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`Communication Engineering
`
`W. L. EVERITT, Ph.D.
`
`Dam, College of Enaineuing
`University offllinois
`
`G. E. ANNER, M.S. in Eng.
`
`Associate Profeuor of Electrical Engineering
`University of Illinois
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`MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, me.
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`New York
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`Toronto
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`London
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`1955
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`Aerohive - Exhibit 1032
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`Aerohive - Exhibit 1032
`0001
`
`

`
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` COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
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`Aerohive - Exhibit 1032
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`51:13. Phantom .cecu'io.
`means by which thenumber
`muification channels carried by
`number of wires can be;
`tendsto reduceithe relative ccst'o?f"c.iItside plant, a major 01!
`long.-distance transmission. An.-extremely simple method by
`canlbe done is the use of “phantom” circuits. A phantom circuit gives
`an additional telephone channel for each four wires, thereby increasing
`the carrying capacity 50‘ per "cent.
`It works on a balancing principle
`similar to that of a bridge circuit. The terminal equipment required is
`very simple, ‘consisting only of a pair of repeating coils (or transformers)
`at each end of the phantom. The connection is shown in Fig. 5-11.
`
`
`
`‘ FIG. 5-11. Phhntom telephone circuits.
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`The standard -two-wire circuits are usually called “physical,” or “side,”
`circuits.
`..-The terminals of both physicals and phantoms are brought in
`long‘-distance board, so that the operator does not need to
`difierently from a physical.
`By the prin'ciple"cf*superposition the signals may be considered one at
`a tithe." A--voltage impressed on the phantom circuit at the west end of
`Fig. 5-11 will cause a cu_rrent to enter at the mid-tap of the secondary
`winding of each repeating coil.
`If the impedtmcss of the two line wires
`of the physicals are equal to each other, the current will divide equally
`and so produce mmfs which cancel each other in each repeating coil.
`The currents due to the signal impressed on the phantom terminals will
`flow in the same direction in the two wires of physical 1 and in the oppo-
`site direction in the two wires of physical 2. At the far end the two
`currents will again produce equal and opposing mmfs in the repeating
`coils,_ so that no flux will be produced. This absence of flux, due to the
`currents resulting from the phantom signal, prevents this signal from
`being transferred to the substations connected to the physicals.
`It also
`means that the effective inductance of the repeating coils is negligible
`for phantom currents. Three conversations, one on each physical and .'
`one ‘on the-phantom, can therefore be carried on simultaneously without
`interference;
`' The direc't.io_ns of the currents at some instant due to the several sig-
`nals are shown "by the arrows in Fig. 5-11.
`
`Aerohive - Exhibit 1032
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`Aerohive - Exhibit 1032
`0003
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`

