An American National Standard
`Acknowledged as An American National Standard
`July 8, 1988
`
`IEEE
`Standard Dictionary
`of
`Electrical and
`Electronics
`Terms
`
`Fourth Edition
`
`
`
`HALLIBURTON, Exh. 1017, p. 0001
`
`HALLIBURTON, Exh. 1017, p. 0001
`
`

`

`
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Number 88-082198
`ISBN: 1-55937-000-9
`
`.
`
`© Copyright 1988
`TheInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc
`
`No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,
`in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
`without the prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`
`
`|
`
`November 3, 1988
`
`SH12070
`
`
`
`HALLIBURTON, Exh. 1017, p. 0002
`
`HALLIBURTON, Exh. 1017, p. 0002
`
`

`

`hermetic motor
`
`440
`
`hierarchical decomposition
`
`comparable meansto insure a low rate of gas leakage
`over a long period of time. See: relay.
`259
`hermetic motor. A stator and rotor without shaft, end
`shields, or bearings for installation in refrigeration
`compressors of the hermetically sealed type.
`63
`hermetic refrigerant motor-compressor
`(air-condi-
`tioning and refrigerating equipment) (National Elec-
`trical Code). A combination consisting of a compres-
`sor and motor, both of which are enclosed in the same
`housing, with no external shaft or shaft seals, the mo-
`tor operating in the refrigerant.
`256
`hermitian form (circuits and systems). The nxn matrix
`{A ] is hermitian if its conjugate transpose is equal to
`[A ] itself. In terms of a set of complex variables; x,,
`X .
`.
`. %,3; the quantity
`
`to produce an output having the same modulation
`information as the original signal but at a frequency
`whichis either the sum orthe difference of the signal
`and local oscillator frequencies.
`530
`heterodyne conversion transducer (converter). A con-
`version transducer in which the useful output frequen-
`cy is the sum ordifference of (1) the input frequency
`and (2) an integral multiple of the frequency of anoth-
`er wave usually derived from a localoscillator. Note:
`The frequency and voltage or powerof the local oscil-
`lator are parameters of the conversion transducer. Or-
`dinarily, the output-signal amplitudeis a linear func-
`tion of the input-signal amplitude overits useful op-
`erating range.
`125
`heterodyne frequency. See: beats.
`heterodyne reception (beat reception). The process of
`reception in which a received high-frequency waveis
`combined in a nonlinear device with a locally generat-
`ed wave, with the result that in the output there are
`frequencies equal to the sum and difference of the
`combining frequencies. Note: If the received waves
`are continuous waves of constant amplitude, as in
`telegraphy,it is customary to’adjust the locally gener-
`ated frequencyso that the difference frequencyis au-
`dible. If the received waves are modulated the locally
`generated frequencyis generally such that the differ-
`ence frequency is superaudible and an additional op-
`eration is necessary to reproduce the original signal
`wave. See: superheterodyne reception.
`328
`heterojunction (fiber optics). A junction between
`semiconductors that differ in their doping level con-
`ductivities, and also in their atomic or alloy composi-
`tions. See: homojunction.
`433
`heteropolar machine (rotating machinery). A machine
`having an even numberof magnetic poles with succes-
`sive (effective) poles of opposite polarity. See: asyn-
`chronous machine.
`63
`heuristic. Pertaining to exploratory methods of prob-
`lem solving in which solutions are discovered by
`evaluation of the progress made toward thefinal re-
`sult. See: algorithm.
`255, 77, 54
`Hevea rubber. Rubber from the Hevea brasiliensis tree.
`See: insulation.
`hexadecimal (mathematics of computing). (1) Pertain-
`ing to a selection in which there are sixteen possible
`outcomes. (2) Pertaining to the numeration system
`with a radix of 16.
`564
`hexode. A six-electrode electron tube containing an
`anode, a cathode, a control electrode, and three addi-
`tional electrodes that are ordinarily grids.
