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`STATUTORY DECLARATION
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`statutory declaration of Ziaad Khan signed the 9" of September 2022 before me Dolores Rice
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`Date
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`DECLARED, at The British Library, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB
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`zaA
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`-1
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`27-AUG-1 $97
`IEEE SOUTHEASTGON
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`fieeS IO
`4A at
`ery
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`Sony Ex. 1030 - 3
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`FECA
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`363. 066600
`
`YEAR 1997
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`8
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`

`

`PROCEEDINGS
`IEEE SOUTHEASTCON ’97
`
`April 12-14,1997
`Virginia Tech
`Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
`
`“Engineering the New Century”
`
`BflifiSH LIBRARY
`DOCUMENT SUPPLY CENTRE
`28 AUG 1997
`CONFERENCE
`____ INDEXED
`
`Sponsored by
`IEEE Region 3
`IEEE Virginia Mountain Section
`
`Sony Ex. 1030 - 4
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`

`

`table of CONTENTS
`
`SESSION Al: Control System Applications I
`Session Chair: Hugh VanLandingham
`Feedback Control Solutions to Network Level User-Equilibrium
`Real-Time Dynamic Traffic Assignment Problems
`P. Kachroo and K. Ozbay......................................................................................................................................... 1
`Fuzzy Controller Design Using Genetic Algorithms
`W. Hwang and S. Zein-Sabatto................................................................................................................................ 6
`SESSION Bl: Photonics and Fiber Optics I
`Session Chair: Anbo Wang
`Design of a Programmable 2-18 GHz Microwave Fiber-Optic Delay Line
`L. Wurtz, W. Wheless, and E. Bergsagel ................................................................................................................ 11
`Development of Fiber Optic Data link Model
`S. Wunnava...................................................................................................................................................................20
`Accuracy of Scalar-Wave Methodfor Evaluation of Dispersion in Broadband Single-Mode Fibers
`C. So and A. Safaai-Jazi.................... ....................................................................................................................... 23
`Spectral Properties of Multiple Grating Structures
`R. Lawson and A. Safaai-Jazi....................................................................................................................................26
`SESSION Cl: Digital Design I
`Session Chair: James Armstrong
`Methodology for VHDL Performance Model Construction and Validation
`S. Vuppala, F. Gray, and J. Armstrong..................................................................................................................... 29
`Interfacing VHDL Performance Models to Algorithm Partitioning Tools
`P. Balasubramanian and F. Gray................................................................................. 36
`An Algorithm Based on the Hungarian Method for
`Register Reduction during Complex Functional Unit Allocation
`T. Lin and W. Cyre......................................................................................................................................................43
`SESSION A2: Control System Applications II
`Session Chair: Richard Moose
`Reducing Response Time in a Distributed Data Warehouse System
`B. Panda and W. Penizo........................................................................................................................................... 48
`Program Generator for GPIB Instruments
`I. Akundi and D. Smith............................................................................................................................................. 52
`Analysis and Simulation of Nonlinear Systems Using Students ’ Version of MATLAB
`R. Moose, H. VanLandingham, and N. Mclellan........................................ ........................................... ...............58
`SESSION B2: Photonics and Fiber Optics II
`Session Chair: Ioannis M. Besieris
`Electron-Beam-Addressed Spatial-Light-Modulator-Based Holography
`K. Doh, B. Schilling, T. Poon, M. Wu, K. Shinoda, and Y. Suzuki.......................................................................63
`Performance Enhancement in Acoustic-Optic Image Processing
`P. Baneijee, D. Cao, and T. Poon.............................................................................................................................. 68
`Real-Time Image Processing Using Cascaded Acousto-Optic Modulators
`D. Dunn, J. Xia, T. Poon, and P. Baneijee................................................................................................................71
`SESSION C2: Digital Design H
`Session Chair: James Armstrong
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`^ Hovel Scheme for Irregular Parallel-Prefix Adders
`q Arjhan and R. Deshmukh................................................................................................................
