Case 2:17-cv-00513-JRG Document 226-8 Filed 12/14/18 Page 1 of 4 PageID #: 11799
`Case 2:17-cv-00513-JRG Document 226-8 Filed 12/14/18 Page 1 of 4 PageID #: 11799
`
`EXHIBIT 8
`EXHIBIT 8
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`

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`Case 2:17-cv-00513-JRG Document 226-8 Filed 12/14/18 Page 2 of 4 PageID #: 11800
`,--·--
`
`The New Oxford
`American Dictionary
`
`- · · - - - - - · ·
`
`EDIT ED BY
`
`Elizabeth J. Jewell
`Frank Abate
`
`OXFORD
`
`VNlVERS !TY PRESS
`2001
`
`I
`
`I
`I
`
`"' I I
`
`

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`Case 2:17-cv-00513-JRG Document 226-8 Filed 12/14/18 Page 3 of 4 PageID #: 11801
`
`OXFORD
`
`VNIVE.RS JTY PRESS
`
`NewYork Oxford
`Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Cape Town
`Istanbul Karachi
`Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong
`Kolkara Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi
`Paris Sao Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo To_ronto Warsaw
`and associated companies in
`Berlin Ibadan
`
`The New Oxford Amen'can Dictionary is based on the New Oxford
`Dic1io11ary of English, published in the United Kingdom in 1998.
`
`Copyright © 2001 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
`
`Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.,
`198 Madison Avenue,
`New York, New York 10016
`
`www.oup-usa.org
`www. ask,oxford. com
`
`Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press.
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
`stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
`elecu·onic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otheiwise, without
`the prior permission of Oxford University Press.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`Data available
`ISBN 0-19-511227-X (thumb index)
`
`This book includes some words that are, or are asserted to be, proprietary
`names or trademarks. Their inclusion does not imply that they have
`acquired for legal purposes a nonproprietary or general significance, nor is
`any other judgment implied concerning their legal status. In cases where
`the editor has some evidence that a word is used as a proprietary name
`or trademark, this is indicated by the designation trademark, but no
`judgment concerning the legal status of such words is made or implied
`thereby.
`
`10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
`
`Printed in the United Scates of America on acid-free paper
`
`

`

`Case 2:17-cv-00513-JRG Document 226-8 Filed 12/14/18 Page 4 of 4 PageID #: 11802
`whelp
`whiff
`1921
`
`>n. an act or instance of flowing or heaping up abun(cid:173)
`dantly; a surge: the whelm of the tide.
`-ORIGll'f Middle English: representing an Old Eng(cid:173)
`lish form parallel'to hwef/an 'overturn (a vessel).'
`whelp I (h)welp I >n. a puppy.
`• a cub. • a boy or young man (often as a disparaging
`form of address). • (whelps) a set of projections on
`the barrel of a capstan or windlass, designed to re(cid:173)
`duce the slippage of a rope.
`>V. (trans.] (of a female dog) give birth to (a puppy): Cop(cid:173)
`per whelped seven puppies I [inlrans.] a bitch due u, whelp.
`-PHRAS8S in whelp (ofa female dog) pregnant.
`- ORIGIN Old English hwelp (noun), of Germanic ori-
`gin; related to Dutch welp and German ~if
`when I (h)wen I >lnterrog. adv. at what time: when did you
`last see him? I (with prep.] since when. have you been inter·
`ested?
`• how soon: when can I see you? • in what circum(cid:173)
`stances: when would such a rule be j11Stiftable?
`>relative adv. at or on which (referring to a time or cir(cid:173)
`cwnstance): Satutday is the day when I get my hair done.
`>Conj. 1 at or during the time that: I loved math when I
`was in school
`• after : call me when you're finished. • at any time that;
`whenever: can you spare five mimues when it's conve,1-
`ient?
`2 after which; and just then (implying suddenness): he
`had just drifted off u, sleep when the phone rang.
`3 in view of the fact that; considering that: tohy bother
`u, paini it when you can phowgraph it with the same ef·
`fect?
`4 although; whereas: I'm saying it now when I should
`have tcld you long ago.
`-ORIGIN Old English lrwanne, hwerme, of Germanic
`origin; related to German wenn 'if; warm 'when.'
`whence I (h)wens I (also from whence) formal archaic
`>interrog. adv. from what place or source: whence does
`Congress derive this power?
`>rel alive adv. from which; from where: the Ural mountains,
`whence the ore is procttred.
`• to the place from which: he will be seni back whence he
`came. • as a consequence of which: tohence it followed
`that the strategies were obsolete.