`
`Barnes: NETWORKS
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`
`205
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`In order to make sure that the mmfs completely cancel each other, the
`leakage flux must be made negligible. This is accomplished by winding
`the two halves of the secondary winding with wires which are adjacent
`to each other, as illustrated in Fig. 5-12. Toroidal cores are also used to
`reduce leakage flux.
`'
`It is extremely important that the impedancesof the two sides of each
`physical line be made as nearly identical as possible.
`If this is not done,
`the phantom currents in the two sides will not be identical and so a mini‘
`will be set up in the repeating coils. This
`will result in “cross talk," or interference
`between the unbalanced physical and the
`phantom.
`If both physicals should be un-
`balanced, the phantom would provide a path
`so that cross talk could also occur between
`pm, 5.12, windinsg of gm,
`the two physicals, as well as between each
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`The transmission on the phantom is _actu-
`ally better than on the physicals. Since the phantom uses two wires in
`parallel for each conductor, the line impedance is cut in
`ina cable
`In order to prevent the currents flowing in one pair pt
`from inducing a voltage in another pair, the pairs ‘are “twisted contin-
`-
`‘ uously along their length. On open-wire lines the two wires are trans-
`_ posed at regular intervals for the same purpose.
`When two pairs are phantomed, each
`1‘ pair individually must also be treated as
`a single conductor and the two pairs
`twisted with each other in a cable or trans-
`posed with each other on an open-wire line.
`fI‘wo-way telephone
`- FIG. 5-13-
`, gym’ 31°.“ ?"",,n°* °P°'°“ Cables in which this is done are called
`am 0
`8 3'
`“quadded” cables. Owing to the greater
`. efiective separation of the sides of a phantom circuit, its susceptibility to
`inductive interference is greater.
`‘
`5-14. Telephone Repeaters. One of the most important applications
`; of a bridge balance is in the two-way repeater on telephone lines. As
`'1 the length of a telephone circuit is increased, the line losses will reach a .
`limit at which the transmission will no longer be
`feasible.
`% Beyond this point it is necessary to introduce amplification‘ to make up
`for the line losses. The transmission of a telephone circuit should be the
`same in both directions. Therefore the amplifier must operate in both
`fdirections. The first idea which would occur to the experimenter is to
`:1" connect two amplifiers side by side as shown in Fig. 5-13, oneto operate
`in one direction and the second to amplify in the opposite direction. The
`circuit of Fig. 5-13 would not work, because it would oscillate, or “sing.,’/’
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`Aerohive - Exhibit 1032
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`Aerohive - Exhibit 1032
`0004
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`mnnnnn-rnmn:
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`Inasmuch as the outer conductor of the flexible coaxial cable is not a
`__;'_
`"_'_-solid, continuous conducting sheet, the electric and magnetic fields may
`jfnot be confined to the region surrounded by the outer braid and leakage
`' ifields may-be present outside the cable, particularly at uhf and above.
`condition results from the incomplete shielding by the outer conduc-
`?tor and may be minimised by adding a second grounded shield braid
`ioutside the cable. This results in a so-called “shielded coaxial cable.”
`. The common telephone cable consists of a number_ of wire pairs,
`ulated ‘with paper and twisted together. The several are also
`over the entire cable length to minimise 'cross talk that results
`5
`'_._from magnetic and capacitive coupling between adjacent pairs.-- The '
`.]whole group of pairs is surrounded by a protective outer coating 'of.l_ead
`hr of corrugated aluminum covered with plastic. The telephone cable
`-‘and other common transmission-line types are illustrated in Fig. 8-3.
`;__ 8-8. Calculatlon of Line Parameters. While‘ the concepts of the per
`.. fit length line parameters R, L, G, and C’, were developed for the parallel-
`" ' ; line, they are by no means peculiar to that configuration. All _trans-
`._
`'
`' : ‘on lines exhibit all four of the lineparameters to some extent, though
`_' certain cases one or two of them may be of negligible magnitude.
`is notably demonstrated by the common telephone cable. Since each
`, ' a pair is twisted and currents flow in opposite directions in the two
`onductors comprising the pair, the flux linkages are so small that the
`
`i, the" shunt conductance, is of neglible magnitude. The efiect of neg-’
`_?
`'
`' g L and G in calculations for the telephone cable will be illustrated
`. ter in the chapter.
`,. Cable and transmission-line manufacturers publish tables giving the
`line parameters of ' their products. Typical values are listed in
`‘able 8-1. For simple line configurations, such as those of the parallel-
`. ' : or coaxial type, R, L, and C may be calculated from a knowledge of
`.-_."~.a--. line geometry and the properties of the materials from which they are
`.- e. The necessary equations may be derived by direct application
`field theory. They will not be derived‘ here but are summarised in
`-in. 8-2.
`.
`'
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`
`
`
`equivalent circuit of aalensth
`,_~ 8-4. The Infinite Line, Z..
`of a transmission line and the means at evaluating‘ its components
`I
`_-' ' , L, G, and C’ have been covered in previous sections, it is now possible
`- predict the behavior of a line when electrical
`are applied to it.
`' sing the equivalent-circuit idea, let the
`considered as being made
`M of a large number of incremental lengths, Ar. Each such length of
`‘,?-_u - then exhibits series loop inductance L M, series loop resistance R Am,
`
`;
`
`‘ See, for example, E. 0. Jordan, “Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems,"
`-
`tics-Hall, Inc., New York, 1950.
`'
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`Aerohive - Exhibit 1032
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`(A) Flexible coaxial cable.
`F10. 8-3. Common types of Lrensminion line.
`Shielded coaxial cable.
`(C) Twin lend.
`(D) Air-core twin lend.
`(E) fihielded pair.
`(F) Telephone cable.
`(6') Cable showing construction 0!’ coaxial elements and pain.
`(H) Croce section of C|u'cago—Terre Route cable.
`[(A-E) American Plmwlic Corpor-
`ation.
`(F-H) Illinois Bell Telephone Co.]
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`shunt. conductance G A3, and shunt. capacitance 0 A3. The correspond-
`ing series impedance and shunt. admittance will be, then, by Eqa.
`(8911)
`and (8-2)
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`(3-3)
`(3-4)
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`Aerohive - Exhibit 1032
`
`0006
`
`Aerohive - Exhibit 1032
`0006
`
`

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`' was INFINITE LINE
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`A -matter of convenience these elements may be arranged »in a sym-
`7 "cal T configuration so’-that the entire line may be considered as the
`ting case’ as Art ——> 0 of a‘ number of symmetrical T sécti’om_.s'1In cascade,
`T having the elements defined by Eqs. (8-3) and -(8-4). On this
`the results of Chap. 6 may be used to calculate the variation of
`Tum 8-1‘
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`From Amer. Tel. and Tel. 00.
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`y-state current and ‘voltage along a uniform line, provided that it is
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`‘the line consta.nts.- Then equations will be derived for voltage and
`exit as a function of distance along the Line.
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`Aerohive - Exhibit 1032
`0007
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`Aerohive - Exhibit 1032
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`Aerohive - Exhibit 1032
`
`0008
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`Aerohive - Exhibit 1032
`0008