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`Shooters —- A “Fracking” History
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`Petroleum Technology
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`Evolution of technologiesfor fracturing geologic
`formations to increase oil and natural gas
`production.
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`Ever since the earliest U.S. oil discoveries, detonating dynamite or nitroglycerin downhole helped
`increase a well’s production. The geologic “fracking” technology commonly usedin oilfields after
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`the Civil War would be significantly enhanced when hydraulic fracturing arrived in 1949.
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`Modern hydraulic fracturing — popularly knownas petroleum well “fracking” — can trace
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`its roots to April 1865, when Civil War Union veteran Lt. Col. Edward A. L. Roberts received
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`the first of his many patents for an “exploding torpedo.”
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`In May 1990, Pennsylvania’s Otto Cupler Torpedo Company“shot”its last oil well with liquid
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`nitroglycerin as the company abandoned using nitro while continuing to pursue a
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`fundamental oilfield technology. Company President Rick Tallini credited Col. Roberts’
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`original patents for leading to the modern fracturing systems.
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`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing/
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`In 1862, E.A.L. Roberts was appointed Lieutenant Colonel of the Union Army. In December he
`“conceived the idea of opening the veins and crevicesin oil-bearing rock by exploding an
`elongated shell or torpedo therein.” Images courtesy Drake Well Museum, Early DaysofOil,
`Princeton University Press.
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`When the Roberts patent expired in 1883, his companywas sold to former employee
`Adam Cupler Jr. — whodied in a 1903 nitro explosion. The Cupler Torpedo Company
`became Otto Cupler Torpedo Companyin 1937 after Otto Torpedo Company purchasedit.
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`“Our business since Colonel Roberts’ day has concerned lowering high explosives charges
`into oil wells in the Appalachian area to blast fractures into the oil bearing sand,”Tallini
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`said.
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`Col. Roberts’ torpedo companyoperated in the Allegheny region of Titusville, where the
`U.S. petroleum industry began in August 1859 with the first American well specifically
`
`drilled for oil.
`
`
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`Support the American Oil & Gas Historical Society
`
`
`
`The Civil War veteran’s explosive methodfor fracking wells in oil-bearing geologic
`formations would be adopted throughout the Pennsylvania oil regions (sometimes
`illegally), and in other states making their first oil discoveries.
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`Civil War Veteran's Torpedo Company
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`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing/
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`Civil War veteran Col. Edward A.L. Roberts led a New Jersey Regiment at the bloody 1862
`Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia. Amid the chaos of the battle, he saw the results of
`explosive Confederateartillery rounds plunging into the narrow millrace (canal) that
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`When E.A.L. Roberts founds his companyin 1865, his many patents give him a
`monopoly on torpedoes neededbytheoil industry.
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`Despite heroic actions during the battle, he was cashiered from Union Armyin 1863. But
`the Virginia battlefield observation gave him an idea that would evolve into what he
`described as “superincumbentfluid tamping.”
`
`Roberts received his first patent for an “Improvementin Exploding Torpedoesin Artesian
`Wells” on April 25, 1865. His oilfield invention of fracturing to improve a well would vastly
`improve oil production from America’s young petroleum industry. Many more of the
`technology patents would follow.
`
`The Roberts torpedo system eclipsed earlier oilfield methods, including black powder or
`dropping sticks of dynamite down a well, which often collapsed boreholes and ruined
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`production.
`
`
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`Support the American Oil & Gas Historical Society
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`
`
`The same month Roberts was awardedhis first exploding torpedo patent, an actor with a
`failed Pennsylvania oil well assassinated President Lincoln. In June 1864, John Wilkes Booth
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`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing/
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`left Pennsylvania's oilfields after a botched fracturing attempt at an oil well drilled by his
`Dramatic Oil Company.
`
`EALFoberts. Ternedo
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`Tampedwith water, early torpedoes weresetoff
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`by “Go Devils,” a weight dropped along a
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`suspension wire.
