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Case 1:19-cv-11586-FDS Document 210-12 Filed 07/16/21 Page 1 of 11
`Case 1:19-cv-11586—FDS Document 210-12 Filed 07/16/21 Page 1 of 11
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`EXHIBIT 2.H
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`EXHIBIT 2.H
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`Case 1:19-cv-11586-FDS Document 210-12 Filed 07/16/21 Page 2 of 11
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`Law on disclosure (BPP no. lX) 201713.3
`3.3 Disclosure or discovery
`
`J.R. Sijmonsma, date: September 1,2017
`
`Date
`
`September 1,2017
`
`Author
`
`J.R. Sijmonsma
`
`Field(s):
`
`Civil procedure (V)
`
`Chapter 1 refers to the judgment in Inpels v Masson. [1] Ín that case, the President of the District
`Court of The Hague granted the claim for the disclosure of copies of Masson's bank and giro
`accounts, his security portfolios and overviews of his equity participations in various companies, as
`well as the disclosure of the accounting records of the companies based in Jersey and Liechtenstein
`from '1976 up to the date when the writ was issued. The Appellate Courl took a different position. lt
`found that, in that part of the claim, Masson had been requested to disclose accounts to Tripels
`relating to both his current and previous financial dealings. However, Tripels was not entitled to make
`that request because there was no statutory basis for it. The fact is that the law did not require such a
`disclosure from a debtor like Masson. Nor had the parties concluded a contract of that nature and,
`finally, Masson had not carried out any management activities. With regard to the claimed disclosure
`of accounting records, the Appellate Court found that the instances referred to in Sections 8 and í 1 of
`Dutch Commercial Code (Wetboek van Koophandel) did not apply. lt therefore denied the claim. The
`Dutch Supreme Court found that a debtor is obliged to provide a creditor who has a due and payable
`claim with information about his income and financial position and about property that is available for
`recourse.[2] The Supreme Court ruled, however, that it was not consistent with the legal system to
`attach practical effect to thàt obligation in such a way that a claim like the one in question could be
`granted. The fact is that there is only a limited group of parties that could require a debtor to disclose
`his accounting records. A claim for the disclosure of such a large number of records was reserved to
`the Trustee in bankruptcy.
`Tripels' claim was too broad and it therefore exceeded the limits of Article 843a of the Dutch Code of
`Civil Procedure ("DCCP") or, as Advocate General Huydecoper argued in relation to another
`judgment: " [tt] is considered objectionable (and I wholeheartedly agree with that) for preliminary
`measures of inquiry to be applied in such a way that the applicant is given the opportunity to gather
`any information as he sees fit (convenient to him) at the expense of his opponent. (We have a telling
`expression for this, which is 'fishing expedition', borrowed from the Anglo-Saxon practice of law). Why
`this shoutd not be atlowed can be explained as follows: it would not accord with the principle, accepted
`in Dutch taw, that one cannot 'simply' demand access to all the information that another person
`possesses...".[3] Tripels'claim was, however, in line with the English and American system of
`'discovery'.[4]
`
`The words discovery and disclosure are frequently used interchangeably, and not only in the
`Netherlands.[5] ln what follows, I will take discovery to mean 'the discovery of the existence of a
`document' or 'the quest to determine whether or not a document exists', partly in view of the wording
`used by the Storme Commission (see Chapter 4). Disclosure then means revealing the contents of the
`discovered document.[6] ln England, 'disclosure' is used predominantly. See inter alia the text of the
`Civil Procedure Rules, Part 31 of which devotes an entire chapter consisting of 23 articles to the
`'disclosure and inspection of documents'. Under the heading 'Meaning of disclosure', para. 31.2
`states: "A party discloses a document by stating that the document exists or has existed".
`
`

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`Case 1:19-cv-11586-FDS Document 210-12 Filed 07/16/21 Page 3 of 11
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`A search for ‘discovery’ and ‘disclosure’ in the United States Code yields a good number of hits for
`both words. One may tentatively infer from those hits that the existence of the document is not yet
`clear at the discovery stage, while the disclosure stage is about whether the content of a document,
`the existence of which is certain, should be disclosed.
