throbber
Case 1:19-cv-11586-FDS Document 210-28 Filed 07/16/21 Page 1 of 8
`Case 1:19-cv-11586-FDS Document 210-28 Filed 07/16/21 Page 1 of 8
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`EXHIBIT 2.X
`
`EXHIBIT 2.X
`
`

`

`Case 1:19-cv-11586-FDS Document 210-28 Filed 07/16/21 Page 2 of 8
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`é""X"è
`
`RIGHT OF WITNESSES IN CIVIL ACTIONS TO REFUSE TO GIVI
`tl
`
`3.4.10.1
`
`Legal assistance
`
`The position of attorneys-at-law as persons having the right to refuse to give evidence has barely
`had any serious discussion. The last time there was an argument that the right to refuse to give
`evidence should not accrue to attorneys - because they should not be allowed to become 'trash
`cans'for their clients - was in 1892.1 Case law has never voiced any doubts about the right of
`attorneys-at-law to refuse to give evidence, even though there is no statutory or professional rule
`embodying an obligation of confidentiality on those attorneys. lt has always been assumed that the
`profession itself was what logically gave rise to the obligation.2 The statutory expression of this was
`found in the criminalization of a breach of that duty, first in Article 378 of the Dutch Code Pénal and
`then in Article 272of the Dutch PenalCode.
`
`The definition of who is an attorney is set out in section 9a of lhe Advocatenwet [Attorneys Act].
`Attorneys of record can be deemed equivalent to attorneys, certainly as their jobs are hard to
`distinguish from one another. There is no reason to withhold the right to refuse to give evidence
`from foreign 'lawyers' (i.e. including solicitors, barristers, avoués, Anwàlte, abogados and
`Err<qyópoi). The fact that they have to give testimony as a witness before a Dutch judge connects
`them sufficiently with the Dutch legal system to also deem it to be in the Dutch public interest that
`they are not obligated to give witness testimony about what has been entrusted to them by their
`clients, possibly abroad. The question whether that party has to be classed as an attorney will have
`to be answered on the basis of section 9a of the Dutch Attorneys Act, which talks about
`"corresponding titles".3 The rules on the right to refuse to give evidence offer no assistance for the
`presumption that any self-contained criterion has to be observed. The substance of the right to
`refuse to give evidence is also governed by Dutch law for foreign lawyers because it is a procedural
`rule, so that it is covered by the /ex fori.ïhe situation is only different with letters of request (see
`section 3.8.2).
`
`Legal assistance is not the exclusive domain of attorneys-at-law. Citizens' advisers, legal advisers,
`tax advisers, victim supporters, bailiffs and legal advice center staff essentially do just the same as
`attorneys (to some extent) and in any case obtain information that is just as confidential. Only the
`legal staff at Legal Aid Offices (sections 18 et seq., Legal Aid Act) are confirmed as being able to
`rely on the right to refuse to give evidence.a The Supreme Court concluded, in the case law in
`question, that the fact that a legal worker at a Legal Aid Office was charged with providing
`information and advice and referring people who were looking for justice meant that he would be
`obligated to observe confidentiality as part of his job.s The Supreme Court granted the right to
`refuse to give evidence in that instance because the Legal Aid Offices had been created de factod
`to guarantee legal aid to everyone who needed it, so that the confidentiality of the profession of
`legalworker attracted more weight than finding the truth in law.
`
`Given the reasoning behind this decision, it cannot simply be extended to others who provide legal
`help. This is clear in part from the decision on tax advisers, who were deprived of the right to refuse
`to give evidence because they did not form a homogenous group, had no statutory duty and their
`profession was open to all.7 ln the absence of a legal duty connected to providing access to legal
`
`1 BRUUN, 1892, p.32.I am therefore ignoring OPZOOMER 1904, p. 83 et seq., who wanted to ban the right to refuse to
`give evidence completely.
`2 wLnDlMlRorF 2001, p.555, also reaches this conclusion.
`3 lt is therefore not a question of "testing by the law of the country where he (...) is registered", as argued by
`WLADIMIROFF 2001, pp. 552-553.
`a Supreme Court, October 25,1985, NJ 1986, L76.
`s SCHORER 1931, p. L23, also agreed on this in relatÍon to employees of the then legal assistance bureaus for the poor
`and destitute.
`6 The scheme under the Temporary Provisions for Legal Aid Act came about in the period between the facts
`on which the case was based and the Supreme Court's ruling.
