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`LIBRARY
`Irell & Manella LLP
`1800 Avenue of the Stars, Suite 500
`Los Angeles, California 90067
`(310) 277-1010
`
`lyhue^of
`
`IEEE standard dictionary of
`electrical and electronics terms
`(6th ed„).
`
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`
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`IEEE Std 100-1996
`
`The IEEE Standard Dictionary of
`Electrical and Electronics Terms
`
`Sixth Edition
`
`Standards Coordinating Committee 10, Terms and Definitions
`Jane Radatz, Chair
`
`This standard is one of a number of information technology dictionaries being developed by standards
`organizations accredited by the American National Standards Institute. This dictionary was developed
`under the sponsorship of voluntary standards organizations, using a consensus-based process.
`
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`Introduction
`Since the first edition in 1941 of the American Standard Definitions of Electrical Terms, the work now
`known as IEEE Std 100, The IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms, has evolved
`into the unique compendium of terms that it is today.
`
`The current edition includes all terms defined in approved IEEE standards through December 1996. Terms
`are categorized by their technical subject area. They are also associated with the standards or publications
`in which they currently appear. In some cases, terms from withdrawn standards are included when no
`current source can be found. Earlier editions of IEEE Std 100 included terms from sources other than
`IEEE standards, such as technical journals, books, or conference proceedings. These terms have been
`maintained for the sake of consistency and their sources are listed with the standards in the back of the
`book.
`
`The practice of defining terms varies from standard to standard. Many working groups that write standards
`prefer to work with existing definitions, while others choose to write their own. Thus terms may have
`several similar, although not identical, definitions. Definitions have been combined wherever it has been
`possible to do so by making only minor editorial changes. Otherwise, they have been left as written in
`the original standard.
`.
`
`Users of IEEE Std 100 occasionally comment on the surprising omission of a particular term commonly
`used in an electrical or electronics field. This occurs because the terms in IEEE Std 100 represent only
`those defined in the existing or past body of IEEE standards. To respond to this, some working groups
`obtain authorization to create a glossary of terms used in their field. All existing, approved standard
`glossaries have been incorporated into this edition of IEEE Std 100, including the most current glossaries
`of terms for computers and power engineering.
`
`IEEE working groups are encouraged to refer to IEEE Std 100 when developing new or revised standards
`to avoid redundancy. They are also encouraged to investigate deficiencies in standard terms and create
`standard glossaries to alleviate them.
`
`The sponsoring body for this document was Standards Coordinating Committee 10 on Definitions
`(SCC10), which consisted of the following members:
`
`John W. Balde
`Arthur Ballato
`Bruce B arrow
`William Carey
`Frank A. Denbrock
`Jay Forster
`
`Jane Radatz, Chair
`
`Chris Heegard
`John Horch
`J. L. Koepfinger
`Allen H. Meitzler
`Frank D. Myers
`David E. Roberts
`
`F. A. Saal
`Ralph M. Showers
`Edward N. Skomal
`Kenneth L. Swinth
`Raymond S. Turgel
`Edward F. Vance
`
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`When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on 10 December 1996, it had the following
`membership.
`
`Richard J. Holleman, Vice Chair
`Donald C. Loughry, Chair
`Andrew G. Salens Secretary
`
`Gilles A. Baril
`Clyde R. Camp
`Joseph A. Cannatelli
`Stephen L. Diamond
`Harold E. Epstein
`Donald C. Fleckenstein
`Jay Forster*
`Donald N. Heirman
`Ben C. Johnson
`
`* Member Emeritus
`
`E. G. "AT Kiener
`Joseph L. Koepfinger*
`Stephen R. Lambert
`Lawrence V. McCall
`L. Bruce McClung
`Marco W. Migliaro
`Mary Lou Padgett
`John W. Pope
`
`Jose R. Ramos
`Arthur K. Reilly
`Ronald H. Reimer
`Gary S. Robinson
`Ingo Riisch
`John S. Ryan
`Chee Kiow Tan
`Leonard L. Tripp
`Howard L. Wolfman
`
`Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons:
`
`Satish K. Aggarwal
`Alan H. Cookson
`Chester C. Taylor
`
`Kim Breitfelder (1995-present), IEEE Std 100 Editor
`Stephen Huffman (1993-1995), IEEE Std 100 Editor
`
`Assistance was provided by the IEEE Standards editorial staff.