`
`In England and the United States, there is what is known as the ‘pre-trial discovery phase’. During this
`phase, a party may ask the other party to allow him to examine the content of the documents that are
`relevant to the proceedings.[7] There are few or no restrictions like the ones imposed by the terms
`‘legitimate interest’ and ‘certain records’ used in Article 843a DCCP.[8] The absence of such
`restrictions can lead to an alarming increase in the scope of the proceedings, offering further
`opportunities to fish for documents. This would not be possible under Dutch law because the
`combination of the terms ‘legitimate interest’ and ‘certain records’ precludes such fishing for
`documents. In the parliamentary history of Article 21 DCCP, the Senate members of the VVD
`(People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy) asked whether that article was not a consequence of the
`Anglo-American system of disclosure, involving endless litigation about which documents should or
`should not be submitted. The Minister considered that Article 21 DCCP fitted in with a long-standing
`development on the continent that was not an offshoot of the Anglo-American system.[9] Kremer and
`Rehbock are also of the opinion that discovery, including the ‘pre-trial phase’, is not consistent with the
`Dutch system.[10] In short, they take the view, partly on the basis of Van den Reek's thesis, that
`discovery is not an isolated concept but rather it fulfills a specific function within a greater whole.
`Secondly, in their opinion, there seems to be little difference in practice because, even in the
`Netherlands, a party who is sufficiently certain that the other party is withholding information will still be
`able to gather the relevant information. Thirdly, parties who are not sufficiently sure what information
`the other party possesses are left empty-handed in both systems. Advocate General Spier does not
`seem to be in favor of ‘full disclosure’ either. In a very lengthy opinion he points out the disadvantages
`in detail, particularly the fishing opportunities that he believes should be avoided, and considers such
`a development unappealing.[11] Referring to The Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure
`(“PTCP”), Krans writes that disclosure in English and American law (to which those Principles seek to
`connect) provide wider possibilities for accessing information than are available under Dutch law.
`However, that gap is narrowed by the fact that the PTCP do not recognize unconditional disclosure
`either, and they describe discovery as limited. The principles of the PTCP (and, as I understand it,
`disclosure in England and America because the PTCP clearly sought a connection with the law of
`those countries) and those of Dutch law differ, but the outcomes need not be so far apart.[12]
`
`Haazen mentions that even in America, which critics say is rife with fishing expeditions, one empirical
`study after another reveals that “in many American civil cases, often approaching fifty percent, there is
`no discovery, and in most of the remainder of the cases there is remarkably little.”[13]
`
`Croiset van Uchelen compares the Dutch disclosure system with the common law system of
`discovery, perceiving the main difference to lie in the fact that, in the common law system it is easier to
`obtain evidence in advance, albeit often at considerable expense, whereas in the Dutch system of
`disclosure the case is first argued at length, thus leading to a more focused discovery. He does note,
`however, that in his view the Dutch system allows a request for disclosure on the basis of Article 843a
`DCCP to be made at an early stage and that it could be granted.[14]
`
`Case law is not always a model of restraint. For instance, on October 3, 1996, the District Court of
`Rotterdam ordered Center Parcs and S&N to disclose the minutes of certain meetings of the boards of
`directors to former Center Parcs stockholders without imposing any limitation with regard to subject-
`matter, for example.[15]
`
`With the world getting smaller and smaller, a Dutch defendant could find himself subject to the
`jurisdiction of the U.S. or English courts. He could then be required to produce documents under U.S.