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`Roberts received another U.S. Patent (No. 59,936) in November 1866. This improved device
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`would become widely known as the Roberts Torpedo.
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`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing/
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`Byfilling the borehole with water before detonating his torpedo, Roberts greatly advanced
`the U.S.oil industry's production technology. The column of water above the explosive
`device moreeffectively shattered rock formations at the oil-producing depths of wells.
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`ee+r©KX
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`“Shooting” Oil Wells
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`The Titusville Morning Herald newspaper reported: Our attention has beencalled to a series
`of experiments that have been madein the wells of various localities by Col. Roberts, with his
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`newly patented torpedo. The results have in many cases been astonishing.
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`The torpedo, whichis an iron case, containing an amountof powdervarying from fifteen to
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`twenty pounds, is lowered into the well, down to the spot, as near as can be ascertained, where
`it is necessary to explodeit. It is then exploded by meansof a cap on the torpedo, connected
`with the top of the shell by a wire.
`
`Filling the borehole with water provided Roberts his “fluid tamping” to concentrate
`concussion and moreefficiently fracture surrounding oil strata.
`
`
`
`Support the American Oil & Gas Historical Society
`
`
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`The downhole technique had an immediate impact — production from some wells
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`increased 1,200 percent within a week of being shot - and the Roberts Petroleum Torpedo
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`Companyflourished.
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`Roberts charged $100 to $200 per torpedo and a royalty of one-fifteenth of the increased
`flow ofoil. Attempting to avoid Roberts’ fees, some oilmen hired unlicensed practitioners
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`who operated by “moonlight” with their own devices. The inventor was outraged.
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`Roberts hired Pinkerton detectives and lawyersto protect his patent — and is said to have
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`been responsible for morecivil litigation in defense of a patent than anyone in U. S.
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`history. He spent more than $250,000 to stop the unlawful “torpedoists” or “moonlighters.”
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`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing/
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`Pouring nitro into a canister to prepare a “shooting” of a well drilled using a cable-tool rig
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`powered with a nearby steam boiler.
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`Applied legally or illegally, by 1868 nitroglycerin was preferred to black powder, despite its
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`frequently fatal tendency to detonateaccidentally.
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`“A flame or a spark would not explode Nitro-Glycerin readily, but the chap who struck it a
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`hard rap might as well avoid trouble amonghis heirs by having had his will written and a
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`cigar-box ordered to hold such fragments as his weeping relatives could pick from the
`surrounding district,” noted John J. McLauren in 1896 in his book Sketches in Crude Oil —
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`SomeAccidents and Incidents of the Petroleum Development in all parts of the Globe.
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`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing/
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`Pouring nitroglycerin was risky enough in late 19th
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`century oilfields. Doing it for an illegal well
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`“shooting” led to the term “moonlighting.”
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`Roberts died a wealthy man on March 25, 1881, in Titusville. His heirs sold Roberts
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`Petroleum Torpedo Companyto its employees, who continued in business as the
`Independent Explosives Company. By then, the Civil War Union veteran’s revolutionary
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`“fracking” technology was being applied by the petroleum industry worldwide.
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`Otto Cupler Torpedo Company
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`Rick Tallini’s historic Otto Cupler Torpedo Companyat one time produced its own
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`nitroglycerin in plants near Titusville — until the last of the company’s plants exploded in
`1978. They continued using liquid nitroglycerin for more than a decade. Then the
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`company’sfinal nitroglycerine supplier's plant exploded in Moosic, Pennsylvania, in 1990.
`
`
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`Support the American Oil & Gas Historical Society
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`A century earlier, farther east of the oilfields at Oil City and Titusville (and the notorious
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`boom town ofPithole), the giant Bradford oilfield had its own nitroglycerine manufacturers
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`and fracturing service companies. A notable fracturing operation there was run by an
`astute business woman (see Mrs. Alford’s Nitro Factory).