`-o RIG IN Middle English whennes, from earlier whenne
`(from Old English hwano11, of Germanic origin) + -S3
`(later respelled -ce to denote the unvoiced sound).
`U$AGE: Si~ic:~ty. speaking1 whence· means ,'from
`•what place,' as in , whence · dtd you come? Thus, the
`'.pr~position frbn\ infiom whence did,ycu cor11ei is te(cid:173)
`duridant and jts us·e is coqsidertd incorrect by some.
`Tile use with from is very c6mmon;though; and h as
`!been used by reputable writers since tl}e I 4th centu(cid:173)
`,ry. It is _now b roa(lly' acc:_£ted iii sta~d~ d)3nglish_,
`whence•so•ev•er I ,(h)wensO'evdrl >relative adv. lormal
`archaic from whatever place or source.
`when•e'er I (h)wdn'er I poeliclliterary >contraction of when(cid:173)
`ever.
`when•ev•er I (h)wdn'ev3rl >conj. at whatever time; on
`whatever occasion (emphasizing a lack of restriction):
`you can ash for help whenever you need it.
`• every time that: the springs in the armchair creak
`whenever I change position.
`>lnterrog. adv. used for emphasis instead of "when" in
`questions, typically expressing surprise or confusion:
`whenever shall we get there? See usage WHATEVER.
`-PHRASES or whenever inlormal or at any time: if you
`lay eyes on him, either umight or tomorrow or tohenever,
`,,
`call me right away.
`when-is•sued >adj. Finance of or relating to trading in
`securities that have not yet been issued.
`when•so•e'er I ,(h)wenso'erl poelicllitarary >contraction of
`whensoever.
`when•so•ev•er I ,(h)wensO'evdr I >conj. & adv. formal
`term for WHENEVER.
`where I (h)wer I >lnterrog. adv. in or to what place or po(cid:173)
`sition: where do you live? I where is she going? I [with
`l)(ep.J where do you come from? I
`• in wh at direction or respect: where does the argument
`lead? • in or from what source: where did you read
`that? • in or to what situation or condition: j11St where
`is all this leading us?
`>relallve adv. 1 at, in, or to which (used after reference to
`a place or situation): I fim saw him in Paris, where I
`lived in the· ea,·ly sixties.
`2 the place or situation in which: this is where I live.
`• in or to a place or situation in which: sit where I can
`see you I where people were concerned, his threshold of
`boredom was low. • in or to any place in which; wher(cid:173)
`ever: he was free u, go where he liked.
`>conj. Informal 1 that: do you see where the men in your life
`are emotionally unavailable u, you? I I see where the hotel
`has changed hands again.
`2 whereas: whe,·e some care-givers burn out, others become
`too involved.
`
`•n. ((prec. by the)] the place; the scene of something
`(see WHEN n.).
`-ORIG I N Old English hwdr, of Germanic origin; re(cid:173)
`lated to Dutch wam· and German wo.
`where•a•bouts >fnterrog. adv. I '(h)wera,bowts I where
`or approximately where: whereabouts do you come from?
`>n. [treated as sing. or pl.] the place where someone or
`something is: his whereabouts remain secret.
`where•aMer I (h)wer'ref~r l >relative adv. formal after
`which: dinner was taken at t1 long wooden table, whereaf(cid:173)
`, ter we sipped liqueurs in from of a roaring fire.
`where•as I (h)wer'rez l •conf. in conu·ast or compari(cid:173)
`son with the fact that: you treat the matter lightly, where(cid:173)
`as I myself was never more serious.
`• ( esp. in legal preambles) taking into consideration
`the fact that.
`_USAGE:. See usage at WHILE.
`where•at I (h)wer'ret I >relative adv. & conj. archaic or fom,al
`at which: they demanded mi equal share in the high com-
`·
`ma,td, whereat negotiatio11s broke down.
`where•by I (h)wer'bl I >relative adv. by which: a system
`whereby people could vote by telephone.
`wher•e'er I (h)wer'er l poeliclllterary >contraction of wher(cid:173)
`ever.
`where•fore I '(h)wer,ffirl archaic >fnterrog. adv. for what
`reason: she took an ill turn, but wherefore I cannot say.
`>relative adv. & ccnj. as a result of which: [as conj.] tl'Uly he
`cared /01· me, where/ote I title hint with all respect.
`- PHRASES whys and wherefores see WHY .
`where•from I , (h)wer'frdm I >relative adv. archaic from
`which or from where: one day you may lose this pride of
`place wherefrom you now dominate.