`or English rules. If a Dutch court then receives a letter of request for documents from England, for
`example, that request would be based on the Hague Evidence Convention.[16] Such a request to a
`Dutch court may only be complied with in accordance with the declaration made by the Netherlands
`under Article 23 of that Convention. Article 23 of the Hague Evidence Convention provides that a
`Contracting State may declare that it will not execute Letters of Request issued for the purpose of
`obtaining pre-trial discovery of documents as known in Common Law countries. The Netherlands did
`
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`Case 1:19-cv-11586-FDS Document 210-12 Filed 07/16/21 Page 4 of 11
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`issue that declaration and it is included in Dutch Treaty Series 1981, 70 (Tractatenblad 1981, 70). [17]
`According to the text of the declaration issued by the Netherlands and included in Dutch Treaty Series
`1981, 70, the Dutch legislature wanted in any event to adhere to the principle that fishing for
`documents is not allowed in the Netherlands. It is not clear to me in this regard whether the then Dutch
`legislature was sufficiently aware of the limits of ‘pre-trial discovery of documents’ in Common Law
`countries or whether it simply had cold feet. The wording of the text of that declaration is clear and it
`therefore clearly expresses the intention of the legislature as well. So, in 1981 in any case, the
`legislature imposed a fishing ban in this regard. The obvious question is then whether that intention
`should still be taken into account when interpreting Article 843a DCCP in 2010. If we are to proceed
`from that intention or insight expressed in 1981, then the limits of the interpretation of terms such as
`‘legitimate interest’ and ‘certain records’ would have to be in line with what the Treaty Series says is
`the government’s declaration. It is my belief that that position is not tenable. The law in this regard has
`evolved so rapidly in recent years that what the legislature noted almost thirty years ago, which had
`not (yet) been subjected to a process of fact-finding, should no longer play an overly important role.
`Another important factor here is that the legislatures that drafted the various versions of Article 843a
`DCCP did not refer to that caveat included in Dutch Treaty Series 1981, 70, either in 1987-1988 or in
`2001. So I think that the interpretation of Article 843a DCCP in 2010 should not rely too heavily on that
`caveat based on the Hague Evidence Convention.[18] It may even be time to scrap it.
`
`For the sake of completeness, I also refer to the Dutch Supreme Court, March 11, 1994, NJ 1995, 3.
`In that judgment, the Dutch Supreme Court paraphrased the Netherlands’ caveat as follows: “With
`regard to the disclosure and submission of documents held by a party, the caveat made by the
`Netherlands on the basis of Article 23 of the Convention is also relevant. Put briefly, it means that the
`disclosure or submission of documents may not be requested for the purpose of commencing
`proceedings based on them.”[19]
`
`Footnotes
`
`[1]
`
`Dutch Supreme Court, September 20, 1991, NJ 1992, 552, with commentary by J.B.M. Vranken.
`
`[2]
`
`The Dutch Supreme Court refers to Article 475g DCCP and the Memorandum of Reply to the Act
`implementing Books 3-6 of the New Dutch Civil Code, the first part containing amendments to the
`Dutch Code of Civil Procedure, the Judiciary (Organization) Act (Wet op de rechterlijke organisatie)
`and the Bankruptcy Act (Failissementswet), pp. 11-12. These state that a judgment debtor is obliged
`to cooperate with the enforcement and that this obligation is based on the judgment debtor’s obligation
`to comply with the enforcement order itself. Having regard to Articles 6:2(1) and 3:45 of the Dutch Civil
`Code (“DCC”) and Article 444 DCCP, this obligation entails additional obligations, including the
`requirement to refrain from removing property from lawful recourse. However, the Minister did not
`consider it desirable to include an explicit rule in this regard because, in his opinion, giving reasonable
`and practical effect to that rule would not be a simple matter. Having regard to this obligation
`formulated by the Dutch Supreme Court, the dismissal by the District Court of Amsterdam (September
`7, 2006, AY7784) of a claim for the disclosure of certain financial documents because the plaintiff
`wanted information about the defendant's means for recovery, was incorrect. A better finding was the
`one given by the District Court of Dordrecht (January 5, 2006, SES 2006, 104): “... it is not ruled out in
`advance that Article 843a DCCP can also be used to obtain information in order to secure recourse...”.
`
`[3]
`
`Dutch Supreme Court, December 24, 2004, LJN AR4980.
`
`[4]
`
`For fairly extensive explanations of this, see Van den Reek, diss., pp. 85-185 (chapter 3,
`'Mededelingsplichten in het Engels burgerlijk procesrecht' (Disclosure obligations in English civil
`procedure)) and J. Ekelmans, ‘U.S. disclosure and discovery of documents', TvPP 2009, pp. 179-187,
`and Ekelmans, diss. pp. 25-44. As regards the possibility of gathering evidence through the U.S.
`
`

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`Case 1:19-cv-11586-FDS Document 210-12 Filed 07/16/21 Page 5 of 11
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`courts for proceedings to be initiated in the Netherlands, see Tom Claassens, ‘Discovery in de VS voor
`procedures in Nederland’ (Discovery in the U.S. for proceedings in the Netherlands), Adv.bl. 2004, pp.