`125
`HF(high-frequency). A radar frequency band between
`3 megahertz and 30 megahertz.
`13
`HF(high-frequency) radar. A radar operating at fre-
`quencies between 3 to 30 megahertz.
`13
`See: radio spectrum.
`hickey. (1) A fitting used to mounta lighting fixture in
`an outlet box or on a pipe or stud. Note: It has open-
`ings through which fixture wires may be brought out
`of the fixture stem. (2) A pipe-bending tool.
`328
`hierarchical decomposition (software). A method of
`designing a system by breaking it down into its com-
`
`HALLIBURTON, Exh. 1017, p. 0003
`
`x]
`X2
`
`—_——
`
`=
`
`[x1X2...sa] |Xn
`
`67
`is the hermitian form of[A ].
`hertz (1) (general) (Hz). The-unit of frequency, one
`cycle per second.
`3, 59, 53
`(2) (transformer). The unit of frequency, (cycles per
`second).
`53
`(3) (metric practice). The frequency of a periodic
`phenomenonof which the period is one second.
`
`21
`
`(4) (laser-maser). The unit which expresses the fre-
`quencyof a periodic oscillation in cycles per second.
`363
`Hertzian electric dipole (antennas). An elementary
`source consisting of a time-harmonic electric current
`elementofspecified direction and infinitesimal length.
`Notes: (1) The continuity equation relating current to
`charge requires that opposite ends of the currentele-
`ment be terminated by equal and opposite amounts of
`electric charge, these amounts also varying harmoni-
`cally with time. (2) As its length approaches zero,the
`current must approachinfinity in such a mannerthat
`the product of current and length remainsfinite.
`
`111
`
`Hertzian magnetic dipole (antennas). A fictitious ele-
`mentary source consisting of a time-harmonic mag-
`netic current element of specified direction and in-
`finitesimal length. Notes: (1) The continuity equation
`relating current to charge requires that opposite ends
`of the current element be terminated by equal and
`opposite amounts of magnetic charge, these amounts
`also varying harmonically with time. (2) Asits length
`approacheszero, the current must approachinfinity in
`such a mannerthat the product of current and length
`remains finite. (3) A magnetic dipole has the same
`radiation pattern as an infinitesimally small electric
`current loop.
`111
`heterodyne (nonlinear, active, and nonreciprocal
`waveguide components). The process occurring in a
`frequency converter by which the signal input fre-
`quencyis changed by superimposinga local oscillation
`
`HALLIBURTON, Exh. 1017, p. 0003
`
`

`

`life performance curve
`
`521
`
`lighting outlet
`
`life performance curve (illuminating engineering). A
`curve which represents the variation of a particular
`characteristic of a light source (luminousflux, intensi-
`ty, etcetera) throughout thelife of the source. Note:
`Life performance curves sometimesare called mainte-
`mance curves as, for example,
`lumen maintenance
`curves.
`167
`
`life safety branch (1) (health carefacilities). A subsys-
`tem of the Emergency System consisting of feeders
`and branchcircuits, meeting the requirementsof Arti-
`cle 700 of NFPA 70-1978, National Electrical Code,
`and intended to provide adequate power needs to en-
`sure safety to patients and personnel, and which can
`be automatically connected to alternate power sources
`during interruption of the normal powersource.
`
`192
`life support equipment (nuclear power generating sta-
`tion). The breathing apparatus, medical supplies, sani-
`tary facilities, and food and water supplies required to
`sustain operators for an extended period of time dur-
`ing abnormal operating conditions.
`439
`life test. See: accelerated test (reliability).
`life test of lamps (illuminating engineering). A test in
`which lamps are operated underspecified conditions
`for a specified length of time, for the purpose of ob-
`taining information on lamp life. Measurements of
`photometric and electric characteristics may be made
`at specified intervals of time during this test.
