1111111111111111 IIIIII IIIII 111111111111111 lllll lllll lllll 111111111111111 1111111111 11111111
`US 20190174571Al
`
`c19) United States
`c12) Patent Application Publication
`Deenoo et al.
`
`(54) LIGHT CONNECTIVITY AND
`AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY
`
`(71) Applicant: IDAC Holdings, Inc., Wilmington, DE
`(US)
`
`(52)
`
`(72)
`
`Inventors: Yugeswar Deenoo, Chalfont, PA (US);
`Ghyslain Pelletier, Montreal (CA);
`Ping Hsuan Tan, Montreal (CA);
`Martino M Freda, Laval (CA)
`
`c10) Pub. No.: US 2019/0174571 Al
`Jun. 6, 2019
`(43) Pub. Date:
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`H04W 76111
`H04W36/08
`H04W36/30
`H04W 76128
`U.S. Cl.
`CPC ........... H04W 76127 (2018.02); H04W 68102
`(2013.01); H04W 76111 (2018.02); H04W
`72/14 (2013.01); H04W 36/30 (2013.01);
`H04W 76128 (2018.02); H04W 36/08
`(2013.01)
`
`(21)
`
`Appl. No.:
`
`16/324,025
`
`(22)
`
`PCT Filed:
`
`Aug. 9, 2017
`
`(86)
`
`PCT No.:
`
`PCT /USl 7 /46001
`
`§ 371 (c)(l),
`(2) Date:
`
`Feb. 7, 2019
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(60)
`
`Provisional application No. 62/475,117, filed on Mar.
`22, 2017, provisional application No. 62/453, 128,
`filed on Feb. 1, 2017, provisional application No.
`62/442,109, filed on Jan. 4, 2017, provisional appli(cid:173)
`cation No. 62/400,837, filed on Sep. 28, 2016, pro(cid:173)
`visional application No. 62/372,973, filed on Aug. 10,
`2016.
`
`Publication Classification
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`H04W 76127
`H04W68/02
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`Light and/or Inactive state connectivity and/or autonomous
`mobility techniques are contemplated. A WTRU may, for
`example, have an inactive/idle mode, a light connected/
`loosely connected/Inactive mode and/or a connected/fully
`connected/Active mode. A WTRU in light connected mode
`may have a WTRU context stored in a RAN. A WTRU may
`perform an area monitoring procedure while in light con(cid:173)
`nected state. A WTRU may engage in autonomous mobility
`during light connectivity. A WTRU may move within a
`logical area (e.g., a RAN paging area), perhaps without
`notifying the network. The WTRU may provide notice when
`it has moved outside a logical area ( e.g., update RAN paging
`area). Mobility in light connected state may be network
`controlled ( e.g., to enable handover when data transfer may
`be allowed and/or ongoing). A WTRU may be reachable
`during a light connectivity state. A WTRU may engage in
`autonomous mobility during light connectivity and/or an
`Inactive state.
`
`TRP1 l
`
`I
`
`!
`CONNECTED
`!.,. Explicit/lmplicitTrig~
`r·ii.i.+ivEJ
`
`I
`
`2000
`
`2002
`__ UL Data arrival ____ _J
`
`I
`I
`I
`I
`
`2004
`
`2006
`
`MSGl/3 + UL Data
`
`I
`~ IV5G2/4 + ACK
`I
`[ INA~IVE)
`
`Connection Resume
`
`CONNECTED
`
`UL Data
`
`Ex.1021
`APPLE INC. / Page 1 of 50
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`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Jun. 6, 2019 Sheet 1 of 7
`
`US 2019/0174571 Al
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`Ex.1021
`APPLE INC. / Page 2 of 50
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Jun. 6, 2019 Sheet 2 of 7
`
`US 2019/0174571 Al
`
`102
`
`'
`
`124
`Speaker/
`Microphone
`
`t-
`
`116
`
`122
`
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`
`I 120
`
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`
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`Touchpad
`
`I-
`
`I
`
`132
`Removable
`Memory
`
`130
`Non-
`Removable
`Memory
`
`FIG. 1B
`
`Ex.1021
`APPLE INC. / Page 3 of 50
`
`

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`Ex.1021
`APPLE INC. / Page 4 of 50
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`

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`I ill
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`
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`185b
`
`102c
`
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`0
`
`102a
`
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`
`Xn
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`180b
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`
`Ex.1021
`APPLE INC. / Page 5 of 50
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Jun. 6, 2019 Sheet 5 of 7
`
`US 2019/0174571 Al
`
`WTRU
`
`TRPl 1
`
`!