`754-760 and S. Hoogeveen, ‘Fishing expeditions versus exhibitieplicht’ (Fishing expeditions versus the
`duty of disclosure), Adv.bl. 2005, pp. 678-681. See also C.G. van der Plas, ‘De extraterritoriale
`reikwijdte van de exhibitieplicht bij banken’ (The extraterritorial scope of the disclosure obligation of
`banks) (Offerhaus series), The Hague: Boom legal publishers 2014, C. 4, 'Grensoverschrijdende
`discovery in het Amerikaanse recht' (Cross-border discovery in U.S. Law) pp. 31-43.
`
`[5]
`
`For example, ‘Een nieuwe balans’ (A new balance) states on pp. 100-101, where English law is
`discussed, “Court intervention is now always required for the disclosure of documents (discovery)”.
`
`[6]
`
`Van der Korst, p. 109, writes that disclosure means a litigant’s statement that a document exists or has
`existed. On p. 121, he seems to think that discovery is a means of gathering evidence. K.J. Krzeminski
`writes, on p. 47 of ‘U. S. discovery for use in Dutch civil proceedings’ TCR 2008, pp.47-55: “Discovery
`can be defined as the pre-trial phase in a lawsuit in which litigant parties can obtain information from
`the opposing party.”
`
`[7]
`
`See also pp. 26 et seq. van Haak and VerLoren van Themaat (editors).
`
`[8]
`
`See also Asser/Vranken Algemeen Deel** (General Part**) 1995/19 et seq.
`
`[9]
`
`Parl. Gesch. Burgerlijk procesrecht 2002 (Parliamentary History of Civil Procedure 2002), pp. 152-153.
`According to the Dutch legislature, Article 21 DCCP cannot be considered as an offshoot of the Anglo-
`American disclosure system. Under that system, parties may be required to grant each other extensive
`access to all kinds of documents. According to p. 153 of the Parliamentary History of Civil Procedure
`2002, that is entirely different from the (current) Dutch system of a clearly defined duty to tell the truth
`in court proceedings.
`
`[10]
`
`
`
`M. Kremer and E. Rehbock, ‘Discovery en andere wegen der (ge)lijdelijkheid’ (Discovery and other
`forms of (im)passivity), Ars Aequi 1998, pp. 448-457.
`
`[11]
`
`
`
`Advocate General Spier in his opinion to the Dutch Supreme Court, February 22, 2008, BB5626.
`Spier’s extreme reticence in granting claims for the disclosure of documents is also evident from his
`opinion to the Dutch Supreme Court, October 26, 2012, BW9244 (whistleblower) in which he writes,
`among other things, that the Appellate Court’s finding that the requested documents had not been
`sufficiently specified had hit the nail on the head: “The fact is that it is not entirely clear exactly which
`documents he (the whistleblower) is referring to. What is the phrase ‘following on from his report of
`wrongdoing to the AFM’ supposed to mean? What is meant by ‘following on from’? And what ‘abuses’
`is A concerned with, partly in light of the later limitation to the D-file? And what is meant by ‘in any
`case’? What does D mean by ‘as a result of the ‘D file'? What reports and measures is A referring to?
`Does there have to be an inseparable connection with said file, or is it sufficient for there to be ‘some
`connection’ with it?” The Dutch Supreme Court then granted the claim with barely any further
`explanation.
`
`[12]
`
`
`
`

`

`Case 1:19-cv-11586-FDS Document 210-12 Filed 07/16/21 Page 6 of 11
`
`H.B. Krans, ‘De Principles of Transnational Civil procedure en het Nederlands bewijsrecht’ (The
`Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure and the Dutch Law of Evidence), TCR 2009, pp. 58-66.
`The observation made here appears on pp. 61-62.
`
`[13]
`
`
`
`O.A. Haazen, 'Het einde van het doofpotmodel' (The end of the cover-up model), Deventer: Kluwer
`2013, p. 9.