`
`167
`lifetime rated pulse currents (low voltage varistor
`surge arresters). Derated values of rated peak single
`pulse transient current for impulse durations exceed-
`ing that of an 8 x 20-ys waveshape, and for multiple
`pulses which may be applied over the device rated
`lifetime.
`62
`lifetime, volume (semiconductor). The average time
`interval between the generation and recombination of
`minority carriers in a homogeneous semiconductor.
`See: semiconductor; semiconductor device.
`245
`lifting eye (fuseholder, fuse unit, or disconnecting
`blade) (high-voltage switchgear) (power switchgear).
`An eye provided for receiving a fuse hook or switch
`hookfor inserting the fuse or disconnecting blade into
`and for removing it from the fuse support.
`
`443, 103
`lifting-insulator switch (power switchgear). One in
`which one or more insulators remain attached to the
`blade, move with it, and lift it to the open position.
`103
`light (1) (fiber optics). (1) In a strict sense, the region
`of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be perceived
`by human vision, designated the visible spectrum and
`nominally covering the wavelength range of 0.4:m to
`0.7m. (2)In the laser and optical communication
`fields, custom andpractice have extended usage of the
`term to include the much broaderportion of the elec-
`tromagnetic spectrum that can be handledby the basic
`optical techniques used for the visible spectrum. This
`region has not been clearly defined but, as employed
`by most workers in the field, may be considered to
`extend from the near-ultraviolet region of approxi-
`
`mately 0.3 um, throughthe visible region, and into the
`mid-infrared region to 30m.See:infrared (IR); opti-
`cal spectrum; ultraviolet (UV).
`433
`(2) (illuminating engineering). Radiant energy that is
`capable of exciting the retina and producing a visual
`sensation. The visible portion of the electromagnetic
`spectrum extends from about 380 to 770 nm. Note:
`The subjective impression producedby stimulating the
`retina is sometimes designated as light. Visual sensa-
`tions are sometimesarbitrarily defined as sensations of
`light, and in line with this concept it is sometimes said
`that light cannot exist until an eye has been stimulat-
`ed. Electrical stimulation of the retina or the visual
`cortex is described as producing flashes oflight. In
`illuminating engineering, however,light is a physical
`entity-radiant energy weighted by the luminouseffi-
`ciency function.It is a physical stimulus which can be
`applied to the retina. See: spectral luminousefficiency
`of radiant flux; values of spectral luminousefficiency
`for photopic vision.
`167
`light adaptation (illuminating engineering). The pro-
`cess by which the retina becomes adapted to a lumi-
`nance greater than about 3.4 cd/m’,(2.2 x 107° ed/in
`2)(1.0fL).
`167
`light center (illuminating engineering). The center of
`the smallest sphere that would completely contain the
`light-emitting element of the lamp.
`167
`light center length (illuminating engineering). The
`distance from thelight center to a specified reference
`point on the lamp.
`167
`light current. See: photocurrent.
`lighted beacon (navigation aid terms). A beacon that
`transmits signals by light waves (for example,light
`house).
`526
`lighted buoy (navigation aid terms). A buoy with a
`light that has characteristics for detection and identifi-
`cation. See: buoy.
`526
`light emitting diode (LED) (1) (fiber optics). A pn
`junction semiconductor device that emits incoherent
`optical radiation whenbiased in the forwarddirection.
`See: incoherent.
`433
`(2) (illuminating engineering). A p-n junction solid-
`state diode whose radiated output is a functionof its
`physical construction, material used, and exciting cur-
`rent. The output maybein theinfraredorin the visible
`region.
`167
`lightguide. See: optical waveguide.
`lighting branch circuit (electric installations on ship-
`board). A circuit supplying energy to lighting outlets
`only. (Lighting branch circuits also may supply porta-
`ble desk or bracket fans, small heating appliances,
`motors of 1/4 hp (186 1/2 W) andless, and other
`portable apparatus of not over 600 W each.)
`3
`lighting effectiveness factor (LEF) (illuminating engi-
`neering). The ratio of equivalent sphere illumination
`to measured or calculated task illuminance.