`
`How to use this dictionary
`The terms defined in this dictionary are listed in letter-by-letter alphabetical order. Spaces are ignored in
`this style of alphabetization, so cable value will come before cab signal. Descriptive categories associated
`with the term in earlier editions of IEEE Std 100 will follow the term in parentheses. New categories
`appear after the definitions (see Categories, below), followed by the designation of the standard or stan­
`dards that include the definition. If a standard designation is followed by the letter s, it means that edition
`of the standard was superseded by a newer revision and the term was not included in the revision. If a
`designation is followed by the letter w, it means that edition of the standard was withdrawn and not
`replaced by a revision. A bracketed number refers to the non-IEEE standard sources given in the back
`of the book.
`
`Acronyms and abbreviations are no longer listed in a separate section in the dictionary; rather, they are
`incorporated alphabetically with other terms. Each acronym or abbreviatiop refers to its expanded term,
`where it is defined. Acronyms and abbreviations for which no definition was included in past editions
`have been deleted from this edition of IEEE Std 100.
`
`Abstracts of the current set of approved IEEE standards are provided in the back of the book. It should
`be noted that updated information about IEEE standards can be obtained at any time from the IEEE
`Standards World Wide Web site at http://standards.ieee.org/.
`
`Categories
`The category abbreviations that are used in this edition of IEEE Std 100 are defined below. This infor­
`mation is provided to help elucidate the context of the definition. Older terms for which no category could
`be found have had the category "Std 100" assigned to them. Note that terms from sources other than IEEE
`standards, such as the National Electrical Code® (NEC®) or the National Fire Protection Association,
`may not be from the most recent editions; the reader is cautioned to check the latest editions of all sources
`for the most up-to-date terminology.
`iv
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`Categories sorted by abbreviation
`aerospace and electronic systems
`AE
`computer—Analog Hardware Descriptive Language
`AHDL
`automatic meter reading and energy management
`AMR
`antennas and propagation
`AP
`computer—Abbreviated Test Language for All Systems
`ATL
`BA
`computer—bus architecture
`broadcast technology
`BT
`computer
`C
`circuits and systems
`CAS
`CE
`consumer electronics
`CHM
`components, hybrids, and manufacturing technology
`COM
`communications
`control systems
`CS
`DA
`computer—design automation
`dielectrics and electrical insulation
`DEI
`DESG
`dispersed energy storage and generation
`DIS
`computer—distributed interactive simulation
`electron devices
`ED
`EDU
`education
`EEC
`electrical equipment and components
`ELM
`electricity metering
`engineering management
`EM
`engineering in medicine and biology
`EMB
`EMC
`electromagnetic compatibility
`GRS
`geoscience and remote sensing
`GSD
`graphic symbols and designations
`industry applications
`IA
`industrial electronics
`IE
`information infrastructure
`II
`instrumentation and measurement
`IM
`IT
`information theory
`intelligent vehicle highway systems
`IVHS
`LEO
`lasers and electro-optics
`computer—local and metropolitan area networks
`LM
`magnetics
`MAG
`military
`MIL
`computer—microprocessors and microcomputers
`MM
`microwave theory and techniques
`MTT
`National Electrical Code
`NEC
`NESC
`National Electrical Safety Code
`National Fire Protection Association
`NFPA
`NI
`nuclear instruments
`NIR
`non-ionizing radiation
`neural networks
`NN
`nuclear and plasma sciences
`NPS
`ODM
`computer—optical disk and multimedia platforms
`OE
`oceanic engineering
`computer—portable applications
`PA
`power engineering
`PE
`PEL
`power electronics
`PQ
`power quality
`PSPD
`surge-protective devices
`PV
`photovoltaics
`quantities, units, and letter symbols
`QUL
`reliability
`R
`robotics and automation
`RA
`REM
`rotating electrical machinery
`
`.