`
`FPLOSIVES
`
`The Drake Well Museum's 1948 Dodge Power Wagon once hauled hundreds of pounds ofliquid
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`nitroglycerin in ten-quart copper cans. The Departmentof Transportation in 1990 ended the era
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`of hauling liquid nitroglycerin over U.S. roadways. Photo by Bruce Wells.
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`Tallini’s final well shooting on May 5, 1990, used up the last of his company’sliquid nitro
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`reserves of nitroglycerine. His company would continue shooting wells, but with safer
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`modern explosives and procedures.
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`The Otto Cupler Company would established a small museum in East Titusville to preserve
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`documentsfrom its earliest “fracking” of wells.
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`An Otto Cupler Company 1948 Dodgetruck was put on display in 2008 at the Drake Well
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`Museum and Parkin Titusville. The oil museum's park has hosted realistic-looking “Nitro
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`Shows”for visitors and school groups.
`
`
`
`Support the American Oil & Gas Historical Society
`
`
`
`At the end of the 19th centuryin Indian Territory, a crowd gathered in Bartlesville to watch
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`a real nitro fracturing of a discovery well. The driller’s young stepdaughter, a Delaware
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`Indian, dropped a “go devil” — the weighted detonating device — downthe wireline in well
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`bore to set off the canister of nitroglycerin.
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`The downhole explosion of April 15, 1897, caused the Nellie Johnstone No.1 well to erupt a
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`geyser of “black gold” that impressed onlookers and launched the Oklahoma petroleum
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`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing/
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`industry (see First Oklahoma Oil Well).
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`Related to petroleum formation fracturing, developmentof well perforation was another
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`important downhole oilfield technology.
`
`In 1939, Ira McCullough of Los Angeles received a U.S. patent for his design of a multiple
`bullet-shot casing perforator, “in which projectiles or perforating elements are shot
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`through the casing and into the formation.”
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`The innovation offiring at several levels through a borehole’s casing enhanced the flow of
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`oil from geologic formations. Learn more in Downhole Bazooka.
`
`Hydraulic “Fracking’”
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`On March 17, 1949, a team of petroleum production experts converged on an oil well
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`about 12 miles east of Duncan, Oklahoma, to perform the first commercial application of
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`hydraulic fracturing. Later that day, Halliburton and Stanolind company personnel
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`successfully fractured another oil well near Holliday, Texas.
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`The first commercial hydraulic fracturing of an oil well took place in 1949 about 12 miles east
`
`of Duncan, Oklahoma.
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`A fracking well experiment twoyearsearlier in Hugoton, Kansas — home of a massive
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`natural gas field — had proven the possibility of hydraulic fracturing for increased gas well
`productivity. Erle Halliburton (1892-1957) had patented an improved method for
`
`cementingoil wells in 1921, two years after founding his well service companyin Ardmore,
`
`Oklahoma.
`
`
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`Support the American Oil & GasHistorical Society
`
`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing/
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`By 1988, the technology will have been applied nearly one million times. The technique
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`had been developed and patented by Stanolind (later known as Pan American Oil
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`Company) and an exclusive license issued to Halliburton to perform the process. In 1953,
`the license was extendedto all qualified service companies.
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`Wet ards ame Orepanty
`ae inpected don the casing
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`under extremely high pressure
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`To complete a new well, explosive charges are lowered bya wire line to perforate the steel
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`casing, cement and producing formation. After the chargesare electronically fired, hydraulic
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`fracturing greatly enhancesoil and natural gas production.
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`According to a spokesman from Pinnacle, a Halliburton service company:
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`Since that fateful day in 1949, hydraulic fracturing has done more to increase recoverable
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`reserves than any other technique, and Halliburton hasled the industry in developing and
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`applyingfracturing technology.
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`The companyrepresentative also noted, “In the morethan 60 years following thosefirst
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`treatments, more than two million fracturing treatments have been pumpedwith no
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`documentedcase of any treatment polluting an aquifer — not one.”