`
`[14]
`
`
`
`A.R.J. Croiset van Uchelen, ‘Civiel procederen en bewijs leveren; waar staat Nederland
`Internationaal?’ (Civil litigation and the production of evidence; where does the Netherlands stand
`internationally?), Internationaal procederen, Nederlandse Vereniging voor Procesrecht, The Hague:
`Boom legal 2017, pp. 18-20.
`
`[15]
`
`
`
`See J.W. Winter, ‘Center Parcs, art. 843a Rv., discovery op z’n Hollands’ (Center Parcs, Article 843a
`DCCP, discovery Dutch style), TVVS 1997, p. 55-56.
`
`[16]
`
`
`
`Convention of March 18, 1970, Dutch Treaty Series 1979, 38. In this regard see also J.M. Hebly,
`‘Exhibitieplicht bij rogatoire commissie’ (Duty of disclosure in cases of Letters of Request), TCR 2001,
`pp. 1-3.
`
`[17]
`
`
`
`“The Netherlands does not execute Letters of Request for proceedings known in Common Law
`countries as 'pre-trial discovery of documents’. The government’s use of the term Letters of Request,
`which are intended for proceedings known in Common Law countries as 'pre-trial discovery of
`documents’ and which the Netherlands does not execute, ... means any letter of request requiring a
`person: to state which documents relevant to the proceedings to which the letter of request relates are
`or have been in his possession, custody or power; or to produce all documents other than the
`particular documents specified in the letter of request as being documents which, as far as the court
`applied to is concerned, are or are likely to be in his possession, custody or power.”
`
`[18]
`
`
`
`See also Van der Korst, Chapter 8, ‘Grensoverschrijdende bewijsverkrijging’ (Cross-border Taking of
`Evidence). In this regard see also the Amsterdam Appellate Court, November 25, 2008, NJF 2009, 31,
`where it held that the request for legal assistance originating from the USA had been made in the
`context of the 'discovery' phase in the U.S. proceedings between Net2Phone and Ebay, whereas,
`regarding the applicability of the Evidence Convention, the Netherlands had included a caveat as per
`Article 23 of that Convention according to which Letters of Request will not be executed for the
`purpose of conducting proceedings known as Pre-Trial Discovery of Documents in countries where
`Common Law applies. The legal assistance requested was then denied. In my AA cahier, my views
`were far more in line with this caveat in Treaty Series 1981, 70. They have since evolved.
`
`[19]
`
`
`
`See also D.M. Buné, ‘De naleving van Europese privacy regels bij grensoverschrijdende civiele
`procedures’ (Compliance with European privacy rules in cross-border civil litigation), Bb 2009, vol. 11,
`25. The article makes no reference to the Netherlands’ caveat on pre-trial discovery discussed in
`section 3.3.
`
`

`

`Case 1:19-cv-11586-FDS Document 210-12 Filed 07/16/21 Page 7 of 11
`
`l, Dorine Mathilde Antonie Stevens, residing in Utrecht, duly sworn as a translator for the English
`language by the Dístrict Court of Midden-Nederland, Utrecht location, and listed under number
`tt745 in the Dutch Register of Sworn lnterpreters and translators (Register beëdigde tolken en
`vertolers) of the Dutch Legal Aid Board (Raod voor Rechtsbiistond), the official register of sworn
`translators and interpreters recognised and approved by the Dutch Ministry of Justice, certify that
`the foregoing document is a true and faithful translation of the Dutch source text, a copy of which is
`hereby attached.
`
`Amsterdam ,15 July 2O2t
`
`ó)'.:Èà
`* / * rrfr& ^ \{.
`
`Ët 'ffi1Ë
`
`

`

`Case 1:19-cv-11586-FDS Document 210-12 Filed 07/16/21 Page 8 of 11
`Het inzagerecht (BPP nr. IX) 2017/3.3
`3.3 De disclosure of discovery
`
`mr. J.R. Sijmonsma, datum 01-09-2017
`
`Datum
`01-09-2017
`Auteur
`mr. J.R. Sijmonsma
`Vakgebied(en)
`Burgerlijk procesrecht (V)
`
`In hoofdstuk 1 is het arrest Tripels/Masson genoemd.[1] In die zaak wees de president van de Rechtbank Den Haag toe de
`vordering tot afgifte van afschriften van bank- en girorekeningen en effectenportefeuille en overzichten van deelnames van
`Masson in verschillende vennootschappen en afgifte van de boekhoudkundige administratie van te Jersey en Liechtenstein
`gevestigde vennootschappen vanaf 1976 tot de dag van het uitbrengen van de dagvaarding. Het hof dacht hier anders over.
