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`WATER SCIENCE SCHOOL=SCIENCE
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`Water De nsity COMPLETED
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`ByWaterScienceSchoolJune 5, 2018
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`Water Properties Photo Gallery
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`Overview
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`In practical terms, density is the weight of a substance for a specific volume. The density of water is roughly 1 gram per
`milliliter but, this changes with temperatureor if there are substances dissolvedinit. Ice is less dense thanliquid water
`which is why your ice cubesfloat in your glass. As you might expect, water density is an important water measurement.
`
`+ Water Science School HOME + Water Properties topics +
`
`Water Density
`If you're still in school, you've probably heard this statement in your science class: "Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance". On Earth, you can
`assume mass is the same as weight, if that makes it easier.
`
`If you're notstill in school, then you probably forgot you ever even heard it. The definition of density, makes a lot more sense withalittle bit of
`explanation. As long as an object is made up of molecules, and thus hassize or mass, it has a density. Density is just the weight for a chosen amount
`(volume) of the material. A common unit of measurementfor water's density is gram per milliliter (1 g/ml) or 1 gramper cubic centimeter (1 g/cm).
`
`Actually, the exact density of water is not really 1 g/ml, but rather a bit less (very, very little less), at 0.9998395 g/ml at 4.0° Celsius (39.2° Fahrenheit).
`The rounded value of 1 g/ml is what you'll most often see, though.
`
`Water's density varies with temperature
`Growing up with an older brother was difficult, especially whenhe had his friends over, for their favorite activity was thinking of ways to antagonize me.
`I was able to use water density once to at least play a trick on them, though. One hot summer day they climbed the hugehill next to our house to dig a
`hole to hide their bottle-cap collection. They got thirsty and made me go back home and bring thema gallon of water. That gallon of tap water at 70°F
`weighed 8.329 pounds, which wasa lot for a 70-poundkid to haul up a hugehill.
`
`So, when they demanded another gallon of water, I consulted the "Internet" of that day—an encyclopedia— and found outthat a gallon of water at the
`boiling point only weighed 7.996 pounds! I ran up thehill carrying my gallon of water that weighed 0.333 pounds less; and ran back down evenfaster,
`their angry voices fading behind me.
`
`
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`Temperature
`
`Density
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`Weight
`
`
`(°F/°C)
`(grams/cm?
`(pounds/ft?
`
`32°F/0°C
`0.99987
`62.416
`
`
`39.2°F/4.0°C
`1.00000
`62.424
`
`
`40°F/4.4°C
`0.99999
`62.423
`
`
`50°F/10°C
`0.99975
`62.408
`
`
`60°F/15.6°C
`0.99907
`62.366
`
`
`70°F/21°C
`0.99802
`62.300
`
`
`80°F/26.7°C
`0.99669
`62.217
`
`
`90°F/32.2°C
`0.99510
`62.118
`
`
`100°F/37.8°C
`0.99318
`61.998
`
`
`120°F/48.9°C
`0.98870
`61.719
`
`
`140°F/60°C
`0.98338
`61.386
`
`
`160°F/71.1°C
`0.97729
`61.006
`
`
`180°F/82.2°C
`0.97056
`60.586
`
`
`200°F/93.3°C
`0.96333
`60.135
`
`212°F/100°C
`0.95865
`j
`59.843
`
`Source: U.S. Departmentof the Interior, Bureau of Reclaimation, 1977, Ground Water Manual, from
`
`The Water Encyclopedia, Third Edition, Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources, Edited by Pedro Fierro,Jr.
`
`and Evan K. Nyler, 2007
`
`Ice is less dense than water
`
`If you lookat this picture you can see that someof the iceberg is below the waterlevel. This is not a surprise, but actually almostall of the volumeof an
`iceberg is below the water line, not above it. This is due to ice's density being less than liquid water's density. Upon freezing, the density of ice decreases
`
`
`
`
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`by about 9 percent. sa
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`Exhibit 1125
`Bazooka v. Nuhn - IPR2024-00098
`Page 1 of 2 2
`
`
`
`Exhibit 1125
`Bazooka v. Nuhn - IPR2024-00098
`Page 1 of 2
`
`