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`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing/
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`An Erle Halliburton statue was dedicated in 1993 in
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`Duncan, Oklahoma.
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`Issues concerning water withdrawals for hydraulic fracturing in areas of low availability,
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`spills during the handling of fracturing fluids, and injection of the fluids with inadequate
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`mechanical integrity were amongissues raised by the Environmental Protection Agency in
`its 2016 report, Hydraulic Fracturing For Oil And Gas.
`
`American Shale Revolution
`
`In the 1980s, a sudden technological advancein fracturing shale formations led to the U.S.
`
`vastly increasing its oil and especially natural gas production that continuesto this day.
`
`
`
`Support the American Oil & Gas Historical Society
`
`
`
`Although credit should be shared with others, America’sfirst “shale boom” began with the
`
`innovative thinking from independent producers, especially a Texan from Galveston,
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`GeorgeP. Mitchell, (1919 - 2013). Shale fracturing advancements began with steering a
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`well horizontally into producing geological formations.
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`In the 1980s, Mitchell Energy & Development began experimenting with hydraulic
`fracturing in horizontal wells in the Barnett Shale near Fort Worth. The company was
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`amongthe few that began finding waysto extract large amounts of natural gas from shale
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`formations.
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`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing/
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`On, March 6, 1981, Mitchell Energydrilled its C.W. Slay No. 1 well, the first commercial
`natural gas well of the Barnett shale formation. Over the next four years, the vertical well
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`produced nearly a billion cubic feet of gas, but it would take almost two decadesto perfect
`cost-effective shale fracturing methods — and combine them with horizontal drilling.
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`The 7,500-foot-deep Wise County well and others that followed in North Texas helped
`evaluate seismic and fracturing data to understand deep shale structures.
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`“The C.W.Slay No. 1 and the subsequentwells drilled into the Barnett formation laid the
`foundation for the shale revolution, proving that natural gas could be extracted from the
`dense, black rock thousands of feet underground,” the Dallas Morning Newslater
`
`declared.
`
`
`
`Support the American Oil & Gas Historical Society
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`
`
`More innovations came as geologists recognized the potential of natural gas rich shales in
`Arkansas (Fayetteville formation) and in Pennsylvania and nearbystates (the Marcellus). In
`the Williston Basin of North Dakota, producing oil since 1951, billions of barrels of new
`production came from the Bakken shale (see First North Dakota Oil Well).
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`America’ shale revolution would end the decades of dependence on foreign oil and natural
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`gas supplies.
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`America’s modern shale boom began in the 1980s when independent producerslike George
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`Mitchell experimented with ways to produce natural gas from the Barnett shale in Texas. May
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`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing/
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`2011 map courtesy Energy Information Administration.
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`By the end of 2012, with almost 14,000 wells drilled in the Barnett shale — the largest gas
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`field in Texas — production began to decline, but the field still accounted for 6.1 percent of
`Texas natural gas production, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
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`Injected Wastewater and Earthquakes
`
`The largest earthquake in Oklahoma knownto be induced by a processrelated to
`hydraulic fracturing came in 2019, according to the United States Geological Survey. USGS
`studies confirmed the majority of the state’s earthquakesfor the previous decade resulted
`
`from injected wastewater methods — notwell fracturing fluids.
`
`“Wastewater disposal is a separate processin which fluid waste from oil and gas
`production is injected deep underground far below ground water or drinking water
`aquifers,” USGS explained. “In Oklahoma over 90 percent of the wastewater thatis injected
`is a byproduct of oil extraction process and not wastefrackfluid.”
`
`
`
`Support the American Oil & Gas Historical Society
`
`
`
`;
`,
`;
`;
`;
`In the Permian Basin of West Texas, a major U.S. location of production from shale fields,
`the Texas Railroad Commission (RRC) in September 2021 reported six earthquakessince
`February 2020 registered at least a 3.5 magnitude on the Richter scale. The RRC identified
`the disposal of the large amounts of water used to break apart rock formationsasa likely
`contributor to seismic activity.