`where•in I (h)wer'in I formal >adv. 1 [relative adv.] in
`which: the situation wherein the information will evemu(cid:173)
`aliy be used.
`2 (interrog. adv.] in wha.t place or respect?: so wherein lies
`the difference?
`where•of l(h)we'rav;-'dv l >relative adv. formal of what or
`which: I k11ow whereof I speak.
`where•on I (h)wer'iin; -'onl >relative adv. archaic on
`which: rite cliff side wheteo,i I walked.
`where•so•e'er I ,(h)wers!l'erl poelic/l'tlerary >contraction of
`wheresoever.
`where•so•ev•er I ,(h)wersO'evar l >adv. & conl, formal
`word for WHEREVER.
`where•to I (h)wer't<:ro I >relative adv. archaic formal to
`which: young ambiticn's ladder, whereto the climber(cid:173)
`upward turns his face.
`where•up•on I (h)wer.i'piin I >conj. immediately after
`which: he qualified in February, whereupon he was pro(cid:173)
`moted to sergemu.
`wher•ev•er I (h)wer'evarl >relative adv. in or to what(cid:173)
`ever place (emphasizing a lack of restriction): meet me
`wherevet you like.
`• in all places; regardless of where: it should be aooila(cid:173)
`ble wherever you go to shop.
`>interrog. adv. used for emphasis instead of "wh ere" in
`questions, typically expressing surprise or confusion:
`wherever can he have gone to? See usage below.
`.conj. in every case when: use whole grain breakfast cere(cid:173)
`als wherever possible.
`-PHRASES or wherever informal or any similar place: it
`is bound u, have originated in Taiwan or wherew,:
`USAGE: In-forma.l writing; where ever, in which ever
`·\s an intensifier of the question_wHete'(as·d istinctfrom
`wl)erever in tlie s-ense of 'anywhere') is-written ,as
`two words: where ever can he have gone?. See expla(cid:173)
`n_:ition in usage at HOWE\/~fl ~nd Wt,IATE~ER;',, .
`where•with I (h)wer'wiTH; -'wi:w I >relative adv. formal ar·
`chaic with or by which: the instrumental means t0herewith
`the action is performed.
`where•with•al I '(h)wcrwiIH,61; -wiTH· I >n. ( usu. with
`infinitive] (the wherewithal) the money or other means
`needed for a particular purpose: they la,:ked the where(cid:173)
`witlial to pay.
`wher•ry I '(h)were I >n. (pl. -les) a light rowing boat
`used chiefly for carrying passengers.
`• liril. a large light barge.
`-DBRIVATrvas wher•ry•man l'(h)wer<!man l n. (pl.
`-men).
`-ORIGIN late Middle English: of unknown origin.
`whet I (h)wetl >V. (whetted, whetting) (lrans.J sharpen
`the b lade of (a tool or weapon): her husband is whetting
`his knife.
`• excite or stimulate (someone's desire, interest, or
`appetite): here'.i a,n extract to whet your appetite.
`>n. archaic a thing that stimulates appetite or desire: he
`swallowed his two dozen oysters as a whet.
`-DERIVATIVES whet•ter n. (rare).
`-0 RIG IN Old English hwetum, of Germanic origin; re-
`lated to German wetzen, based on an adjective mean(cid:173)
`ing 'sharp.'
`wheth•er I' (h)weIHdr I >conj. expressing a doubt or
`
`:s~ U~age at IF.
`
`choice between alternatives: he seemed undecided
`whether u, go or stay I it is still not clear whether or
`not he realizes.
`• expressing an inquiry or investigation ( often used in
`indirect questions): I'll see whether she's at home. • in(cid:173)
`dicating that a statement applies whichever of the al(cid:173)
`ternatives mentioned is the case: I'm going whether
`you like it or not.
`-PH RA s B s whether or no 1 whether or not: the only
`issue arising would be whether or no the publication was
`defamatory. 2 archaic in any case: God help 11s, whetl1et or
`110!
`' - ORIGIN Old English hw<£ther, hwether, of Germanic
`origin; related to German weder 'neither.'
`USAGE: On the difference between whether and 1(
`'
`'
`. .
`' .
`whet•stone I '(h)wet,ston I >n. a fine-grained stone
`used for sharpening cutting tools.
`whew I hy®; hwy<:ro I >exclam. used to express surprise,
`relief, or a feeling of being very hot or tired: Whew(cid:173)
`and I thought it was serious!
`-o RIG IN late Middle English: imitative; compare with
`PHEW.
`whey I (h)wa I >O. the watery part of milk that remains
`after the formation of curds:
`-o RIG IN O ld English hwag, hweg, of Germanic ori(cid:173)
`gin; related to Dutch wei.