`7 Supreme Court, May 6, 1986, NJ 1986,814 and 815. Previously and similarly, District Court Zwolle, May 2, L984, Nl
`
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`Case 1:19-cv-11586-FDS Document 210-28 Filed 07/16/21 Page 3 of 8
`
`aid, everyone else associated with legal assistance (bailiffs,8 legal advice center staff, legal
`advisers, legal staff at the Dutch Trade Union Confederation (FNV)9 etc.) cannot be given the right
`to refuse to give evidence.
`
`With regard to patent attorneys the situation is more nuanced. In itself, literature and case law
`appear to have no problem with granting the privilege, but it is limited to "the scope of his specific
`activities" - providing assistance with the patent application. This limitation can probably no longer
`be made. As of May 1, 2003, the position of the patent attorney has been regulated by law
`(Sections 23a et seq. of the Patents Act 1995) and the Patent Attorney Rules that had been in force
`until then have been repealed. The statutory obligation of secrecy is included in Section 23b(4) of
`the Patents Act 1995. The statutory regulations further provide for the exclusive power of patent
`attorneys and attorneys-at-law to act as representatives at the Industrial Property Office, the
`admission requirements and the applicable disciplinary law. The patent attorney thus has a task
`regulated by law that lies in the field of legal assistance. That duty gives rise to the obligation of
`secrecy (thus in addition to the obligation contained in the law), because he can only properly fulfil
`his task if his clients can provide information without fear of disclosure. It should be noted that
`Section 23b(1) of the Patents Act 1995 does not limit acting as an agent to representing the
`applicant. The words "of the applicant" were deleted from the provision after the acceptance of an
`amendment to that effect, in order to make it clear that any person other than the applicant may
`also be represented at the office only by a patent attorney or attorney-at-law. This means that the
`legislature sees the duties of the patent attorney as broader than just providing assistance with the
`patent application. Furthermore, the Explanatory Memorandum justifies the adoption of a statutory
`regulation as follows:10:
`
`Finally, it should be pointed out that patent attorneys collaborate with another legally
`regulated profession in patent matters, namely with attorneys-at-law. Inadequate alignment
`of legislation for both groups could lead to unequal requirements for their professional
`practices, with anti-competitive effects. This is also the reason why (...) harmonization with
`the current disciplinary law for attorneys-at-law was pursued, among other things.
`
`This effort to harmonize the legislation for both groups would not be realized if the patent attorney
`did not have the right to refuse to give evidence and the attorney-at-law did have that right, and this
`would also certainly distort competition. It is this very right to refuse to give evidence that could be a
`reason for a potential applicant to use an attorney-at-law and not a patent attorney. The conclusion
`must therefore be that a patent attorney must be able to refrain from giving evidence in the same
`cases as an attorney-at-law, as long as it is about what has been entrusted to him in that capacity.
`In view of the aforementioned Section 23b(1) of the Patents Act 1995, a restriction in this regard
`cannot be readily accepted.
`
`1984, 581, and District Court Breda, May 29, 1984, NJ 1984, 664. The tax adviser was viewed as a confident nécessaire
`by the Amsterdam District Court, January 9, 1933, NJ 1934, 882, and by the same court, January 26, 1972, NJ 1972, 222.
`Extensive information on the vicissitudes of the tax adviser can be found in WISSELINK 1997, pp. 83-93. The fact is that
`tax advisers need have no expectations of the legislature (Parliamentary Papers I 1997-98, 24800, no 154b, p. 3, being
`the definitive rejection by the government after comments in both houses of the Dutch parliament).
`8 A.W. Jongbloed, 'Verschoningsrecht voor deurwaarders', Rechtsstrijd 1987, pp. 49-54, pp. 90-91, has different
`thoughts on the matter but in so doing pays no respect to the ruling by the Supreme Court on legal staff at the Legal Aid
`Office.
`9 Roermond District Court, March 7, 1985, NJ 1986, 394.
`10 Parliamentary Papers II 1999-2000, 27193, no. 3 (EM), p. 4.