`Corriputer-Aided-Design Platform For Sequential Systems
`X Giuma, D. Welch, and K. MacDonald.................... .......................................................................
`Generalized Flip-Flop Input Equations Based on a Four-Valued Boolean Algebra
`J. "Dicker and M. Tapia.......................................................................................................................
`SESSION A3: Speech Processing
`Session Chair: Douglas Linder
`Robust Speech Recognition Techniques using a
`Radial Basis Function Neural Network for Mobile Applications
`R. Sankar and N. Sethi......................................................................................... ............................. ,
`Wavelet Based Analysis of Speech Under Stress
`R. Sarikaya and J. Gowdy..............................:....................................................................................
`Issues in Generating Pronunciation Dictionaries for Voice Interfaces to Spatial Databases
`J. Ngan and J. Picone............................................................................................................................
`Echo Cancellation For Evaluating Speaker Identification Technology
`A. Ganapathiraju and J. Picone..........................................................................................................
`SESSION B3: EM Analysis, Antennas, and Propagation I
`Session Chair: Warren Stutzman
`The Spatial and Temporal Coherence Properties of the Excitation Wavefield
`of a Dynamic Gaussian Aperture
`A. Shaarawi...................................................................................................................
`Attenuation and Phase Shift of the Electromagnetic Waves due to Moist Snow
`M. Fares, S. Fares, and C. Ventrice...........................................................................
`A Comparative Study on the Reconstruction of Localized Pulses
`M. Abdel-Rahman, I. Besieris, and A. Shaarawi........................................................
`A Comparison of Air Breakdown Criteria fot Slightly Divergent Fields
`J. Donohoe......................................................................................................................
`SESSION C3: Computer and Communication Networks I
`Session Chair: Scott Midldff
`Performance Based Reliability Optimization for Computer Networks
`S. Ahuja...................................................................................................................
`Enforcement Mechanisms for Priority Traffic in ATM Networks
`Q. Pang and S. Cheng............................................................................................
`Throughput and Video Performance of Emerging LAN Technologies:
`Switched Ethernet and LAN emulation over ATM
`A. Rindos, S. Woolet, D. Cosby, J. Sents, M. Aydemir, M. Vouk, and Z. Ortiz
`Performance Comparison ofFDDI Models
`M. Sadiku and G. Dempo.......................................................................................
`SESSION A4: Signal Processing and Estimation Techniques
`Session Chair: Joel Donahue
`Investigating the Use of Kalman Filtering Approaches for
`Dynamic Origin-Destination Trip Table Estimation
`P. Kachroo, K. Ozbay, and A. Narayanan..............................................................
`Estimation of ARMA Parameters Using Third Order Cumulants
`A. Al-Smadi and D. Wilkes....................................................................................
`On the Edge Preserving Smoothing Filter
`C. Hung...................................................................................................................