`Het overwoog dat met dit onderdeel van de vordering het afleggen van rekening en verantwoording van Masson tegenover
`Tripels wordt verlangd met betrekking tot de financiële handel en wandel van Masson in het verleden en heden. Dit kan
`Tripels echter niet verlangen omdat hiervoor geen wettelijke grondslag bestaat. De wet verplicht een debiteur als Masson
`immers niet tot een dergelijke openbaarmaking, terwijl partijen evenmin een overeenkomst van dien aard hebben gesloten
`en ten slotte heeft Masson geen beheer gevoerd. Ter zake de gevorderde overlegging van de boekhoudingen is het hof van
`oordeel dat zich de gevallen van art. 8 en art. 11 WvK niet voordoen. De vordering wordt dus afgewezen. Volgens de Hoge
`Raad is een schuldenaar verplicht om een schuldeiser met een opeisbare vordering inlichtingen omtrent zijn inkomens- en
`vermogenspositie en omtrent voor verhaal vatbare goederen te verschaffen.[2] Het strookt echter, aldus de Hoge Raad, niet
`met het wettelijk stelsel om aan deze verplichting een zodanig praktische uitwerking te geven dat een vordering als de
`onderhavige zou kunnen worden toegewezen. Er is immers slechts een beperkte kring van personen die van de
`schuldenaar rekening en verantwoording of overlegging van de boekhouding kan vergen. Een vordering tot afgifte van een
`zo groot aantal bescheiden is voorbehouden aan de curator in een faillissement.
`De vordering van Tripels was te ruim en overschreed daarmee de grenzen van art. 843a Rv of, zoals A-G Huydecoper bij
`een ander arrest concludeerde, dat het “…wel als bezwaarlijk wordt aangemerkt (iets wat ik van harte onderschrijf), dat
`voorlopige instructiemaatregelen zo zouden worden toegepast, dat de verzoeker de ruimte krijgt om naar eigen goeddunken
`(allerlei hem welgevallige) informatie ten laste van zijn wederpartij te gaan verzamelen (uit de angelsaksische rechtspraktijk
`kennen wij hiervoor de beeldende uitdrukking ‘fishing expedition’). Waarom dat laatste niet behoort te worden toegestaan,
`kan als volgt worden toegelicht: zoiets zou zich niet verdragen met het naar Nederlands recht aanvaarde uitgangspunt, dat
`men niet ‘zomaar’ toegang kan verlangen tot alle informatie waarover een ander beschikt …”.[3] De vordering van Tripels
`past wel in het stelsel van Engelse en Amerikaanse “discoverymogelijkheden”.[4]
`De woorden discovery en disclosure worden veel door elkaar gebruikt en dat niet alleen in Nederland.[5] Mede gelet op het
`woordgebruik van de Commissie- Storme (zie Hoofdstuk 4), zal ik in het hierna volgende onder discovery verstaan “het
`ontdekken van het bestaan van een document” of “de zoektocht naar het al dan niet bestaan van een document”; disclosure
`is vervolgens het openbaren van de inhoud van het ontdekte document.[6] In Engeland wordt overwegend het woord
`“disclosure” gebruikt. Zie onder meer de tekst van de “Civil Procedure Rules” die in Part 31, de “disclosure and inspection of
`documents” een heel hoofdstuk met 23 artikelen besteedt aan de disclosure. In par. 31.2 wordt onder het hoofd “Meaning of
`disclosure” vermeld “A party discloses a document by stating that the document exists or has existed”.
`Een zoektocht in de United States Code op de woorden “discovery” en “disclosure” geeft op beide woorden de nodige
`treffers. Uit die treffers kan voorzichtig de conclusie worden getrokken dat in de discoveryfase nog geen duidelijkheid
`bestaat over het bestaan van het document, terwijl de disclosurefase betrekking heeft op de vraag of de inhoud van een
`document, waarvan het bestaan zeker is, moet worden meegedeeld.