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`The commission, “asked drillers to cut back on the amount of wastewater they're pumping
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`underground,” according to World Oil. “It’s a fairly unusual move by the regulator, which
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`hasn't been as active as its counterpart in Oklahoma in trying to prevent earthquakes
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`linked to fracking.”
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`Petroleum Industry Perspective
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`Petroleum industry trade groups have established websites to educate a skeptical public
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`aboutgeologic fracturing technologies — “fracking” wells. According to one, “There is no
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`shortage of questions about domestic energy production — what technologies are used?
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`What doesit mean for our environment? How doesit create jobs? Whatis hydraulic
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`fracturing, anyway?”
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`
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`Hydraulic fracturing has been used to increase production on millions of oil and natural gas wells
`
`since 1949.
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`Germ©KX
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`To address public concerns, Energy in Depth — using research from the industry's long
`history of well fracturing — has noted: “While the first commercial fracturing job was
`conductedin the 1940s, the technique has been applied to the vast majority of U.S. oil and
`natural gas wells to enhance well performance, minimizedrilling, and recover otherwise
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`inaccessible resources.”
`
`The Energy In Depth website, a project of the Independent Petroleum Association of
`America (IPAA), has reported that 90 percent of operating U.S. wells have been fractured,
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`“and the processcontinues to be applied to boost production in unconventional
`formations — such as tight gas sands and shale deposits.”
`
`For another perspective about down-hole explosives to increase production, see Project
`Gasbuggy tests Nuclear “Fracking.”
`
`Roberts at Battle of Fredericksburg
`
`SomeCivil War historians might know of Col. Edward A. L. Roberts leading one of the manyill-
`fated Union charges up Marye’s Heights. Below is American Oil & Gas Historical Society research
`documentinglittle-known details from his service records at the National Archives, Washington,
`
`D.C.
`
`
`
`Support the American Oil & Gas Historical Society
`
`
`
`Oil well “shooting”or “fracking” torpedo inventor Col. Edward A.L. Roberts (1829-1881) was
`buried in Woodlawn Cemetery at Titusville, Pennsylvania. A simple headstone includes only
`by his name and the military rank he held at the Battle of Fredericksburg 19 years earlier.
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`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing/
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`“We wentinto action under a mostgalling and deadly fire of shot and
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`shell,” reported Col. Edward Roberts. An 1888 lithograph depicts the Army
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`of the Potomac crossing the Rappahannockat the Battle of Fredericksburg
`in December1862. Image courtesy Library of Congess.
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`For four months during the Civil War, the man who would somedayrevolutionize oil and
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`natural gas production technology served as Lt. Colonel with the 28th New Jersey
`Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He fought at Fredericksburg in December 1862 - while
`awaiting results from his court martial, which had convened just weeksearlier.
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`As the military court deliberated specifications of “intoxication on dress parade,” Roberts’
`regiment marched into the bloody fields and town Fredericksburg, Virginia. On December
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`13, the 28th NewJersey was the center of Gen. Ambrose Burnside’s first doomed assault
`on the fiercely defended Marye's Heights. Fourteen morefailed assaults would follow.
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`Col. Edward A. L. Robertsis buried in Titusville,
`Pennsylvania — wherethe U.S.oil industry began
`in 1859.
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`The 28th chargedinto carefully positioned cannons. Confederate Col. Edward Porter
`Alexander had declared: “A chicken could notlive on that field when we open on it.”
`
`Alexander was right. No Union soldiers would reach Marye’s Heights that cold December
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`day. Crossing a canal and open ground, brigade after brigade could not dislodge the
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`Confederates from their defenses behind a sunken road and stone wall. Union casualties
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`exceeded 12,000.
