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`Blcfl SEIFERT
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`Gigabit Ethernet
`
`Technology and Applications
`for High-Speed LANs
`
`Rich Seifert
`
`A V
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`V
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`Addison-Wesley
`
`An imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
`Reading, Massachusetts 0 Harlow, England 0 Menlo Park, California
`Berkeley, California 0 Don Mills, Ontario 0 Sydney 0 Bonn
`Amsterdam 0 Tokyo 0 Mexico City
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`
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`Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to
`distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those
`designations appear in this book and Addison-Wesley was aware of a
`trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or
`all caps.
`
`The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this
`book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and
`assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is
`assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with
`or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained
`herein.
`
`The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity
`for special sales. For more information, please contact:
`
`Corporate, Government, and Special Sales
`Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
`One Jacob Way
`Reading, Massachusetts 01867
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Seifert, Rich, 1952-
`Gigabit Ethernet: technology and applications for high-speed
`LANS / Rich Seifert.
`p.
`cm.
`
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-201-18553-9
`
`1. Ethernet (Local area network system)
`TK5105.8.E83S45
`1998
`621.39'81—dc21
`
`I. Title.
`
`98-9357
`CIP
`
`Copyright © 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
`stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any
`means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
`without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States
`of America. Published simultaneously in Canada.
`ISBN 0-201-18553-9
`
`Text printed on recycled and acid-free paper.
`12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-MA-0201009998
`
`First printing, April 1998
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`Auto—Negotiation on UTP Systems8.2 137
`
`Clock
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`Figure 8-3 Auto-Negotiation signaling.
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`The entire message is repeated, nominally at 16—ms intervals, until the nego-
`tiation is complete.
`
`8.2.4.3 Automatic Configuration without Auto-Negotiation
`
`A device can easily detect whether the signals it is receiving were generated
`using IOBASE-T, 100BASE-TX, or IOOBASE-T4. In the case of 10BASE-T,
`every device emits characteristic “link pulses” every 16 ms when the link is
`idle; this constitutes an unmistakable signature.“ In the case of IOOBASE-TX
`and 100BASE—T4, the signal levels, timing, and encoding used are sufficiently
`different that determination of the link’s nature can be made without the use
`of Auto-Negotiation. This is often called “parallel detection.”
`Thus it is possible to automatically configure to any of these three signal-
`ing methods without implementing the negotiation protocol. Doing this is
`fairly common, and it slightly lowers the cost of a product.
`However, a great deal of flexibility is lost by not using Auto—Negotiation:
`
`I It is not possible to implement automatic dual—speed capability (for ex-
`ample, 10 Mb/s and 100 Mb/s).
`I It is not possible to determine duplex mode.
`I It is not possible to determine flow control capability.
`
`The default assumption if Auto—Negotiation is not employed is that the
`link is operating in half-duplex mode, without explicit flow control. Thus
`devices not implementing Auto-Negotiation are generally those with only a
`single mode of operation, for example, a 100BASE-TX (only) repeater hub or
`a 10BASE-T (half-duplex-only) controller, where there is nothing to be
`gained by implementing Auto-Negotiation.
`
`11. Also called “link beat,” these pulses are used to ensure that the link is physically con—
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`'
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`l
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`nected. It is the detection of this pulse that usually enables a “Link LED” on a IOBASE-T con—
`troller or hub port.
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`Gigabit Etbcrrxct Physical Layer
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`requires that there be some minimum number of logic transitions in the
`code stream in order to provide clocking information. In the case of Giga-
`bit Ethernet, the block code used guarantees this transition density.
`NRZI—Non-Return-to-Zero, Invert on Ones—is a variation of NRZ
`that leaves the signal unchanged for a logic zero and inverts the signal from
`its previous state for a logic one. NRZI is used in FDDI and l00BASE-
`FX; the 4B/5 B block code guarantees a sufficient “ones density.”
`I Manchester code. This code, used in all 10 Mb/s Ethernet systems, elimi-
`nates the need for any transitions or one’s density in the data stream—at
`the expense of increasing the maximum transmission frequency by a fac-
`tor of 2.
`I Multilevel Threshold-3 (MLT-3). This code uses three signal levels. The
`maximum transmission frequency is reduced by half (relative to NRZ),
`at the expense of reduced noise margin. The code leaves the signal un-
`changed for a logic zero and moves the signal to the “next state” for a logic
`one, where the states are zero voltage, high voltage, zero voltage, low volt-
`age, zero voltage, and so on.
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`Data Pattern
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`1
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`0
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`1
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`0
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`1
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`1
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`1
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`0
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`0
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`0
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`1
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`1
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`0
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`0
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`IIIIII
`u-I
`IIIIIIIII
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`Figure 12-3 Line coding.
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