`
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`Case 1:19-cv-11586-FDS Document 210-28 Filed 07/16/21 Page 4 of 8
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`l, Tamara Theresia Natasja van Bruggen, residing in Amsterdam, duly sworn as a translator for the
`English language by the District Court of Amsterdam and listed under number 4946 in the Dutch
`Register of Sworn lnterpreters and Translat ors (Register beëdigde tolken en vertalers) of the Dutch
`Legal Aid Board (Raad voor Rechtsbijstondl, the official register of sworn interpreters and translators
`recognised and approved by the Dutch Ministry of justice, certify that the foregoing document is a
`true and faithful translation of the Dutch source text, a copy of which is hereby attached.
`
`Amsterdam , t6 Julv 2021.
`
`ó"";""è
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`Case 1:19-cv-11586—FDS Document 210-28 Filed 07/16/21 Page 5 of 8
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`VERSCHONINGSRECHT VAN GETUIGEN IN (‘IVIELE ZAKEN
`
`Ann de beroepsgroepen zijn we] eens nadere eisen geslcldm. mar de tech!-
`spraak is hierin nie! consequent. Aan de belastingadviseur kom! gecn verschonings-
`reel“ 10!: under anderc omda! dit bcrocp vrij loegankelijk is. man: dat speck bij he!
`Ioekennen van het verschoningsrech! aan de reclasseringsambtenaar weer gee-n roi.
`Omdat daardour deze naderc eisen noch vcrkiarendc. noch voorspeliende waardc
`hebben. kan een inventsrisatie achlerwege biijven. Dambij speelt een rol da! ik melf
`op dil pun! seen strong opinions heb. Wanneer he! bewijs moe! komen van wa! men-
`sen legen anderen over hun mall: gezegd hebbcn - en daar gas! toch em in bijna all:
`gevallen die ons m bezig honden - heefi. dat wa! mij belrefl hoe dan 00k iets onzede-
`iijks. De vrijheid om he! hm oil I: stonen hoon nie! up I: houden bij de pastoor. dc
`huisnrls ofde advocaal.
`
`Door de open norm van an. 218 Sv en an. 165 lid 2 Rv en he! daaraan door dc
`hose rand ten groudslng gelegde in Nederiand geldende algemene rechtsbcginsei is
`he! in fcite dc huge rand die uiteindelijk hepaal! of an een bepnalde bcmepsgrocp
`he! vemchnningsreehl Ioekoml. Dc hiervoor genoemde criteria zorgen ervoor da! di!
`nie! snel he! geval is. Nuns! he! mgenaamde 'kIBSsieke kwanet‘ (advocaat. ans. gees-
`!elijke. malaria!) is gecn bcmepsgroep er echt in gcslaagd 1e warden verheven to! de
`eer der allaren. en dun more! nog bednchl warden dill dc aanspmak van de notarissen
`op die klussieke smlus hangs! duhieus is. Wei blijken hulpverleners die rnnlerieel
`lielzell'de werk doen ills dc klassiekc verschoningsgerechtigden. soms erkenning le
`verwerven doordal 00k aan hen he! vemchoningsreehl word! loegekend. ln plaals van
`he! klussieke kwartel is he! daarom adequater le spreken van vier beroepssferen of
`beroepskringen. 1e weten dc juridisehe hulpverlening. de (para)medische hulpverle—
`ning. de geeslelijk-maalschappelijke hulpverlening en he! nolariaat. Doze bitmaps-
`kringen warden in he! navolgende besproken. Aan he! eind zullen de beroepen let
`sprake komen die builen doze bemepskringen vaiien en dus geen professioneel ver~
`schoningsrech! hebben.
`Ul'een beroepsmalige aclivitei! als ‘sland‘. ‘beroep‘ . ‘ambl' of ‘betrekking‘
`moat worden gezien heefi geen rechlsgevolgen. Die vraag kan clus onbesproken blij-
`ven. Daarnaasl is he! kennelijk niel de bedoeling van de wetgever geweest hierdoor
`een specifiekc nfgrenzing in het leven te roepcn. tenvijl doze begrippen ook in de
`rechlsprunk deze Functie niet hebbcn gelu'egen. Eel! naderc awakening ten oEzichIe
`van nie! bedoelde bcroepsmmige activiteiten kan daarom achtervvege blijven.“
`
`3.4. i H. ! Juridivche huipwrhmmg
`
`De posilie van dc advocaa! als verschoningsgerechtigde heefi nauwelijks seri-
`eus ter discussie geslaan. Voor he! laals! in [892 \verd betoogd dal he! verschonings-
`tech! loch nie! nan advocate-n behoorde toe {e komen omda! zij nie! he! ‘vuilnisbakje'
`van hun clit‘nlen mochlen warden.“ In de rechlspraak is he! verschoningsrech! van
`advocalen nooi! in lwijfel genokken. 00k a! is er van een in do: we! of herocpsregv
`
`"‘ Pogingcu om den: Hi! I: mrkcn :jjn :c vindm in: vunnunu ms. p. 57; VRANi-uiN i036. p. 65—96;
`WLAIIIMIRUFF 2001. p. 551-558.
