`Exhibit 1031-00001
`
`
`
`AMX
`
`Exhibit 1031-00002
`
`AMX
`Exhibit 1031-00002
`
`
`
`Gigabit Ethernet
`
`Technology and Applications
`for High-Speed LANs
`
`Rich Seifert
`
`A V
`
`V
`
`Addison-Wesley
`
`An imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
`Reading, Massachusetts 0 Harlow, England 0 Menlo Park, California
`Berkeley, California 0 Don Mills, Ontario 0 Sydney 0 Bonn
`Amsterdam 0 Tokyo 0 Mexico City
`
`AMX
`
`Exhibit 1031-00003
`
`AMX
`Exhibit 1031-00003
`
`
`
`Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to
`distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those
`designations appear in this book and Addison-Wesley was aware of a
`trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or
`all caps.
`
`The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this
`book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and
`assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is
`assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with
`or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained
`herein.
`
`The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity
`for special sales. For more information, please contact:
`
`Corporate, Government, and Special Sales
`Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
`One Jacob Way
`Reading, Massachusetts 01867
`
`Library of Congress CataIoging-in-Publication Data
`
`Seifert, Rich, 1952-
`Gigabit Ethernet: technology and applications for high-speed
`LANs / Rich Seifert.
`p.
`cm.
`
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-201-18553-9
`
`1. Ethernet (Local area network system)
`TK5105.8.E83S45
`1998
`621.39'81—d::21
`
`I. Title.
`
`98-9357
`CIP
`
`Copyright © 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
`stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any
`means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
`without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States
`of America. Published simultaneously in Canada.
`ISBN 0-201-1 8553-9
`
`Text printed on recycled and acid-free paper.
`12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-MA-0201009998
`
`First printing, April 1998
`
`AMX
`Exhibit 1031-00004
`
`
`
`Figure 8-3 Auto-Negotiation signaling.
`
`The entire message is repeated, nominally at 16-ms intervals, until the nego-
`tiation is complete.
`
`8.2.4.3 Automatic Configuration without Auto—Negotiation
`
`A device can easily detect whether the signals it is receiving were generated
`using 10BASE—T, 1OOBASE—TX, or 100BASE—T4. In the case of 10BASE—T,
`every device emits characteristic “link pulses” every 16 ms when the link is
`idle; this constitutes an unmistakable signature.“ In the case of 1OOBASE—TX
`and 10OBASE—T4, the signal levels, timing, and encoding used are sufficiently
`different that determination of the link’s nature can be made without the use
`of Auto-Negotiation. This is often called “parallel detection.”
`Thus it is possible to automatically configure to any of these three signal-
`ing methods without implementing the negotiation protocol. Doing this is
`fairly common, and it slightly lowers the cost of a product.
`However, a great deal of flexibility is lost by not using Auto—Negotiation:
`
`I It is not possible to implement automatic dual-speed capability (for ex-
`ample, 10 Mb/s and 100 Mb/s).
`I It is not possible to determine duplex mode.
`I It is not possible to determine flow control capability.
`
`The default assumption if Auto—Negotiation is not employed is that the
`link is operating in half—duplex mode, without explicit flow control. Thus
`devices not implementing Auto—Negotiation are generally those with only a
`single mode of operation, for example, a 1OOBASE—TX (only) repeater hub or
`a 10BASE—T (half—duplex-only) controller, where there is nothing to be
`gained by implementing Auto—Negotiation.
`
`11. Also called “link beat,” these pulses are used to ensure that the link is physically con-
`nected. It is the detection of this pulse that usually enables a “Link LED" on a 10BASE—T con-
`troller or hub port.
`
`AMX
`
`Exhibit 1031-00005
`
`AMX
`Exhibit 1031-00005
`
`
`
`Gigabit Ethernet Physical Layerm
`
`requires that there be some minimum number of logic transitions in the
`code stream in order to provide clocking information. In the case of Giga-
`bit Ethernet, the block code used guarantees this transition density.
`NRZl—Non-Return-to—Zero, Invert on Ones—is a variation of NRZ
`that leaves the signal unchanged for a logic zero and inverts the signal from
`its previous state for a logic one. NRZI is used in FDDI and lOOBASE-
`FX; the 4B/5 B block code guarantees a sufficient “ones density.”
`Manchester code. This code, used in all 10 Mbls Ethernet systems, elimi-
`nates the need for any transitions or one’s density in the data stream—at
`the expense of increasing the maximum transmission frequency by a fac-
`tor of 2.
`Multilevel Threshold-3 (MLT-3). This code uses three signal levels. The
`maximum transmission frequency is reduced by half (relative to NRZ),
`at the expense of reduced noise margin. The code leaves the signal un-
`changed for a logic zero and moves the signal to the “next state” for a logic
`one, where the states are zero voltage, high voltage, zero voltage, low volt-
`age, zero voltage, and so on.
`
`Data Pattern
`
`..a
`
`D
`
`O
`
`Manchester
`
`Figure 12-3 Line coding.
`
`IIIIIIII
`
`II
`II
`IIIII
`
`IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
`IIIIIIIIIIIIII
`
`AMX
`
`Exhibit 1031-00006
`
`AMX
`Exhibit 1031-00006