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`Acoustic Echo and Noise Canceller Improvements for Hands-Free Telephones
`S. Sankaran and A. Beex......................................................................................................................................... 148
`portable Speech Recognition for the Speech and Hearing Impaired
`Y. Alsaka, S. Doll, and S. Davis.............................................................................................................................. 151
`SESSION B4: EM Analysis, Antennas, and Propagation II
`Session Chair: Amr Shaarawi
`All-Fiber Spectral Filter Based on LP01-LP11 Mode Coupling
`J. Jagannathan and A. Safaai-Jazi............................................................................................................................ 154
`Three Coupled Microstrip Lines on Multi-Dielectric Interfaces
`I. Barseem, E. Hashish, E. Abdallah, and M. El-Said...........................................................................................157
`Hybrid model of Electromagnetic Scattering From an
`Inhomogeneous Dieletric Cylinder of Arbitrary Cross Section
`M. Kolbehdari and M. Sadiku..................................................................................................................................162
`Finite Element Computation of the Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Lines
`M. Sadiku and C. Obiozor............................ ...........................................................................................................166
`Effects of Array Element Patterns on Optimum Beamforming in the Presence of Multiple Interferers
`C. Dietrich and W. Stutzman....................................................................................................................................169
`SESSION C4: Computer and Communication Networks II
`Session Chair: Scott Midkiff
`A Sample Statistical Characterization of the World-Wide Web
`D. Lee and S. Midkiff................................................................................................................................................174
`An Experimental Investigation of the Internet Integrated Services Model
`using the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)
`M. Blackford, J. Austen, and D. Marlow................................................................................................................ 179
`Multi Point Teleconferencing with ISDN
`S. Wunnava and K. Mallampati........... ............................................................................. -................................... 182
`Implementation of CAN/CAN Bridges in Distributed Environments and
`Performance Analysis of Bridged CAN Systems using SAE Benchmark
`H. Ekiz, A, Kutlu, and E. Powner............................................................................................................................185
`Model LAN Scheme and Compressed Data Transfers
`S. Wunnava, T. Williams, and M. Choy...............................................................a................................................188
`SESSION A5: Education
`Session Chair: Joseph Tront
`Evolutionary Algorithms for Design
`H. VanLandingham and S. Sampan.........................................................................................................................191
`Using EPRI Distribution Engineering Workstation as an Educational Tool
`H. Shaalan and R. Broadwater.............................................................................................................................. . 196
`Power in a Lossy Transmission Line Excited by Sinusoids
`C. Obiozor and M. Sadiku.................................................................................. ,....................................................199
`Distance Learning and use of the Internet and the World Wide Web in Education
`A. Aguilar, R. Eaglin, I. Batarseh, and N. Bakir...................................................................................................202
`A Real-Time Experimental-Analysis System for the Undergraduate Electric Energy Laboratory
`O. Mohammed and R. Sebasden............................................................,............................. ................................ 207
`SESSION A6: Neural and Intelligent Design I
`Session Chair: Hugh VanLandingham
`Intelligent Traffic Monitoring System Using Wireless Cellular Communications
`R. Sankar and L. Civil.............................................................................................................................................210
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`parameter Estimation of Mean Field Annealing Technique
`jC. Sohn and J. Kim...................................................................................................................................................
`On the Behavior of a VQ Algorithm
`W. Porter and A. Abou-Ali...................................................................................................................................... 220
`SESSION B6: Electronic Circuits and Materials I
`Session Chair: Edward Wheeler
`Design of Hybrid Converter for Repetitive Charge Mode
`S. Siddiquie and A. Samra.......................................................................................................................................222
`New Low-Voltage Circuits for XOR and XNOR
`H. Lee and G. Sobelman.......................................................................................................................................... 225
`Deposition and Annealing Studies on Indium Tin Oxide Films
`K. Sundaram and J. Blanchard......................................................................... ...................-.............. .................230
`CMOS Technology for Ultra-Low Power Circuit Applications
`C. Salomonson, W. Henley, D. Whittaker, and J. Maimon.................................................................................233
`SESSION C6: Communication Theory and Systems I
`Session Chair: Richard Moose
`A Model of Bandwidth Utilization in Wide-Band Computer Communication Networks
`C. Katsinis.................................................................................................................................................................. 236
`Performance Improvement of CDMA Power Control in Variable Fading Environments
`S. Won, W. Kim, and I. Jeong............................................................................... .................................................. 241
`Error Floors in Narrowband Digital FM Systems
`R. Petrovic and S. Filipovic—............... .................................................... .......... .,.................................. .........244
`SESSION A7: Neural and Intelligent Design II
`Session Chair: Bogdan Tomescu
`A Heirarchical Approach to Recognition of Finished Wooden Components
`A. Abbott and Z. Huang........................................................................................................................................... 249