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`When his commander was shotin the face during the 28th’s charge, Roberts assumed
`commana. In his after action report, Roberts wrote, “We wentinto action under a most
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`galling and deadly fire of shot and shell, and continued in action until near dark. Officers
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`and men conducted themselves well.”
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`A month later, Roberts’ court martial verdict was published under General Order No. 2.
`Despite his heroic actions during the battle, among the Civil War's bloodiest, he was found
`guilty and ordered to be cashiered, effective January 12, 1863. Prior to the court's verdict,
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`Roberts had attempted to resign, but a superior officer characterized this as “tendering
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`resignation in face of enemy.”
`
`
`
`Support the American Oil & Gas Historical Society
`
`
`
`Roberts’ service as a Union officer ended in 1863. He soon would be transforming the
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`Pennsylvania oilfields — and the young U.S. petroleum industry.
`
`Moonlighters shoot Wells
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`Andrew Dalrymple secretly shot his last well on February 5, 1873, when he and his wife
`
`werekilled in a nitroglycerin explosion at Dennis Run, Pennsylvania. He allegedly had been
`“moonlighting” — illegal oil well shooting — in the Tidiouteoilfield.
`
`eG+>©K
`
`A Pennsylvania historical marker notes the 1865
`
`demonstration of Col. E.A.L. Roberts’ invention.
`
`Nitroglycerine was a powerful but dangerous means offracturing oil-producing rock
`
`formations. The technology had been patented, its use rigorously protected. Pouring
`
`nitroglycerin was risky enough in the late 19th century. Doingit illegally at night made it
`more so.
`
`“The Dalrymple torpedo accident at Tidioute brings to light the fact that nitroglycerine, or
`
`other dangerous explosives, are used, stored and manipulated secretly in placeslittle
`
`suspected by the general public,” reported the Titusville Morning Herald.
`
`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing/
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1043, Page 17
`17/27
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1043, Page 17
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`

`

`8/2/24, 10:10 AM
`
`Shooters - A"Fracking” History - American Oil & Gas Historical Society
`
`“A large amount of this dangerous material has lately been stolen from the various
`magazines throughout the country, ” the newspaper added. “This species of theft is winked
`
`at by some parties, who are opposedto the Roberts torpedo patent.”
`
`Recommended Reading: 7he Green and the Black: The Complete Story of the Shale
`Revolution, the Fight over Fracking, and the Future of Energy (2016); The Boom: How Fracking
`Ignited the American Energy Revolution and Changed the World (2015); The Frackers: The
`Outrageous Inside Story of the NewBillionaire Wildcatters (2014); The Extraction State, A
`History of Natural Gas in America (2021). Your Amazon purchase benefits the American Oil &
`Gas Historical Society. As an Amazon Associate, AOGHS earns a commission from
`qualifying purchases.
`
`ee+r©KX
`
`The American Oil & Gas Historical Society (AOGHS) preserves U.S. petroleum history. Please
`become an AOGHSannualsupporter and help maintain this energy education website and
`
`expandourhistorical research. For more information, contact bawells@aoghs.org. © 2024
`
`Bruce A. Wells.
`
`Citation Information - Article Title: “Shooters - A “Fracking” History.” Authors: B.A. Wells and
`K.L. Wells. Website Name: American Oil & Gas Historical Society. URL:
`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing. Last Updated: March 7, 2024. Original
`
`Published Date: September 1, 2007.
`
`ALSO ON AMERICANOIL & GAS HISTORICAL
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`https://aoghs.org/technology/hydraulic-fracturing/
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1043, Page 18
`18/27
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1043, Page 18
`
`

`

`8/2/24, 10:10 AM
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`Shooters - A"Fracking” History - American Oil & Gas Historical Society
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`42 Comments
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`this article claims fracking does not pollute water sources but here in UK and
`just 3 miles from me there is immense opposition to it by claiming awful
`pollution.
`So wahtis the truth about pollution by fracking?
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