`
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`RL
`S&P
`SB
`SE
`SMC
`SP
`StdlOO
`SUB
`SWG
`T&D
`TF
`TRR
`TT
`UFFC
`VT
`
`roadway lighting
`computer—security and privacy
`stationary batteries
`computer—software engineering
`systems, man, and cybernetics
`signal processing
`Standard 100 legacy data
`substations
`power switchgear
`transmission and distribution
`time and frequency
`transformers, regulators, and reactors
`test technology
`ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control
`vehicular technology
`
`Categories sorted by name
`aerospace and electronic systems
`antennas and propagation
`automatic meter reading and energy management
`broadcast technology
`circuits and systems
`communications
`components, hybrids, and manufacturing technology
`computer
`computer—Abbreviated Test Language for All Systems
`computer—Analog Hardware Descriptive Language
`computer—bus architecture
`computer—design automation
`computer—distributed interactive simulation
`computer—local and metropolitan area networks
`computer—microprocessors and microcomputers
`computer—optical disk and multimedia platforms
`computer—portable applications
`computer—security and privacy
`computer—software engineering
`consumer electronics
`control systems
`dielectrics and electrical insulation
`dispersed energy storage and generation
`education
`electrical equipment and components
`electricity metering
`electromagnetic compatibility
`electron devices
`engineering in medicine and biology
`engineering management
`geoscience and remote sensing
`graphic symbols and designations
`industrial electronics
`industry applications
`information infrastructure
`information theory
`instrumentation and measurement
`intelligent vehicle highway systems
`lasers and electro-optics
`magnetics
`microwave theory and techniques
`vi
`
`AE
`AP
`AMR
`BT
`CAS
`COM
`CHM
`C
`ATL
`AHDL
`BA
`DA
`DIS
`LM
`MM
`ODM
`PA
`S&P
`SE
`CE
`CS
`DEI
`DESG
`EDU
`EEC
`ELM
`EMC
`ED
`EMB
`. EM
`GRS
`GSD
`IE
`IA
`II
`IT
`IM
`IYHS
`LEO
`MAG
`MTT
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`military
`National Electrical Code
`National Electrical Safety Code
`National Fire Protection Association
`neural networks
`non-ionizing radiation
`nuclear and plasma sciences
`nuclear instruments
`oceanic engineering
`photovoltaics
`power electronics
`power engineering
`power quality
`power switchgear
`quantities, units, and letter symbols
`reliability
`.
`roadway lighting
`robotics and automation
`rotating electrical machinery
`signal processing
`Standard 100 legacy data
`stationary batteries
`substations
`surge-protective devices
`systems, man, and cybernetics
`test technology
`time and frequency
`transformers, regulators, and reactors
`transmission and distribution
`ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control
`vehicular technology
`
`MIL
`NEC
`NESC
`NFPA
`NN
`NIR
`NPS
`NI
`OE
`PV
`PEL
`PE
`PQ
`SWG
`QUL
`R
`RL
`RA
`REM
`SP
`StdlOO
`SB
`SUB
`PSPD
`SMC
`TT
`TF
`TRR
`T&D
`UFFC
`VT
`
`Trademarks
`The following is a list of trademarks that may be used in IEEE Std 100-1996, The IEEE Standard
`Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms.
`
`ABBET is pending trademark registration by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
`
`Analog devices is a trademark of Analog Devices, Inc.
`
`BOCA is a registered trademark of Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc.
`
`Futurebus+ is a registered trademark of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
`
`IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines, Inc.
`
`Mylar is a registered trademark of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.
`
`NEC and National Electrical Code are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association.
`
`NESC and National Electrical Safety Code are registered trademarks and service marks of the Institute
`of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
`
`NESC is a registered trademark and service mark of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
`Inc.
`
`Netbios is a registered trademark of International Business Machines, Inc.
`
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`Nomex is a registered trademark of E. I. Dupont de Nemours and Company.