`Performance Comparisons of Interpolation Algorithms for 2D Images
`C. Wang, W. Snyder, and G. Bilbro.......................................................................................................................... 252
`Shape Coded Modulation Using Neural Networks
`A. Als and J. Sodha...................................................................................................-................................................255
`A Parallel Approach to Digital Holographic Reconstruction with Twin-Image Removal
`C. Tu, J. Gerlach, S. Chu, and T. Poon...................................................................................................................258
`Data Types of Physical Quantities
`J. Martin....................................................................................................................................................................... 260
`SESSION B7: Electronic Circuits and Materials II
`Session Chair: Usha Varshney
`Photoluminescence Spectrum Redshifting of Porous Silicon Layers Prepared from
`Diamond Scratched Silicon Samples
`K. Sundaram, J. Blanchard, S. Albin, J. Zheng, and A. Lavarias .................................................................... 264
`Doping ZnSe Far From Equilibrium
`E. Wheeler, N. Brakensiek, J. Boone, and G. Cantwell......................................................................................267
`Electrical and Vibration Analysis ofPre-compressed and Pre-deflected Laminated Piezoelectric Actuators
`N. Nechitailo, K. Lo, H. Moses, H. Groger, L. Decker, and R. Churchill........................................................271
`Characterizing State Devices for Switching Noise
`R. Hodson, A. Bampton, and P. Knipp...................................................................................................................276
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`SESSION Cl: Communication Theory and Systems II
`Session Chair: Richard Moose
`Modified Chase Algorithms for Reed-Solomon Codes
`P. Chiuchiolo and J. Komo........................................................................................................................................278
`Hybrid ARQ with Ratio Threshold Combining for Frequency-Hop Communications Systems
`F. Block aind C. Baum................................................................................................................................................ 281
`TelePath: Real-Time Remote Pathology
`S. McClellan and T. Winokur................................................................................................................................... 284
`Dispersion-Shifted Fibers for Very Long Links
`H. Hattori and A. Safaai-Jazi.................................................................................................................................... 287
`Detection of Ocean Reflected GPS Signals: Theory and Experiment
`J. Garrison, S. Katzberg, and C. Howell m................................................ ............................................................ 290
`SESSION A8: Power and Energy
`Session Chair: Subhash Sarkar
`Library Based Hierarchical Power Estimation Method Using In/Out Transition Activity
`J. Lee and L. Lucke................................................................................................................................................... 295
`Monitoring and Data Acquisition for a Large Roof-Mounted Photovoltaic Array
`M. Begovic, M. Ropp, A. Rohatgi, S. Durand, and A. Rosenthal.........................................................................298
`Identification of Harmonic Sources in Power Distribution Systems
`K. Islam and A. Samra...............................................................................................................................................301
`Electrical Safety in Medical Institutions, “Neutral Electric Potentiality System in Hospitals”
`M. Osman, A. Todorova, and A. Samra....................................................................................................................304
`Optimum Series Compensated High Voltage Transmission Lines
`G. Bellarmine.............................................................................................................................................................307
`SESSION B8: One and Two Dimensional Signal Processing I
`Session Chair: Gail Gray
`Surface Blemish Detection from Passivq Imagery Using Learned Fuzzy Set Concepts
`S. Gurbuz, A. Carver, and R Schalkoff...................................................................................................................310
`A Custom Computing Solution to Automated Visual Inspection of Silicon Wafers
`P. Athanas, A. Abbott, M. Cherbaka, B. Pudipeddi, and K. Paar..........................................................................315
`Parallel Architecture Selection for Image Tracking Applications
`A.Elahi......................................................................................................................................................................... 320
`SESSION B9: One and Two Dimensional Signal Processing EE
`Session Chair: Hugh VanLandingham
`Subvector Techniques for DFT Parallel Processing
`G. Rodgers....................................................................................................................................................................323
`Benchmarking ofFFT Algorithms
`M. Balducci, A. Ganapathiraju, J. Hamaker, J. Picone, A. Choudary, and A Skjellum......................................328
`Encoding a Hidden Auxiliary Channel onto a Digital Audio Signal Using Psychoacoustic Masking
`J. Tilki and A. Beex...................................... 331
`DSP Based Virtual Power Measurement in Nonsinusoidal Electric Systems
`A. Samra and K. Syed.......................................................................... 334
`Scenic Beauty Estimation of Forestry Images
`N. Kalidindi, A. Le, J. Picone, L. Zheng, H. Yaqin, and V. Rudis..........................................................................337
`TUTORIAL ABSTRACTS...................................................................................................................................340
`SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACTS.................................................................... 349
`INDEX OF AUTHORS......................................................................................................................................... 360
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`encoding a hidden auxiliary channel onto a digital audio
`SIGNAL USING PSYCHOACOUSTIC MASKING
`
`John F. Tilld and A. A. (Louis) Beex
`DSP Research Laboratory
`The Bradley Department of Electrical Engineering
`VIRGINIA TECH
`Blacksburg, VA 24061-0111, USA
`voice: (540) 23 M877
`fex: (540) 231-3362
`e-mail: tiDd@vt.edu and beex@vt.edu
`
`Abstract - We report on the development of a method
`of encoding an auxiliary channel onto a digital audio
`signal such that it is imperceptible to human observers.