`whey-faced >adj. (of a person) pale, esp. as a result of
`ill health, shock, or fear.
`hlch I (h)wicH I >lnterrog. pron. & adj. asking for infor(cid:173)
`mation specifying one or more people or things from a
`definite set: (as pron.] which are the best varieties of grapes
`for long keeping? I which of the suspects murdeted him?
`l [as adjJ_which W<:!V is the wind blowing?
`relative pron. & adl. used referring to something previous(cid:173)
`ly mentioned when introducing a clause giving furthe
`information: (as pron.] a co1,/e,-.11co iu Vi<1ma, which
`e11<kd 011 Friday I (after prep.] it was a crisis Jot wliicli lie
`was wtally unprepared I [as adj., after prep.] your claim
`ough1 to succeed i,i which case the damage wl11 be u -
`ta11tial.
`-PHRASES which is v.:hicb used .when two or more
`people or things arc difficult to distinguish from each
`other: there is no confi,sion as w which is which.
`- ORIGIN Old English hwilc,from the Germanic bases
`of WHO and ALIKE.
`USAGE: In US 'E nglish, it is usually ,-ecommended
`iliat: which be ·employed only for nonrestrictive (or
`·nohess~ntial) clauses: tbe horse, which is in the paddock,
`• >ts .fix ;1ears old (the which-clause contains a I)Onessen(cid:173)
`·tial fact, noted in passing; the ho~s~ · '\\ould b e. six
`·years.old. wherever it was). A tha.t clause is -restrictive
`( or essential), as it id~ntifies-a particular Jhlog: tlie
`,jtorse {hat is in the paddock is six years. old (not"any
`porse, but the on,e in the paddock). See. also usage at
`Rj:STRICTIVE ~nd THAT:
`.. ,
`.. •
`which•a•way I '(h)wicHa,wa I informal, dialect >lnterrog.
`adv. 1 'in which direction?
`2 how? in which way?
`>relallve adv. however; in whatever way.
`-PHRASES every whlchaway in a disorderly fashion:
`books are skewed and lounge against one anotlter every
`which away.
`whlch•ev•er I ,(h)wicH'evdrl >relallve adj. & pron. used
`· to emphasize a lack of restriction in selecting one of a
`definite set of alternatives: [as adj.] choose wliichever
`brand you pte/er I [as pron.] their pension should be ii,1-
`creased anm,a/iy i11 line with earnings or prices, whichevet
`, .
`isthe higher.
`• regardless of which: [as adj.] they were in a position to
`intercept him whichever way he ran I (as pron.) which(cid:173)
`ever they choose, we mmt accept it.
`which•so•ev•er I ,(h)wicHso'evar l >adj. & pron. archaic
`whichever: (as pron.] 011 aey occasion whichsoever il be.
`whick•er l' (h)wik;irl >V. (intrans.] 1 utter a half(cid:173)
`suppressed laugh; snigger; titter: a half-loony whicker of
`nerves.
`• (of a horse) give a soft breathy whinny: the palomino
`whickered when she saw him and stamped her foreleg.
`2 move with a sound as of something hurtling through
`or beating the air: the soft whicker o/ the wind flowing
`through the ]Illy corn.
`>n. 1 a snigger; a soft, breathy whinn y.
`2 the sound of something beating the air.
`-ORIGIN mid 17th cent. (in the sense 'to snigger, tit(cid:173)
`ter'): imitative.
`whid•ah >n. archaic spelling of WHYDAH.
`Whld•bey ls•land l '(h)widbe l an island in north(cid:173)
`western Washington, nortl1 of Puget Sound.
`whiff I (h)wifl >n. 1 a smell that is only smelled briefly
`or faintly: I caught a whiff of peachy pe,fume.
`
`See page xxxviii for the Key to Pronunciation
`
`els
`tn-
`
`igh
`
`JS
`>hr
`1rd
`CtS
`>le
`
`IV(cid:173)
`m-
`
`nd
`
`,. a
`tn-
`
`de
`·ak
`
`els
`
`Sp.
`)0•
`
`Or
`el.
`1er
`)rt
`
`in
`>p.
`
`tel
`
`ho
`
`on
`
`is
`
`JD.
`
`he
`'C(cid:173)
`'eti
`
`u .,,,
`
`JO(cid:173)
`he
`ke
`ne
`
`'Z•
`
`,Id
`,p.
`or
`
`Id
`
`·r-
`
`IS
`
`th
`
`)•
`
`f, ,.
`
`1-
`
`