`
`NuBus is a registered trademark of Texas Instruments, Inc.
`
`OpenBoot is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
`
`Open Software Foundation, OSF, and the OSF logo are registered trademarks of the Open Software
`Foundation, Inc.
`
`POSIX is a registered certification mark of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
`
`SCSI is a registered trademark of SCSI Solutions.
`
`SDI is a registered trademark of Maurice Siebenberg.
`
`SPARC is a registered trademark of SPARC International, Inc.
`
`SPARCstation is a trademark of SPARC International, Inc.
`
`Sun Microsystems is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
`
`TURBOchannel is a registered trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation.
`
`Uniform Building Code is a trademark of the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO).
`
`UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through
`X/Open Company Limited.
`
`VAX is a registered trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation.
`
`VAXBI is a registered trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation.
`
`Verilog is a registered trademark of Cadence Design Systems, Inc.
`
`Velcro is a registered trademark of Velcro Industries B. V.
`
`Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
`
`X/Open is a registered trademark and the "X" device is a trademark of X/Open Company, Ltd.
`
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`data submodel
`
`256
`
`daylight factor
`
`data submodel See: external schema,
`data switch A switch device that is designed to handle data
`communications rather than voice communications.
`(C) 610.7-1995
`data switching exchange In networking, the equipment in­
`stalled at a single location to provide circuit switching, packet
`switching, or both functions.
`(C) 610.7-1995
`data tablet A graphical input device, used as a locator, con­
`sisting of a flat surface with a sensing apparatus, such as a
`grid of wires, and a pointing device such as a mouse, puck,
`or stylus to indicate tablet locations. Synonyms: bit pad; writ­
`ing tablet. See also: acoustic tablet; digitizer; graphic tablet;
`locator; stylus.
`(C) 610.10-1994, 610.6-1991
`data terminal (data transmission) A device which modulates
`or demodulates data between one input-output device and a
`data transmission link, or both.
`(PE) 599-1985w
`data terminal equipment (DTE) (1) The equipment compris­
`ing the data source, the data sink, or both.
`(COM/LM) 168-1956w
`(2) A device that serves as a data source and/or a data sink.
`(COM/C/LM) 610.7-1995, 802.9a-1995, 8802-9-1996
`(3) Any source or destination of data connected to the LAN.
`(C/LM) 802.3u-1995
`data test (A) The recorded results of test. (B) A set of data
`developed specifically to test the adequacy of a computer run
`or system. They may be actual data taken from previous op­
`erations or artificial data created for this purpose.
`(PE/SWG/SUB) C37.1-1994, C37.100-1992
`data trace See: variable trace.
`data transfer (1) The passing of data over the multiplexed ad­
`dress/data bus, between the bus owner and the replying
`agent(s), during the reply phase of a transfer operation.
`(C/MM) 1296-1987s
`(2) The phase of a cycle during which data are transferred
`between the master and the selected slaves. It starts when the
`active master asserts the data strobe and ends after the re­
`sponding slave acknowledges the transfer and all participat­
`ing slaves indicate that they are ready to participate in a new
`cycle.
`(C/MM) 1096-1988
`data transfer bus (DTB) (1) One of the four buses provided
`by the backplane. The data transfer bus allows masters to
`direct the transfer of binary data among themselves and
`slaves.
`(BA/C) 1014-1987
`(2) One of the two subbuses defined in the VSB specification.
`It allows masters to direct the transfer of binary data to and
`from slaves. The DTB contains 32 multiplexed address/data
`lines and the associated control signals that are required to
`execute cycles on the VSB.
`(C/MM) 1096-1988
`data-transfer-bus cycle A sequence of level transitions on the
`signal lines of the DTB that result in the transfer of an address
`or an address and data between a master and a slave. The
`data-transfer-bus cycle is divided into two portions: the ad­
`dress broadcast and zero or more data transfers.
`(BA/C) 1014-1987
`data-transfer interface An interface that enables a connection
`between a computer and a peripheral unit such as a magnetic
`disk. See also: enhanced small device interface; small com­
`puter systems interface; ST-506 interface.