`2000 L.. Explicit/Implicit Trigg_:;J
`
`I
`
`I
`
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`
`INACTIVE]
`,
`
`I
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`I
`
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`__ UL Data arrival ____ _J
`
`I
`:
`I
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`I
`I
`
`I
`I
`I
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`I
`I
`I
`I
`I MSGl/3 + UL Data
`L-----------------ljl,J
`1
`I
`i
`l IVISG2/4 + ACK
`j
`i"<I -------------
`I
`I
`I
`•
`I
`INACTIVE I
`I
`-~ - - ,
`I
`
`2004
`
`2006
`
`l Connection Resume
`I
`I
`j
`1"'11"--------------------------l!li
`Cl
`CONNECTED
`
`FIG. 2
`
`Ex.1021
`APPLE INC. / Page 6 of 50
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Jun. 6, 2019 Sheet 6 of 7
`
`US 2019/0174571 Al
`
`TRPl l TRP2~1
`
`~
`
`ti!:
`
`CONNECTED
`
`: - - -
`
`I
`I
`3000 ~ Explicit/Implicit Trigg~
`---·······
`I
`[
`INACTIVE ]
`:
`•
`,
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`
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`
`3002 !./r __ :::::::::::::::::::~~~11t~ot:_~~~ ~-·:::::::::::::···>/
`3003 __ .YJ:J?.§_1:jljl.[fjy,21_ ____ .J
`
`I
`I
`I
`
`l 3008
`I
`MSG 1/3 + I UL Data
`I
`L---------------~----------...i
`I
`I
`I
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`MSG2/4 + ACK j
`j
`~--------------,-----------,
`!
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`I
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`Connection Resume l
`~--------------,----------~
`!"J
`I I
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`i
`I
`
`UL Data I
`r---------------,-----------!ii
`
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`I
`I
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`
`I
`I
`
`FIG. 3
`
`Ex.1021
`APPLE INC. / Page 7 of 50
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Jun. 6, 2019 Sheet 7 of 7
`
`US 2019/0174571 Al
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`Ex.1021
`APPLE INC. / Page 8 of 50
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`

`US 2019/0174571 Al
`
`Jun.6,2019
`
`1
`
`LIGHT CONNECTIVITY AND
`AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provi(cid:173)
`sional Patent Application No. 62/372,973 filed on Aug. 10,
`2016; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/400,837,
`filed on Sep. 28, 2016; U.S. Provisional Patent Application
`No. 62/442,109 filed on Jan. 4, 2017; U.S. Provisional
`Patent Application No. 62/453,128 filed on Feb. 1, 2017; and
`U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/ 4 7 5, 11 7 filed on
`Mar. 22, 2017, the contents of all of which being hereby
`incorporated by reference as if fully set-forth herein in their
`respective entirety, for all purposes.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`[0002] Mobile communications are in continuous evolu(cid:173)
`tion and are already at the doorstep of their fifth incarna(cid:173)
`tion-5G. As with previous generations, new use cases
`largely contributed in setting the requirements for the new
`system. It is expected that the 5G air interface may enable
`improved broadband performance (IBB), industrial control
`and communications (ICC), vehicular applications (V2X),
`and/or massive machine-type communications (mMTC).
`[0003] Deployments of a 5G network may include stand(cid:173)
`alone systems, and/or may include a phased approach, e.g.,
`in combination with existing deployments and/or with exist(cid:173)
`ing technologies (such as LTE and/or an evolution thereof).
`Combinations with existing technologies may involve radio
`access network components and/or core network compo(cid:173)
`nents.
`
`SUMMARY
`
`[0004] Systems, methods, and/or instrumentalities are dis(cid:173)
`closed for light connectivity and/or autonomous mobility. A
`wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may, for example,
`have an inactive/idle mode, a light connected/loosely con(cid:173)
`nected/Inactive mode and/or a connected/fully connected/
`Active mode. A WTRU in light connected mode may have
`a WTRU context stored in a Radio Access Network (RAN).
`A WTRU may perform an area monitoring procedure while
`in light connected state. As described herein, a light con(cid:173)
`nected state ( and/or lightly connected state) may correspond
`to an INACTIVE state. A WTRU may engage in autono(cid:173)
`mous mobility during light connectivity and/or in an INAC(cid:173)
`TIVE state. A WTRU may move within a logical area ( e.g.,
`a RAN paging area) without notifying the network, but may
`provide notice when it has moved outside a logical area
`(e.g., update RAN paging area). Mobility in light connected
`state may be network controlled ( e.g., to enable handover
`when data transfer may be allowed and/or ongoing). A
`WTRU may be reachable during a light connectivity state.