`"‘ lie on}; par. 1L3.
`m HRUIJN IINL‘. p. .11. ll! Ian! dim (lPflX‘JMl-JR 1904. p. 83 .CJ.‘ huilen benchuuuing. die he! \‘Cf‘fi‘cth
`ningnnechl \‘iiliedig uil wilde bm‘mcn.
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`Hoofdstuk 3
`
`ling vermin-Hie verpiichting IoI geneimhouding voor advocaten gem sprake. Altijd is
`mm dal ha het bel'oep zelf was III'IIIII'IIII dc verpliehIing toI geheimhouding
`iogisch volgde'”.De wenelijke uitdmkking damnn wen! clan gevondenIn de straf-
`baaIsIclling van dc schending van die plieht. east in an 378 C? en daamaIn an 272
`Sr.
`
`Wie advocaat is. ligt vast in art. 9a Advoealenwet. Pmcureurs IIIIIIIIen gelijk
`warden gesteld n'IeI advocaten. Letter nu hun funeties Inoeilijk vIIn elkw II: (Indef-
`scheiden zijn. BI is seen reden de in genoetnd mike] bedneide buitcnlnndse 'udvuca-
`tcn' (dus bijv. not: de solicitors. hamsters, avoues. Anwlltc, abogado's en GIImyI’IpIII)
`het versehoningsreeht Ie onthouden. Het feit dIII zij ten ovenimn van een Nederhmd-
`9c reenter ecn verklnring IIls getuige moeten afleggm vetbind’t hen voldnende met de
`Noderlandse rechtssfcer. om het oak in het Nederlnnds algemeen belang te aehten dat
`zij gee-II verklaringen hoeven af Ie leggcn over daIgene wnt hun door hIIn clit‘nten.
`eventual in het buiIenlIInd. is toevcmouwd. De vmg of de betrokkene als ndvocut
`IIIoeI warden ungcmcrkt zal moeten warden beantwoord nan dc hand van an. 9a
`Advocatenwel. dat spreeln van “overeenkominge tilt-III?“ De regeling van het ver-
`schoningsrecht biedt gcen unknopingspmten vnnr de vernnderstelling. dnt eeII welf-
`sIandig criteriurn moct warden ungehoudcn. De inhnud van het verschnninyreeht
`wordt oak hij builenlnndse advocate-II nanr Nederlands recht. omdat het immers gut
`om cen procesrechIc-lijke regeling. zodat de la fori geldt. Slechts bij rogaIIIire com—
`missies Iigt dit finders (zit.- par. 3.8.2).
`Juridische hulpverlening is niet het exciusieve domein van advocate-n. Sociale
`randslieden.
`rechtskundig advise-ms. belastingadviseurs. slachtof‘ferhclpers. deur—
`waarders en rechtswinkeliers dam in csscntie (decls) hetzelfde als advocaten en ver-
`krijgen in ieder geval even vertrouwclijke infnnnatie, Alieen van juridiache
`mcdewerkers van Buro's voor Rechtshulp ( art. 18 c.v. We! op de rcchtsbijntand) stunt
`vast dat zij aanspraak kunnen maken op het versehnningsreeht.” in de bednelde
`uitspmak concludeen de hoge raad IIit het feiI daI de juridisch medewerkcr van een
`Burn vonr Recthhuip beinst was met het geven van informatie en advies nan en
`doorverwijzing Ian rechtzoekenden. dat deze uit hoofdc van zijn functie vcrplicht
`was Int gehcimhouding.“3 Nu de Burn'5 voor Rechlshulp de facto'm in he! {even wa-
`ren geroepen om de mhtshuip Ie garanderen nan ieder die deze nodig had. en dus de
`venronwelijkheid van het bemep van juridisch medewerker nicer gewichl toekwam
`dan dc waarheidsvinding in rechte, werd het verschoningsrecht door de huge rand in
`dit geval toegekend.