`
`(C) 610.10-1994
`data translation The modification of the physical representa­
`tion of data used in one hardware/software environment so
`that it is compatible with a different hardware/software en­
`vironment.
`(C) 610.5-1990
`data transmission The sending of data from one place to an­
`other.
`(C/PE) 599-1985w, 610.7-1995
`Datatrieve A database manipulation language used primarily
`for database applications under Digital's VAX/VMS envi­
`ronment.
`(C) 610.13-1993
`data type (software) A class of data, characterized by the mem­
`bers of the class and the operations that can be applied to
`them. For example, character type, enumeration type, integer
`
`type, logical type, real type. See also: strong typing.
`(C) 610.12-1990
`datatype A collection of distinguished values, together with a
`collection of characterizing operations on those values.
`(C/PA) 1224-1993, 1224.1-1993, 1327-1993, 1328-1993,
`1351-1994
`data unit The smallest unit of the contents of a file that the
`(C/PA) 1238.1-1994
`filestore actions can manipulate.
`data user certification The determination by the application
`sponsor or designated agent that data have been verified and
`validated as appropriate for the specific Modeling and Sim­
`ulation (M&S) usage.
`(C/DIS) 1278.3-1996
`data validation The documented assessment of data by subject
`area experts and its comparison to known or best-estimate
`values.
`— Data producer validation. That documented assessment
`within stated criteria and assumptions.
`— Data user validation. That documented assessment of data
`as appropriate for use in an intended M&S.
`(C/DIS) 1278.3-1996
`data value The actual value that is stored in a data item. For
`example, the numeric value of the data item SALARY may
`be 20 000. Synonym: value.
`(C) 610.5-1990
`data verification The use of techniques and procedures to en­
`sure that data meets specified constraints defined by data stan­
`dards and business rules.
`— Data producer verification. The use of techniques and pro­
`cedures to ensure that data meets constraints defined by
`data standards and business rules derived from process
`and data modeling.
`— Date user verification. The use of techniques and proce­
`dures to ensure that data meets user specified constraints
`defined by data standards and business rules derived
`from process and data modeling and to ensure that data
`are transformed and formatted properly.
`(C/DIS) 1278.3-1996
`data volatility The rate of change, over a specified period of
`(C) 610.5-1990
`time, in the values of stored data items.
`dataway See: CAMAC dataway.
`data window A set of coefficients by which corresponding sam­
`ples in the data record are multiplied to more accurately es­
`timate certain properties of the signal, particularly frequency
`domain properties. Generally, the coefficient values increase
`smoothly toward the center of the record.
`
`(IM) 1057-1994
`date/time-of-day clock A clock that shall be maintained by the
`BCC, providing an indication of time, from year to millisec­
`onds, with a resolution of 1 ms.
`(EMB) 1073.3.1-1994
`datum (1) Singular for data.
`(C) 610.12-1990, 610.5-1990
`(C) 610.10-1994
`(2) Singular form for data.
`daughter See: child node.
`daughter board A printed circuit board that attaches to another,
`often the main system board, or motherboard, to provide ad­
`ditional functionality or performance. Synonym: piggyback
`board.
`(C) 610.10-1994
`davit (power line maintenance) An assembly attached to a
`support or assembled on a structure to provide a rigging point
`for rope blocks, chains, or hoists so as to manipulate various
`pieces of apparatus. The davit is a rigid assembly and does
`not swivel.
`(PE/T&D) 458-1990, 516-1995
`davit arm A rigid upswept cantilever arm used to support an
`(PE/T&D) 751-1990
`insulator string.
`daylight factor (illuminating engineering) A measure of day­
`light illuminance at a point on a given plane expressed as a
`ratio of the illuminance on the given plane at that point to the
`simultaneous exterior illuminance on a horizontal plane from
`the whole of an unobstructed sky of assumed or known lu­
`minance distribution. Direct sunlight is excluded from both
`interior and exterior values of illuminance.
`(EEC/IE) [126]
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