`

`11/8/24, 11:17 AM
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`Most of an iceberg exists belowthe water surface.
`
`Thebest way to visualize howwater can havedifferent densities is to look at the frozen formof water. Ice actually has a very different structure than
`liquid water, in that the molecules align themselves in a regular lattice rather than more randomly as in theliquid form. It happens thatthe lattice
`arrangement allows water molecules to be more spread out thanina liquid, and, thus, ice is less dense than water. Again, lucky for us, as we would not
`hear that delightful tinkle of ice cubes againstthe side of a glass if the ice in our ice tea sank to the bottom. The densityof ice is about 90 percent that of
`water, but that can vary because ice can contain air, too. That means that about 10 percent of an ice cube (or iceberg) will be above the waterline.
`
`This property of wateris critical for all life on earth. Since water at about 39°F (4°C) is more dense than water at 32°F (0°C), in lakes and other water
`bodies the denser water sinks belowless-dense water. If water was most denseat the freezing point, then in winter the very cold water at the surface of
`lakes would sink, the lake could freeze from the bottom up. And, with water being such a goodinsulator (due to its heat capacity), some frozen lakes
`might not totally thaw in summer.
`
`The real-world explanation of water density is actually more complicated, as the density of water also varies with the amount of material that is
`dissolved in it. Water in nature contains minerals, gasses, salts, and even pesticides and bacteria, some of which are dissolved. As more materialis
`dissolved in a gallon of water then that gallon will weigh more and be more dense—oceanwater is denser than pure water.
`
`Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View !
`
`Heavy ice cubes sink to the bottomof a glass
`of water while the normal cubes float.
`
`Wesaid ice floats on water, but what about "heavy ice"?
`Wealready said ice floats on water becauseit is less dense, but ice of a special kind can be denser than
`normal water. "Heavy ice" is 10.6 percent denser than normal water because the ice is made from "heavy
`water". Heavy water, D0 instead of H,0, is water in which both hydrogen atoms have been replaced with
`deuterium, the isotope of hydrogen containing one proton and one neutron. Heavy wateris indeed heavier
`than normal water (which contains a tiny amount of heavy water molecules naturally), and heavy-water ice
`
`Measuring Density
`
`will sink in normal water.
`know howfar along the fermentation process has gone.
`
`
`Credit: Mike Walker
`
`The instrument to measure the density ofa liquid is called a hydrometer.It is one ofthe simplest of
`scientific-measuring devices, and you can even make your ownout of a plastic straws (see links below).
`Moreoften, though, it is made of glass and looksa lot like a thermometer. It consists of a cylindrical stem
`and a weighted bulb at the bottomto makeit float upright.
`The hydrometeris gently loweredinto the liquid to be measured until the hydrometer floats freely. There
`are etched or marked lines on the device so the user can see howhigh or low the hydrometeris floating. In
`less dense liquids the hydrometer will float lower, while in more dense liquids it will float higher. Since
`wateris the "standard" by which other liquids are measured, the mark for water is probably labeled as
`"1.000"; hence, the specific gravity of water at about 4°C is 1.000.
`
`Hydrometers have many uses, not the least being to measure the salinity of water for science classes in
`schools. They are also used in the dairy industry to get estimates of the fat content of milk, as milk with
`higher fat content will be less dense than lower-fat milk. Hydrometers are often used by people who make
`beer and wine at home, as it offers an indication of how muchsugar is in the liquid, and lets the brewer
`
`Make your own hydrometer:
`
`« Hydrometerscience-fair project
`« Making and using a hydrometer
`
` Sources/Usage: Public Domain. |
`A hydrometeris used to measure density of a
`liquid
`
`Do you think you knowa lot about water properties?
`
`Take our interactive water-properties true/false quiz and test your water knowledge.
`
`Sources/Usage: Some content mayhave restrictions.
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`

 

 







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`Exhibit 1125
`Bazooka v. Nuhn - IPR2024-00098
`Page 2 of 22/2
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`
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`Exhibit 1125
`Bazooka v. Nuhn - IPR2024-00098
`Page 2 of 2
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