`167
`lighting outlet
`(1)
`(electric installations on ship-
`board). An outlet intended for the direct connection
`of a lampholderora lighting fixture.
`3
`(2) (National Electrical Code). An outlet intended for
`the direct connection of a lampholder, a lighting fix-
`
`HALLIBURTON, Exh. 1017, p. 0004
`
`HALLIBURTON, Exh. 1017, p. 0004
`
`

`

`radiation thermometer
`
`775
`
`radio frequency
`
`radiation thermometer. See: radiation pyrometer.
`radiation trapping (laser-maser). The suppression or
`delay of fluorescence in an optically thick absorbing
`medium resulting from absorption and re-emission.
`363
`
`of frequencies of a width sufficient to permit its use for
`radio communication. Note: The width of the channel
`depends onthe type of transmission andthe tolerance
`for the frequency of emission. Normally allocated for
`radio transmissionin a specified type of service or by
`a specified transmitter.
`111, 59
`radio circuit. A means for carrying out one radio com-
`munication at a time in either or both directions be-
`tween two points. See: radio channel; radio transmis-
`sion.
`328
`radio compass.A direction-finder used for navigational
`purposes. See: radio navigation.
`328
`radio compassindicator. A device that, by meansof a
`radio receiver and rotatable loop antenna, provides a
`remote indication of the relationship between a radio
`bearing and the heading of theaircraft.
`328
`radio compass magnetic indicator. A device that pro-
`vides a remote indication of the relationship between
`a magnetic bearing, radio bearing, and the aircraft’s
`heading.
`328
`radio control. The control of mechanism or other appa-
`ratus by radio waves. See: radio transmission.
`
`328
`
`radio detection (radio warning). The detection of the
`presence ofan object by radiolocation without precise
`determinationofits position. See: radio transmission.
`328
`
`radiative relaxation time (laser-maser). The relaxation
`time which would be observed if only processes in-
`volving the radiation of electromagnetic energy were
`effective in producing relaxation.
`363
`radiator (1) (illuminating engineering). An emitter of
`radiant energy.
`167
`(2) (telecommunication). Any antenna or radiating
`elementthatis a discrete physical and functional enti-
`ty.
`111
`radio-acoustic ranging (navigation aid terms). Deter-
`mining distance by a combination of radio and sound.
`Syn: echo ranging.
`$26
`radioactive check source (liquid-scintillation coun-
`ters). A radioactive sample used to monitorthe opera-
`tional status of an instrument. The approximateactivi-
`ty should be known.
`498
`radioactivity standard (sodium iodide detector). A ra-
`dioactivity standard, as used in this text, is either a
`radioactivity standard that has been certified by a
`laboratory recognized as a country’s National Stan-
`dardizing Laboratory for radioactivity measurements
`or a radioactivity standard that has been obtained
`radio direction-finder (RDF)(navigation aid terms). A
`from a supplier who participates in measurementas-
`device used to determine the direction of arrival of
`surance activities with the National Standardizing
`radio signals. Syn: directional finder (DF).
`526
`Laboratory when such standardsare available. In such
`radio direction finding (navigation aid terms). A pro-
`measurementassurance activities, the supplier’s cali-
`cedure for determining the bearing, at a receiving
`bration value should agree with the National Stan-
`point, of the source of a radio signal by observing the
`dardizing Laboratory value within the overall uncer-
`direction ofarrival and other properties of the signal.
`tainty stated by the supplier in its certification of the
`526
`samebatch of sourcesorin its certification of similar
`radio distress signal (SOS). Radiotelegraph distress
`sources.
`423
`signal consists of the group. . --- ...in Morse.
`
`
`radio altimeter (navigation aid terms). An altimeter
`code, transmitted on prescribed frequencies. The radi-
`using radar principles for height measurement. Height
`otelephone distress signal consists of the spoken words
`is determined by measurement of propagationtime of
`MayDay (m’aidez = help me). Note: By international
`a radio signal transmitted from the vehicle and reflect-
`agreement,the effectof the distress signal is to silence
`ed back to the vehicle from the terrain below. Syn:
`all radio traffic that may interfere with distress calls.