`The encoding is accomplished by imposing slight and
`controlled changes on the phase spectrum of short-time
`signal windows. By employing principles of
`psycboacoustics the auxiliary channel is masked from
`human perception. Furthermore, the encoding and
`decoding are achieved via fast algorithms which allow
`real time processing. The method is applicable for any
`digitized audio signal containing voice, music, or other
`acoustic signals to be heard by humans. Possible signal
`sources include compact discs, digital television, digital
`radio, digital telephony, and any other source where an
`audio signal is in a digital format
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`The ability to add extra hidden infonnationto a signal
`could be useful in many applications. Audio compact discs
`could be modified to contain artist information, song titles,
`song lyrics, karaoke information, still images, and perhaps
`even video dips. In other contexts an extra channel could
`be used to transmit control information. The want and need
`for additional bandwidth is ever-increasing, and the
`capability to add extra information to digital audio can be
`quite useful even for archival and storage purposes.
`The coding method presented in this paper allows the
`addition of such an auxiliary channel, and it does so in a
`manner that does not significantly degrade the perceived
`quality of the primary audio channel. Furthermore, the
`method does not require changes in the underlying digital
`formal, and so it completely maintains backward
`compatibility with existing data formats. One can imagine
`the possibilities for the audio CD example. Existing CD
`players could still play CDs encoded with the auxiliary
`channel With additional signal processing capability
`however, new CD players could provide the enhanced
`functionality described above.
`Other researchers have aimed at the same objective
`using methods such as subband coding coupled with
`adaptive quantization, and subtractively dithered noise­
`
`shaped quantization [1-3]. However, a direct comparison
`between the schemes in terms of auxiliary channel data rate
`versus perceived quality of the primary signal could not be
`performed. Since the other approaches seem to require
`more computations, our method could be an excellent
`alternative especially at high sampling rates and where
`computational capability is a limiting factor.
`
`DESCRIPTION OF CODING METHOD
`
`Encoding
`It is well known that humans are relatively insensitive
`to certain types of phase distortions. We use this feet to
`encode additional information onto the phase of selected
`bins of an FFT. The signal bins are selected according to
`human sensitivity in the corresponding frequency bands,
`and are spaced to facilitate masking by unmodified
`neighboring bins in the same spectral region. In particular
`the lower frequencies (below say 2 kHz), which typically
`contain the most energy in common audio signals, are left
`untouched. The stronger low frequency components help to
`mask the changes made in the higher frequency region.
`Additionally, the unmodified FFT bins in the higher
`frequency region help to mask their modified neighbors.
`The FFT bins immediately preceding the signal bins
`are used as references. While keeping the digital audio
`signal’s FFT amplitude the same, the phase of the FFT at
`the signal bins is discarded, and a new phase is assigned
`based on the neighboring reference bins, a differential phase
`change, and the digital information to be encoded. For
`example, a small clockwise rotation of phase relative to the
`reference can represent a digital “1” while a counter­
`clockwise rotation of phase represents a digital "0”.
