Case 1:19-cv-11586-IT Document 73-9 Filed 06/05/20 Page 1 of 5
`Case 1:19-cv-11586—IT Document 73-9 Filed 06/05/20 Page 1 of 5
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`EXHIBIT 9
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`EXHIBIT 9
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`Case 1:19-cv-11586—IT Document 73-9 Filed 06/05/20 Page 1 of 5
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`EXHIBIT 9
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`EXHIBIT 9
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`Case 1:19-cv-11586-IT Document 73-9 Filed 06/05/20 Page 2 of 5
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`DICTIONARY OF
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`Electronics
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`Engince 111g
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`8: Electrical
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`Case 1:19-cv-11586-IT Document 73-9 Filed 06/05/20 Page 3 of 5
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`A DICTIONARY OF ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL...
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`furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and
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`Learning reading speed
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`OXFORD
`WW run
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`Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom
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`Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It
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`education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
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`Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
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`© Market House Books Ltd 1979,1988,1998, 2005, 2018
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`The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
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`First edition by Penguin 1 9 7 9
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`Second edition 1 9 8 8
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`Third edition 1 9 9 8
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`Fourth edition 2005
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`Fifth edition published by Oxford University Press 20 1 8
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`Impression: 1
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`All rights reserved. N0 part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
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`retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
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`prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly
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`permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate
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`reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction
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`outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
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`Oxford University Press, at the address above
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`You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose
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`this same condition on any acquirer
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`Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 1 98
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`Madison Avenue, New York, NY 1001 6, United States of America
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`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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`Case 1:19-cv-11586-IT Document 73-9 Filed 06/05/20 Page 4 of 5
`C359 1119'CV'1lfiéilleWWEntdfiagNlbiéeMéQficfiQucfiflge 4 0f 5
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`memory (store) Any device or physical medium associated
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`with a *computer and used to store information for
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`subsequent retrieval. The information may, for example, be
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`computer *programs or the data on which programs operate.
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`The information is stored in digital form as sequences of
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`*bits. The location of each item of information (usually in the
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`form of a *word or *byte) can be identified by a unique
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`*address, which allows a particular item to be stored (or
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`written) and retrieved (or read). The time taken to retrieve
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`an item of information from memory is known as the access
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`time. The memory capacity is
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`the total amount of
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`information, usually in terms of the number of bits or bytes,
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`that can be stored in any given memory, or in a computer
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`system as a whole.
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`A computer system contains several types of memory that
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`differ markedly in access time and capacity, and also in the
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`amount of information that can be read or written on a given
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`occasion and the cost of storing a given amount of
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`information. For efficient and economical use of computer
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`memory, the various types are organized into a hierarchy
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`according to performance and cost. The highest performance
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`and in general most expensive type is at the top level of the
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`hierarchy, and is the internal *register storage under the
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`direct control of the *central processing unit (CPU) used to
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`assist in the execution of machine instructions. The main
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`Learning reading speed
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`Case 1:19-cv-11586-IT Document 73-9 Filed 06/05/20 Page 5 of 5
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`working data and code of a
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`running program, and
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`intermediate or partial results too large to fit into registers
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`are stored in *RAM (random-access memory), composed of
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`solid-state electronic circuitry with access times of tens of
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`nanoseconds; the stored information can be readily altered.
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`To speed up program execution, relatively small-capacity
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`solid-state *cache memory with extremely short access time
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`is often inserted between the CPU and the main memory. In
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`modern multicore processors there are routinely three levels
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`of cache between the processor registers and RAM.
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`Backing store is below solid-state memory in the
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`hierarchy. It is *nonvolatile memory on which information is
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`held for reference but not for direct execution. Permanently
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`connected (online) backing store is usually in the form of
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`*magnetic disk memory, and the information is transferred
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`to and from the main memory by means of a disk drive. The
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`capacity of disk memory is very much larger than solid-state
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`memory and it is much less expensive, but the access time is
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`reckoned in milliseconds. Information is also held offline on,
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`for example, *floppy disks, *CD-ROM, or *magnetic tape, and
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`these storage devices are at the lowest levels of the hierarchy.
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`More recent developments have backing store implemented
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`using solid-state *flash memory configured to mimic the
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`behaviour of magnetic disk drives.
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`Learning reading speed
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