`radar altimeter.
`526
`328
`radio astronomy (radio wave propagation). The branch
`of astronomy dealing with the passive reception and
`analysis of electromagnetic radiations of radio wave-
`length from extraterrestrial sources.
`146
`radio-autopilot coupler (navigation aid terms). Equip-
`mentproviding means by whichelectrical signals from
`navigation receivers control the vehicle autopilot.526
`radio beacon (navigation aid terms). A facility, usually
`a nondirectional radio station, emitting identifiable
`signals intended for radio direction finding observa-
`tions. See: nondirectional beacon.
`526
`radio-beacon buoy (navigation aid terms). A buoy
`equipped with a marker-radio beacon. See: buoy.
`
`radio disturbance (electromagnetic compatibility). An
`electromagnetic disturbance in the radio-frequency
`range. See: radio interference; radio noise.
`199
`radio Doppler. The direct determination of the radial
`componentof therelative velocity of an object by an
`observed frequency change due to such velocity. See:
`radio transmission.
`328
`radio fadeout (Dellinger effect). A phenomenonin ra-
`dio propagation during which substantially all radio
`waves that are normally reflected by ionospheric lay-
`ers in or above the E region suffer partial or complete
`absorption. See; radiation.
`328
`radio field strength (radio wave propagation). The
`electric or magnetic field strength at radio frequency.146
`radio frequency (1) (data transmission). (A) (Loosely).
`The frequency in the portion of the electromagnetic
`spectrum that is between the audio-frequency portion
`
`HALLIBURTON, Exh. 1017, p. 0005
`
`radio broadcasting. Radio transmission intended for
`general reception. See: radio transmission.
`
`111,240
`radio channel (data transmission) (antennas). A band
`
`526
`
`HALLIBURTON, Exh. 1017, p. 0005
`
`

`

`radio-frequency alternator
`
`776
`
`radio interferometer
`
`radio gain (radio wave propagation). Of a radio system,
`the reciprocal of the system loss.
`146
`radio horizon (radio wave propagation)(data trans-
`mission) (of an antenna). Of The locus of the farthest
`points at which direct rays from the antenna become
`tangential to the planetary surface. Note: On a spheri-
`cal surface the horizonis a circle. The distance to the
`horizon is affected by atmospheric reflection.
`146, 111
`radio-influence field (RIF) (electromagnetic compati-
`bility). Radio-influence field is the radio noise field
`emanating from an equipmentorcircuit, as measured
`using a radio noise meterin accordance with specified
`methods. See: electromagnetic compatibility.
`
`197
`
`and the infrared portion. (B) A frequency useful for
`radio transmission. Note: The present practicable lim-
`its of radio frequency are roughly 10 kHz (kilohertz)
`to 100 000 MHz (megahertz). Within this frequency
`range electromagnetic radiation may be detected and
`amplified as an electric current at the wave frequency.
`59
`(2) (radio wave propagation). A frequency at which
`electromagnetic radiation may be detected and ampli-
`fied as an electric current at the wave frequency.
`
`146
`
`radio-frequency alternator. A rotating-type generator
`for producing radio-frequency power.
`111
`radio-frequency attenuator (signal-transmission sys-
`tem). A low-pass filter that substantially reduces the
`radio-frequency powerat its output relative to that at
`its input, but transmits lower-frequency signals with
`little or no power loss. See: signal.
`188
`radio-frequency converter (industrial electronics). A
`power source for producing electric power at a fre-
`quency of 10 kilohertz and above.
`114
`radio-frequency generator (1) (signal-transmission
`system). A source of radio-frequency energy.
`
`radio-influence tests (power switchgear). Tests that
`consist of the application of voltage and the measure-
`ment of the corresponding radio-influence voltage
`produced by the device being tested.