`Gelet op dc onderbouwing van doze bcslissing kan dene nict znnder meet
`Worden doorgetrokken naar andere rechtshtdpverleners. Dal blijkt 00k uit de beslis-
`sing ten aanzjen van de belastingadviseurs. aan wie het verschoningsrechl werd ont-
`houdcn. orndat zij geen homogene groep vormen. gecn wettelijke Isak hebben en het
`
`
`:“LADIMIROl-F 2M“. p 555. komt oak In! den: mlusie.
`mile! 15 dus me: ten kueflie Inn “Inching nan he! rechl van he! land was: hI| I I Is ingeschmen". main:
`“1.RUIMIROH 200] p 552~551 steit.
`:'HR 25 uklobcr 1985 "U ”36. WEI.
`”SiIIORER IDJI. p. I23 vond diI not al Icn unzien van dc nmkwerken van de IIrcnmIIIIg: bureaus
`Wot Iochtshijsurui nan on- en Inn-II. emwgcnden.
`“Dc regeling hij dc Wet Tijdelijke ermningm RechlsbijIIaI-Id LII-am IoI stand III II: pcfiudc tusscn d:
`{mm “mp dc mat: benefiting had en de uiIsprIIak van de HR
`
`Id IQ --..I
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`VERSCHONINGSRECHT VAN GETUIGEN IN CIVIELE ZAKEN
`
`bernep vrij Ioegankelijk is.INS Bij gebrekc van een wemlijke Isak die in verband Sinai
`mei de Ioegang lot dc rechtshulp ml oak am all: andeten die zich bezig bower! met
`juridische hulpverlcning {scrawled-2mm“. wetswinkelim. rechtskundig ad—
`viscurs. juridische medewerkers van de FNV‘" etc.) he! verschoningsrecht niel kun-
`nen warden toegckend.
`Ten aanzicn van dc octrooigemachli den ligl de situalie genuaneeerder. Op
`zich 2:1!” blijken iiwralumy' en rechtspmak
`geen moeite lc hcbben mcl lockenning
`van het verschoningsrechl. maar dit wordt we! bcpcrkl tot “de kring van zi'n speci-
`fieke wcrkmmheden - he! verlenen van bijstand bij de octrooiannvmge.“ Die be-
`perking ban denkclijk nicl mm warden ungebrachl. Per 1 mei 2003 is de positie
`van de oclrooigemnchtigdc bij de we! gercgeld (am. 23a c.v. Rijksoctrooiwel 1995}
`on is hel lol dun geldende mmigemaehligdenreglcmem ingen‘okken. De wenclijke
`gehcimhoudingsplichl is npgenoincn in an. 2313 lid 4 Rijksoctrooiwel I995. De wet-
`lelijkc rcgeling vnorziet verder in de cxclusieve bevoegdheid van octrooigemachlig-
`den en advocnlen om als gemachtigde op Ie Ireden bij he! Bureau voor de industriéle
`eigendom. in de loclatingseisen en in hel locpasselijke Iuchlrechl. De octrooigemach-
`ligde heefl dannnee cen bij de we! geregelde tank die ligl up he! Ierrein van de
`rechuhulp. Uil die tank vloeil - dus nog afgezien van de in do.- we! opgenomen ver-
`plichting . de vcrplichling Int geheimhnuding vonn. want hij kan zijn tank pas naar
`behnren vervullen indien zijn clit‘nlen OflbEVchtid voor openbaannaking gegevens
`kunncn verslrekken. Opmerking verdient din an. 23b lid I Riiksoctrooiwet |99$ he!
`optreden als gemachtigde niet beperkt tot hel venegenwoordigen van de aanvmger.