`In Engeland en in de Verenigde Staten bestaat de zogenaamde “pre-trial- discoveryfase”. Een partij kan in deze fase
`verlangen dat de andere partij hem kennis laat nemen van de inhoud van die stukken die van belang zijn voor de
`procedure.[7] Een beperking zoals in art. 843a Rv wordt gegeven met de woorden “rechtmatig belang” en “bepaalde
`bescheiden” bestaat niet of nauwelijks.[8] Het ontbreken van dergelijke beperkingen kan tot gevolg hebben dat de omvang
`van de procedure schrikbarend toeneemt, terwijl verder de gelegenheid tot het vissen naar stukken wordt geboden. Naar
`ons recht zou een en ander niet mogelijk zijn omdat de combinatie van de woorden “rechtmatig belang” en “bepaalde
`bescheiden” in de weg staat aan dergelijk vissen naar stukken. In de parlementaire geschiedenis bij art. 21 Rv vroegen de
`leden van de VVD in de Eerste Kamer of dit artikel niet een uitvloeisel is van het Anglo-Amerikaanse systeem van
`disclosure waarbij eindeloos wordt geprocedeerd over de vraag welke stukken wel of niet overgelegd moeten worden. De
`
`Link: http://deeplinking.kluwer.nl/?param=00CF96E0&cpid=WKNL-LTR-Nav2
`Alle (auteurs-)rechten op dit document berusten bij Wolters Kluwer Nederland B.V. of haar licentiegevers en worden uitdrukkelijk
`voorbehouden. Dit document is gegenereerd op 09-07-2021. Kijk voor meer informatie over de diensten van Wolters Kluwer op www.w
`olterskluwer.nl
`
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`Case 1:19-cv-11586-FDS Document 210-12 Filed 07/16/21 Page 9 of 11
`minister is van mening dat art. 21 Rv past binnen een op het continent reeds langer bestaande ontwikkeling die geen
`uitvloeisel is van het Anglo-Amerikaanse systeem.[9] Ook Kremer en Rehbock zijn van mening dat de discovery, ook het
`“pre-trialdeel” niet past in het Nederlandse systeem.[10] Kort gezegd zijn zij van mening, mede aan de hand van het
`proefschrift van Van den Reek, dat discovery niet een op zichzelf staand figuur is maar een specifieke functie vervult binnen
`een groter geheel. Ten tweede lijkt het volgens hen in de praktijk tot weinig verschil te leiden omdat ook in Nederland een
`partij die voldoende zeker weet dat de andere partij informatie achterhoudt, de betreffende informatie weet te vergaren. Ten
`derde staan in beide systemen de partijen die onvoldoende zeker weten welke informatie de andere partij bezit, met lege
`handen. A-G Spier lijkt evenmin een voorstander van “full disclosure” te zijn. In een zeer uitvoerige conclusie wijst hij
`uitgebreid op de nadelen, vooral op de vismogelijkheden die volgens hem voorkomen moeten worden, en vindt hij een
`dergelijke ontwikkeling weinig aantrekkelijk.[11] Krans schrijft in het kader van The Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure
`(hierna PTCP) dat het Engelse en Amerikaanse recht met hun disclosure (waar in deze Principles aansluiting bij is gezocht)
`ruimere mogelijkheden geven tot toegang tot informatie dan het Nederlandse recht. Dat gat is echter minder gapend omdat
`ook in de PTCP geen onvoorwaardelijke toegang wordt erkend, waar de discovery als limited wordt aangemerkt. De
`uitgangspunten van de PTCP (en, zo begrijp ik, de disclosure in Engeland en Amerika omdat de PTCP bij het recht in die
`landen kennelijk aansluiting heeft gezocht) en het Nederlandse recht verschillen, maar de uitkomsten hoeven minder ver uit
`elkaar te liggen.[12]
`Haazen vermeldt dat zelfs in Amerika, dat volgens de critici bol zou staan van de fishing expeditions, het ene na het andere
`empirisch onderzoek, uitwijst dat “in many American civil cases, often approaching fifty percent, there is no discovery, and in
`most of the remainder of the cases there is remarkably little.”[13]