`103, 443
`radio influence voltage (RIV)(1)(metal-oxide surge
`arresters for ac power circuits)(surge arrester). A
`high-frequency voltage, generated by all sources of
`ionization current, that appears at the terminals of
`188
`electric-power apparatus or on powercircuits.
`‘
`(2) (induction heating). A power source for producing
`583, 430
`electric power at a frequency of 10 kilohertz and
`(2) (outdoor apparatus bushings). A high-frequency
`above.
`14
`voltage generated asaresult of ionization, which may
`radio-frequency generator, electron tube type (induc-
`be a propagated by conduction, induction,radiation or
`tion and dielectric usage). A power source comprising
`a combined effect of all three.
`168
`an electron-tubeoscillator, an amplifier if used, a pow-
`(3) (high voltage ac cable terminations). The radio
`er supply and associated control equipment. See: Col-
`noise appearing on conductorsof electric equipment
`pitts oscillator; Hartley oscillator; magnetron; tuned
`or circuits, as measured using a radio-noise meter as
`grid-tuned plate oscillator.
`14
`a two-terminal voltmeter in accordance with specified
`radio frequency protection guides (RFPG)(radio fre-
`methods.
`4
`quency electromagnetic fields). The radio frequency
`(4) (overhead-power-line corona and radio noise).
`field strengths or equivalent plane wave powerdensi-
`The radio frequency voltage appearing on conductors
`ties which should not be exceeded without(1) careful
`of electrical equipmentorcircuits, as measured using
`consideration of the reasons for doing so, (2) careful
`a radio noise meter as a two-terminal voltmeter in
`estimation of the increased energy deposition in the
`accordance with specified methods (generally termed
`human body,and (3) careful consideration of the in-
`conducted measurements) in NEMA 107-1964
`creased risk of unwanted biological effects.
`450
`(R1971,R1976), Methods of Measurement of Radio
`radio-frequency pulse. A radio-frequency carrier am-
`Influence Voltage (RIV) of High Voltage Apparatus.
`plitude modulated by a pulse. The amplitude of the
`411
`modulated carrier is zero before and after the pulse.
`Note: Coherence of the carrier (with itself) is not
`implied.
`254
`radio-frequency switching relay. A relay designed to
`switch frequencies that are higher than commercial
`powerfrequencies with low loss.
`341
`radio-frequency system loss (mobile communication).
`Theratio expressed in decibels of (1) the powerdeliv-
`ered by the transmitter to its transmission line to (2)
`the powerrequired at the receiver-input terminals that
`is just sufficient to provide a specified signal-to-noise
`ratio at the audio output of the receiver. See: mobile
`communication system.
`181
`radio-frequency transformer. A transformer for use
`with radio-frequency currents. Note: Radio-frequency
`transformers used in broadcast receivers are generally
`shunt-tuned devices that are tunable overa relatively
`broad range of frequencies. See: radio transmission.
`197
`
`(5) (power and distribution transformer). A radio
`frequency voltage generally produced by partial dis-
`charge and measured at the equipment terminals for
`the purpose of determining the electromagnetic inter-
`ference effect of the discharges. Notes: (A) “RIV” can
`be measured with a coupled radio interference mea-
`suring instrument and is commonly measured at ap-
`proximately 1 MHz,although a wide frequency range
`is involved. (B) “RIV” values are often used as an
`“index”of ‘partial discharge” intensity. (C) The RIV
`of equipmentwashistorically measured to determined
`the influence of energized equipment on radio broad-
`casting, hence - RIV.
`53
`radio interference (overhead-power-line corona and
`radio noise). Impairment of the reception of a wanted
`radio signal caused by an unwanted radio signal or a
`radio disturbance.
`411
`radio interferometer (radio wave propagation). A type
`
`HALLIBURTON, Exh. 1017, p. 0006
`
`HALLIBURTON, Exh. 1017, p. 0006
`
`