`A WTRU may engage in autonomous mobility during light
`connectivity. A WTRU may perform data transfer without
`leaving light connected state. A WTRU may autonomously
`transition to a light connectivity state. A network may signal
`a WTRU to transition a light connectivity state. A transition
`from inactive to light connectivity may reduce signaling
`overhead and/or latency/delays that may otherwise occur
`before a WTRU may perform a first transmission in active
`mode. A WTRU may transition to connected mode with low
`latency and/or low overhead.
`
`[0005] A WTRU may be in communication with a wire(cid:173)
`less communication network. The WTRU may comprise a
`memory. The WTRU may comprise a processor. The pro(cid:173)
`cessor may be configured to determine to transition to a
`Radio Resource Control (RRC) INACTIVE state based on a
`first condition. The processor may be configured to transi(cid:173)
`tion to the RRC INACTIVE state upon an occurrence of the
`first condition. The processor may be configured to deter(cid:173)
`mine that uplink (UL) data is to be sent to a node of the
`wireless communication network. The processor may be
`configured to determine to transmit the UL data in the RRC
`INACTIVE state and/or a RRC CONNECTED state based
`on a second condition being satisfied or unsatisfied. The
`processor may be configured to determine to remain in the
`INACTIVE state and send the UL data based on the second
`condition being satisfied. The processor may be configured
`to transition to the RRC CONNECTED state and send the
`UL data based on the second condition being unsatisfied.
`The WTRU may comprise a transmitter. The transmitter
`may be configured to transmit the UL data in the RRC
`INACTIVE state and/or the RRC CONNECTED state to the
`node of the wireless communication network.
`[0006] A WTRU in a light connected mode may perform
`a data transfer without entering an active mode, for example,
`using one or more initial access messages between the
`WTRU and the network before the WTRU enters the active
`mode.
`[0007] A WTRU may transition to a light connected state,
`for example, based on volume of data transmission, inac(cid:173)
`tivity, type of service, a configured behavior, received down(cid:173)
`link (DL) paging and/or a default initialization state.
`[0008] WTRU actions in a light connected state may
`include, for example, activation of a light connectivity
`configuration, WTRU identity associated with light con(cid:173)
`nected state, handling radio resources and/or enabling func(cid:173)
`tions based on location relative to a logical area.
`[0009] WTRU reachability for a light connected stated
`may include, for example, realizing a RAN paging area
`(PA), triggers to perform a RAN PA update and/or interac(cid:173)
`tion between RAN paging area and tracking area.
`[0010] Low-latency transition to a connected mode from
`light connected state may include, for example, non-abstract
`syntax notation (ASN) signaling, dedicated resources for
`fast reconnection, piggybacking reconnection with data and/
`or on-demand system information.
`[0011] Reconnection
`for
`failures may be handled,
`example, using a pre-existing context in the RAN and/or
`core network.
`[0012] Light connectivity state may be exited based on
`WTRU-based rules, such as elapsed time, inactivity, WTRU
`location, mobility state, arrival of unsupported services ( e.g.,
`new data becoming available for a service that is not
`supported in the light connectivity state, or the establishment
`thereof), RAN paging failure and/or unsupported cell.
`WTRU state mismatch with the core network control func(cid:173)
`tion may be handled during load balancing.
`[0013] WTRU measurement procedures for light connec(cid:173)
`tivity state, may include, for example, using reference sig(cid:173)
`nals different from those for connected mode measurements,
`evaluating a quality of a RAN paging channel and/or power
`consumption reduction, such as restriction of neighbor mea(cid:173)
`surements in light connected state.
`[0014] WTRU autonomous mobility may include, for
`example, triggering events, prioritization rules, timing of
`
`Ex.1021
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`US 2019/0174571 Al
`
`Jun.6,2019
`
`2
`
`paging reception, WTRU configuration handling based on
`association between a received configuration and an edge
`control function, implicit information based on a presence of
`a reference signal, broadcast information and/or WTRU
`location. Procedures are provided for mobility and/or con(cid:173)
`text reuse for inter-radio access technology (inter-RAT) light
`connectivity.
`[0015] WTRU context handling (e.g., layer 2 and/or layer
`2 configuration) in light connected state may be a function
`of, for example, location, deployment, active services/slice/
`flow, validity time, and/or data activity. There may be a
`per-transaction persistence of a layer 2 state.
`[0016] Data
`transfer during
`light connectivity may
`include, for example, restrictions on data volume, validity of
`configured resources, type of service, direction of transfer,
`type of protocol data unit (PDU) and/or location.
