation of the complete
`bandwidth of a communications channelto a series of users for a limited
`period oftime. Periods of empty time are usually inserted as guard bands
`between each user to prevent interference between users, which may
`arise due to variations in synchronisation. For example, Figure T.6 shows
`a six user system wherethe user timeslots are combinedinto frames, the
`frames repeating after a frame period of Tp. Each userhasallocation of
`the full transmission channel for an equal amountof time. The length of
`time can, however, be unequal for each user, for example as in Figure
`T.7, where users A and C are allocated increased capacity (with time
`frame repetition period Tz) over users C to F (with frame repetition
`period Tg).
`
`
`
`et
`
`
`
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`ple|Flals|ci/pje|F]
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`Frame1
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`Figure T.6 Framestructure within TDMA
`
`615
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`«——_— Virtual channel connectioa——__—+
`
`AAL |
`
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`tel telle
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`VCIVP ATM
`VP ATM
`Switch
`Switch
`<«— Virtual path connection -—+
`<— Virtual path —
`
`
`
`
`
`transmission of cells within the virtual channel is variable, and reflects
`the level of source activity and the amountoftraffic in the system,i.e.
`the transfer mode is asynchronous.
`Virtual Channel Connection (VCC): Part of the 7TU-T Recommendation
`1.150 (see I Series) for ATM. It defines the VCC as a concentration of
`virtual channel links, extending between the points where the ATM
`Adaptation Layer (AAL)is accessed,as in Figure V.5.
`Virtual ChannelIdentifier (VCD): Part of the addressfield of an ATM cell,
`as shown in Figure A.21. The otherpart of this field is the Virtual Path
`Identifier (VPI).
`.
`Virtual Circuit (VC): A network operation which gives the user the/
`impression of having an end to end connection for the duration of the
`call, although this is not the case. Virtual circuits are encountered in a
`Packet Switched Network (PSN), such as ATM, where there is no dedi-
`cated access path associated with each call. Figure V.6 illustrates the
`Virtual Circuits followed by four data packets, these varying between
`individual packets from the same source.
`Virtual Container (VC): In the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) a
`PDHsignal is transported by mapping this into a Synchronous Con-
`tainer. To this is added the Path Overhead (POH), as shown in the
`example of Figure V.7, and this formsthe Virtual Container. The capacity
`of a Virtual Container is specified in SDH standards byasuffix letter,
`e.g. VCI1, VC12, VC2, etc., as in Table V.3.
`Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN): Refers to a Local Area Network
`(LAN) which is dynamic in structure and not defined by a single fixed
`physical infrastructure.
`
`Figure V.5 Types of ATM layer connections
`
`657
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`a
`
`Sender/source Fa
`
`*
`
`“
`
`;
`
`[== ye *
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`IN
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`NN
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`DTE
`‘ Destination
`
`Switched
`Network
`
`--
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`bi
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`( pe;
`J
`
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`\ Packet
`
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`cA —
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`
`Figure V.6 Virtual Circuit concept
`
`Synchronous
`container (C12)
`
`= 35 bytes /125ps
`
`Small amount of
`
`2 Mbit/s plesiochronousbitstream =
`(32 bytes/ 125 ph s
`
`\
`
`Path overhead byte(s)
`for synchronous
`container
`
`capacity within the C12
`is unoccupied by the
`2 Mbit/s plesiochronous
`circuit
`
`
`
`Container + Overheads =
`
`Virtual Container (VC12) = 36 bytes
`
`/ih s
`
`Figure V.7 Creation of a Virtual Container
`
`658
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`Table V.3 Virtual Container capacity
`
`
` Container
`
`
`Capacity
`(Mbit/s)
`1.600
`
`2.176
`
`6.784
`
`48.384
`
`149.760
`
`vCil
`
`VC12
`
`VC2
`
`VC3
`
`vc4
`
`virtual network: A network which operates on the principle of Virtual
`Circuits (VC) and Virtual Paths (VP),i.e. it uses packet switching and the
`routes between nodes are not permanently connected for the duration of
`call, A virtual network could be a Local Area Network (LAN) or a Wide
`Area Network (WAN).
`Virtual Path (VP): In a network using Asynchronous Transfer Mode
`(ATM) multiple Virtual Circuits (VC) can be grouped together into a
`Virtual Path, as shownin Figure V.8.
`Virtual Path Connection (VPC): Oneof the functions of the ATM layer,
`defined in ITU-TRecommendation 1.150 (see I Series) as a concentration
`of Virtual Path (VP) links that extend between the point where VCT
`values are assigned,translated and removed.
`Virtual Path Identifier (VPI): Part of the addressfield of an ATMcell, the
`other part being the Virtual ChannelIdentifier (VCI), as in Figure A,21.
`The VPI field offers the possibility of establishing a semi-permanent
`' Virtual Path (VP), which can be used for various applications.
`
`(
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`Figure V.8 Virtual paths
`
`659
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