`De wonrden “van de aanvrager" zijn n3 annvaarding van cen daanoe strekkend
`amiamdemenl“I uil de bepaling geschrapl om duidelijk le maken dal oak iedere ande-
`re persoon dan de aanvrager zich allcen hij he! bureau ken laten venegenwoordigen
`door ecn octrooigemaehligde of een advocaal. Dal belekent dat de wetgever de taken
`van de oclrooigemachtigde brcder ziel dam alleen het verlenen van bijstand bij de
`netrnoinanvrage. Vonns wordl in de memorie van toelichting he: trefi'en van een wei-
`lelijke regeling on. als volgt gemmiveerdh":
`
`Tcnslnfle muel crop gcwczen warden ital octronigemnchtigden mel een andere. weue-
`lijk geregulecrde bemepsgrocp samenwerken in och-ooiaangelegenhedcn. namclijk me1
`
`“‘ HR 6 mi man, NJ 1986, RM en in s. Eerder in gclijke zin Rb zwouc 2 mi I934. 5'1”qu en Rb
`Iiredn 2‘3 mci NIH. NJ 1984. 664. I): helmlingadviseut “nerd nag als confident miwexmire gaien door Rb
`Amslcrdam ‘Jjanuari [933. 5111034. 382. en Rh Amsterdam 26 januan 1912.521 WIFE. 222. Uitgchreick
`ml'umviiii: mcr dc lulgcvallcn van de belulingmlviseur is I: vinden in WISSl-ZIJNK [W‘L p. 33-93. Van
`do: welgevcr huei't dc helaslingadviseur nvcrigcns oak niets u: vcrwachtcn (Kdmrrsmkh'n I ”974098.
`24800. nr. IS-ih. '1. 3. Inch we! hcl dcfiniiiew al'wijrrnde slundpunt van de regen'ng n3 npmcrkingen mwel
`in de Ilde ill: in dc Isle Kamer}.
`"" AW. Jnnghlucd. ‘Venwhoningsrecht mot dcurwaurdena'. Rwhmmjd 198?. p. 49-54. p. QO-QI. dan't
`dear antlers over. mm: doc: damnee gee-n reclu :mn dc hcsliéuaing van dc hog: rand ten unrien van dc
`juridisch mcdewerkcm van lie! Bum vmr Rechlshulp.
`“1 Rh Ruermnnd 1 11mm [085. NJ I036. 394.
`“' SL‘IIURl-‘R 193 I. [1. Lin. lie! Iegemvergeslelde mrdeel heh ik nemesis gcvundcn.
`m lkslixsingen van reehlhunk en hnl‘blijkend uit 'Ambtsgeheim'. fl“. 9558. p. 4 (1913) en na 1: nae-mm
`uil‘spmnk vnn ile Rh Julphm.
`'“' Rb Iulnlten S jnmmri IQRR. NJ NR“. 5h}
`"" Kmrxmflm-i fl 200L200; 2H9}. nr. '3'.
`"r A'amnmum fl 1099-3000. 27:01:“. 3 inT}. p. 4.
`
`228
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`Hoofdstuk J
`
`ndvocalm Ecru grin-chug: ufslcmmmg van dc wages-mg vent bend: grucpm mu lum-
`ncn kidcn to! angelijkc ciscn v00! dc banepasitocfcning Incl mncmrcnticvemtomidc
`cffcdm Dal is out dc ream “min 1...} mile: I'I'Iflf amid is mar harmonisatic
`me! he! huidigc mchtlechl mot sclvocalcn.
`
`Dax strcvcn to! afslcmming van dc welgcving voor bcidc gmcpcn mu nici In!
`zijn tech! Iconic-n indict: nan dc ocu'ooigunschtigd: nicl en nan dc advocaal wél hot
`vcvschoningsrechl zou lockorncn.
`lcrwijl dil zcker concurttnlievcrslormd werki.
`Juisl he! verschoningsrccht zou voor ccn evenlucle asnvragcr ccn rcdcn kunncn zijn
`bu-ocp tc docn up can sdvocaat en nici op can octrooigcmschligdc. Dc conclusie
`[noel durum zijn dal dc octrooigcmschligde zich in den-it‘d: gevsllcn moci kunncn
`verschoncn van het sflcggen van ten gctuigenvcrklaring ais ccn sdvocasi. m lung hcl
`rims: gas! orn W31 hem in hocdanighcid is locvertmuvvd. Geicl op genocmd an. 23b
`lid I Rijksocuaoiwcl 1995 Ran op dil punt nicl sncl can bcpcrking warden anngcno-
`men.
`
`3. 4. H12 (Paraimedische hulprrri'ming
`
`Dc posilic van arisen is altijd minder stevig gcwccsl dan die van advocalcn.
`l-Jcn arts is immcrs vsnk degcnc van wic hcl dcfinilicvc (forensischl bewijs mocl ko-
`men. nodal zijn vcrklaring siccht kan warden gemisl. Dc Bosch Kcmpcr rckcndc dc
`ans daarom nict tot de professioncel versehoningsgnrechiEmit-n.am Hcl verschonings-
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