`[0017] RAN paging message handling may include, for
`example, determination of RAN paging channel resources, a
`relation between RAN and core network (CN) paging and/or
`WTRU identity in paging messages.
`[0018] WTRU data transmission in light connected state
`may use initial access messages, which may include, for
`example, data transmission in a random access resource,
`data transmission in a contention based resource and/or data
`transmission in message 3 (MSG3).
`[0019]
`Inter-RAT state transition may be provided. WTRU
`behavior may be affected during an inactive state, for
`example, by providing for WTRU behavior during an
`extended scheduling period in an inactive state.
`[0020] A WTRU may determine that one or more security
`parameters associated with a key derivation are invalid,
`insufficient, and/or outdated. The WTRU may initiate, based
`on the determination that the one or more security param(cid:173)
`eters are invalid, insufficient, and/or outdated, a recovery
`procedure to enable a security level.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`[0021] FIG. lA is a system diagram illustrating an
`example communications system in which one or more
`disclosed devices, systems, and/or techniques may be imple(cid:173)
`mented.
`[0022] FIG. lB is a system diagram illustrating an
`example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be
`used within the communications system illustrated in FIG.
`lA according to one or more devices, systems, processes,
`and/or techniques described herein.
`[0023] FIG. lC is a system diagram illustrating an
`example radio access network (RAN) and an example core
`network (CN) that may be used within the communications
`system illustrated in FIG. lA according to one or more
`devices, systems, processes, and/or techniques described
`herein.
`[0024] FIG. lD is a system diagram illustrating a further
`example RAN and a further example CN that may be used
`within the communications system illustrated in FIG. lA
`according to one or more devices, systems, processes, and/or
`techniques described herein.
`[0025] FIG. 2 is an illustration of an example technique of
`uplink (UL) data transmission in an INACTIVE state and/or
`CONNECTED state.
`[0026] FIG. 3 is an illustration of an example technique of
`autonomous mobility and/or uplink (UL) data transmission
`in an INACTIVE state and/or CONNECTED state.
`
`[0027] FIG. 4 is an example illustration of overlapping
`and/or non-overlapping paging occasions.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`
`[0028] A detailed description of illustrative embodiments
`will now be described with reference to the various Figures.
`Although this description provides a detailed example of
`possible implementations, it should be noted that the details
`are intended to be examples and in no way limit the scope
`of the application.
`[0029] FIG. lA is a diagram illustrating an example com(cid:173)
`munications system 100 in which one or more disclosed
`embodiments may be implemented. The communications
`system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides
`content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast,
`etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system
`100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such
`content through the sharing of system resources, including
`wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications sys(cid:173)
`tems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods,
`such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time divi(cid:173)
`sion multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple
`access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-car(cid:173)
`rier FDMA (SC-FD MA), zero-tail unique-word DPT-Spread
`OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM
`(UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank
`multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.
`[0030] As shown in FIG. lA, the communications system
`100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs)
`102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104/113, a CN 106/115, a
`public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet
`110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated
`that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of
`WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements.
`Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any
`type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in
`a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs
`102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as
`a "station" and/or a "STA", may be configured to transmit
`and/or receive wireless signals and may include a user
`equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile sub(cid:173)
`scriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular
`telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone,
`a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor,
`a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT)
`device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display
`(HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applica(cid:173)
`tions (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and appli(cid:173)
`cations ( e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devices operating
`in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain con(cid:173)
`texts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on
`commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the
`like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be
`interchangeably referred to as a UE.
`[0031] The communications systems 100 may also include
`a base station 114a and/or a base station 114b. Each of the
`base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device config(cid:173)
`ured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs
`102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more
`communication networks, such as the CN 106/115, the
`Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. By way of
`example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base
`transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home
`Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site
`
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`controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the
`like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as
`a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations
`114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base
`stations and/or network elements.
`[0032] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN
`104/113, which may also include other base stations and/or
`network elements (not shown), such as a base station con(cid:173)
`troller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay
`nodes, etc. The base station 114a and/or the base station
`114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless
`signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be
`referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be
`in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination
`of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide
`coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical
`area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over
`time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For
`example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may
`be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the
`base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for
`each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station
`114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO)
`technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each
`sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used
`to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial direc(cid:173)
`tions.
`[0033] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate
`with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d
`over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless
`communication link ( e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave,
`centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet
`(UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be
`established using any suitable radio access technology
`(RAT).