`Suppose that the FFT has a complex value of X, at a
`reference bin. In polar form this value is represented as
`Xr = RreiB'
`(1)
`where Rr is the magnitude and 9r is the phase. Similarly
`the value of the FFT at the neighboring signal bin is
`X, = R,eie-
`
`(2)
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`Then if q> is the differential phase change, the new FFT
`value for the signal bin is assigned as
`Xt=Rsei{e’±*]
`
`(3)
`
`Note that it is the phase of the reference bin that is used
`along with the differential phase to replace the phase of the
`signal bin. Addition of the differential phase represents a
`digital one and subtraction a digital zero.
`Once the phases of the signal bins have been modified,
`the conjugate phase is assigned to the matching negative
`frequency bins. An inverse FFT then yields the modified
`signal block containing both the primary audio and the
`secondary channel The process is then repeated for
`subsequent signal blocks.
`Figure 1 shows a small region of an example phase
`spectrum and its modified version after encoding. The
`phase at the reference bins is denoted by asterisks, the
`original phase at the signal bins is denoted by ‘o’, and the
`modified phase at the signal bins is denoted by ‘x’. This
`example shows a digital pattern of [0 10 0 1].
`For a given source sample rate the EFT size is chosen
`to be short enough in time to maintain the imperceptibility
`of the introduced phase distortions. However, the EFT size
`should conversely be chosen as large as possible under the
`above constraint such that the FFT bin frequencies are as
`dense as possible. In our limited simulations, FFT sizes
`corresponding to block lengths of 10 to 50 msec worked
`well. Smaller blocks often yielded “granular” noise, while
`larger blocks usually created noticeable distortion of the
`primary signal.
`.T f k ^
`
`Decoding
`The signal is decoded by comparing the phase at the
`(known) signal bins to the phase at the neighboring
`reference bins, and assigning bits based on the direction of
`relative phase rotation.
`
`Synchronization
`The decoding process requires perfect synchronization
`with the encoded signal blocks. For a storage medium such
`as a compact disc synchronization is simple and only
`requires knowledge of the offset of the first signal block.
`For real-time data streams however, synchronization is
`more difficult. Several options are available, including
`decoding candidate blocks until an error detection criterion
`is satisfied. Error detection can be accomplished with cyclic
`redundancy checks (CRC) or other efficient error detection
`schemes [4], The candidate block alignments are changed
`one sample at a time until a valid data transmission is
`detected. The offset at the point of valid data detection
`provides synchronization for all subsequent signal blocks.
`Figure 2 shows how zero bit errors result when perfect
`synchronization is achieved. When synchronization is
`
`incorrect by even a single sample delay or advance several
`bit errors result (£38 in the case shown).
`Another possibility for synchronization is the inclusion
`of known bit patterns in the data stream. This situation also
`requires shifts by a single sample at a time until the
`embedded bit pattern is detected. Such a “control” function
`for synchronization has been used in a similar context in the
`analog channel case [5],
`
`SIMULATION RESULTS
`
`The coding method has been tested and works well.
`The example provided in the paper is based on four seconds
`of the audio component of a TV commercial, sampled
`monophonically at a rate of 44.1 kHz, consistent with CD
`quality audio. The lowpass nature of this audio signal is
`shown in Figure 3. (Note that the sinusoid at 15.734 kHz is
`interference from the horizontal synchronization pulse for
`the video electron beam.) The decoded phase errors would
`be zero were it not for the quantization back to 16-bits that
`occurs after the inverse FFT. The phase errors due to
`quantization are shown in Figure 4. A differential phase of
`71/8 was used to modify the phase of every fourth FFT bin
`above 2 kHz in 2048 point FFT blocks. A secondary
`channel resulted with a capacity