`Croiset van Uchelen weegt het Nederlandse inzagesysteem af tegen het common lawsysteem van discovery en ziet het
`verschil vooral in het feit dat het in het common lawsysteem makkelijker is om vooraf bewijs op tafel te krijgen, zij het vaak
`tegen aanzienlijke kosten, terwijl in het Nederlandse inzagesysteem de zaak eerst wordt uit-geargumenteert zodat het tot
`een meer gefocuste discovery komt. Hij merkt hierbij wel op dat volgens hem het Nederlandse systeem toelaat dat een op
`de voet van art. 843a Rv gedaan inzageverzoek al vroegtijdig wordt gedaan, en kan worden toegewezen.[14]
`De jurisprudentie is niet altijd even terughoudend. Zo beslist de Rb. Rotterdam op 3 oktober 1996 dat Center Parcs en S&N
`aan ex-aandeelhouders van Center Parcs inzage moeten geven in de notulen van bepaalde vergaderingen van de raden
`van bestuur, zonder dat een beperking naar bijvoorbeeld onderwerp wordt gegeven.[15]
`Waar de wereld steeds kleiner wordt, is het mogelijk dat een Nederlandse gedaagde onder de jurisdictie van de
`Amerikaanse of Engelse rechter valt. Deze gedaagde kan verplicht worden om op grond van Amerikaanse of Engelse
`regels documenten over te leggen. Indien een dergelijk verzoek bij wijze van rogatoire commissie vanuit bijvoorbeeld
`Engeland aan de Nederlandse rechter wordt gedaan, zal dit verzoek gegrond zijn op het Haags Bewijsverdrag.[16] Aan een
`dergelijk verzoek aan een Nederlandse rechter kan slechts gehoor worden gegeven met inachtneming van de verklaring die
`Nederland op grond van art. 23 van dit bewijsverdrag heeft afgelegd. Art. 23 Haags Bewijsverdrag bepaalt dat een
`verdragsluitende staat kan verklaren dat hij geen uitvoering geeft aan een rogatoire commissie tot het houden van een
`procedure die in de staten waar de Common Law geldt bekend is als “pre-trial discovery of documents”. Nederland heeft
`een dergelijke verklaring afgelegd. Die verklaring is te vinden in hetTractatenblad 1981, 70.[17] Uit de tekst van de verklaring
`in Trb. 1981, 70 die Nederland heeft afgelegd, blijkt dat de wetgever in elk geval de hand wil houden aan het beginsel dat
`vissen naar stukken in Nederland niet geoorloofd is, waarbij het mij overigens niet duidelijk is geworden of de toenmalige
`Nederlandse wetgever voldoende inzicht had in de grenzen van de “pre-trial discovery of documents” in de Common Law
`landen of dat er sprake was van koudwatervrees. De bewoordingen van de tekst van deze verklaring zijn duidelijk en dus de
`wens van de wetgever ook. In elk geval in 1981 gaf de wetgever in dit kader dus een visverbod. De vraag rijst natuurlijk of
`bij de uitleg van art. 843a Rv in 2010 nog met deze wens rekening moet worden gehouden. Indien met die wens of dat
`inzicht uit 1981 rekening gehouden moet worden, betekent dit dat de grenzen van de uitleg van woorden als “rechtmatig
`belang” en “bepaalde bescheiden” getrokken moeten worden langs hetgeen is vermeld als verklaring van de regering in het
`Tractatenblad. Ik ben van mening dat dat standpunt niet houdbaar is. De rechtsontwikkeling op dit terrein is de afgelopen
`jaren zo snel gegaan, dat hetgeen een wetgever bijna dertig jaar geleden heeft opgemerkt, waarbij het opgemerkte (nog)
`niet in de sleutel van de waarheidsvinding werd gezet, niet meer een al te belangrijke rol mag spelen. Het is hierbij tevens
`van belang dat de wetgever van de versies van art. 843a Rv noch in 1987-1988 noch in 2001 heeft verwezen naar het in het
`Tractatenblad 1981, 70 gemaakte voorbehoud. Ik denk dus dat bij de uitleg van art. 843a Rv in 2010 niet al te zeer meer
`naar dit op het Haags Bewijsverdrag gegronde voorbehoud moet worden gekeken.[18] Het wordt misschien zelfs wel tijd om
`dit voorbehoud te sch

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