`[0034] More specifically, as noted above, the communi(cid:173)
`cations system 100 may be a multiple access system and
`may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as
`CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like.
`For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104/113 and
`the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio
`technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications
`System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which
`may establish the air interface 115/116/117 using wideband
`CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication
`protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or
`Evolved HSPA (HSPA+ ). HSPA may include High-Speed
`Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed
`UL Packet Access (HSUPA).
`[0035]
`In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the
`WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technol(cid:173)
`ogy such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
`(E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using
`Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A)
`and/or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).
`[0036]
`In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the
`WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technol(cid:173)
`ogy such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air
`interface 116 using New Radio (NR).
`[0037]
`In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the
`WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio
`access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and
`the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio
`access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual
`
`connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized
`by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by
`multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmis(cid:173)
`sions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., a
`eNB and a gNB).
`[0038]
`In other embodiments, the base station 114a and
`the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio tech(cid:173)
`nologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi),
`IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Micro(cid:173)
`wave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 lx,
`CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000),
`Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856),
`Global System
`for Mobile communications
`(GSM),
`Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM
`EDGE (GERAN), and the like.
`[0039] The base station 114b in FIG. lAmay be a wireless
`router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for
`example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating
`wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of
`business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility,
`an air corridor ( e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the
`like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the
`WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such
`as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network
`(WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the
`WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such
`as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network
`(WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b
`and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based
`RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A,
`LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As
`shown in FIG. lA, the base station 114b may have a direct
`connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b
`may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN
`106/115.
`[0040] The RAN 104/113 may be in communication with
`the CN 106/115, which may be any type of network con(cid:173)
`figured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice
`over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the
`WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying
`quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing
`throughput requirements, latency requirements, error toler(cid:173)
`ance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput
`requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN
`106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile
`location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connec(cid:173)
`tivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level
`security functions, such as user authentication. Although not
`shown in FIG. lA, it will be appreciated that the RAN
`104/113 and/or the CN 106/115 may be in direct or indirect
`communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT
`as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT. For example, in
`addition to being connected to the RAN 104/113, which may
`be utilizing a NR radio technology, the CN 106/115 may also
`be in communication with another RAN (not shown)
`employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX,
`E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.
`[0041] The CN 106/115 may also serve as a gateway for
`the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102dto access the PSTN 108,
`the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. The PSTN
`108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that
`provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet
`110 may include a global system of interconnected computer
`networks and devices that use common communication
`
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`protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP),
`user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol
`(IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112
`may include wired and/or wireless communications net(cid:173)
`works owned and/or operated by other service providers.
`For example, the networks 112 may include another CN
`connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the
`same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.
`[0042] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d
`in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode
`capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may
`include multiple transceivers for communicating with dif(cid:173)
`ferent wireless networks over different wireless links). For
`example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. lA may be
`configured to communicate with the base station 114a,
`which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and
`with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802
`radio technology.
`[0043] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an
`example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B, the WTRU 102
`may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/
`receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad
`126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130,
`removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global
`positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other periph(cid:173)
`erals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the
`WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the fore(cid:173)
`going elements while remaining consistent with an embodi(cid:173)
`ment.
`[0044] The processor 118 may be a general purpose pro(cid:173)
`cessor, a special purpose processor, a conventional proces(cid:173)
`sor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of micro(cid:173)
`processors, one or more microprocessors in association with
`a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application
`Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable
`Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated
`circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118
`may perform signal coding, data processing, power control,
`input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that
`enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment.
`The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120,
`which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122.
`While FIG. 1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver
`120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the
`processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated
`together in an electronic package or chip.
`[0045] The transmit/receive element 122 may be config(cid:173)
`ured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base
`station ( e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116.
`For example, in one embodiment, the transmit/receive ele(cid:173)
`ment 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or
`receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive
`element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to trans(cid:173)
`mit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for
`example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive
`element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive
`both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the
`transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit
`and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.
`[0046] Although the transmit/receive element 122 is
`depicted in FIG. 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may
`include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More
`specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology.
`Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two
`
`or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple anten(cid:173)
`nas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the
`air interface 116.
`[0047] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate
`the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive
`element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received
`by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the
`WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the
`transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for
`enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs,
`such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.
`[0048] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be
`coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the
`speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the dis(cid:173)
`play/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD)
`display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display
`unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the
`speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the dis(cid:173)
`play/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may
`access information from, and store data in, any type of
`suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130
`and/or the removable memory 132. The non-removable
`memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM),
`read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other t