USOO701.0581B2
`
`(12)
`
`United States Patent
`Brown et al.
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 7,010,581 B2
`Mar. 7, 2006
`
`(54) METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING
`BROWSER FUNCTIONS ON A WEB PAGE
`FOR CLIENTSPECIFIC ACCESSIBILITY
`
`(75) Inventors: Frances C. Brown, Austin, TX (US);
`Susan Crayne, Hartsdale, NY (US);
`Samuel R. Detweiler, Austin, TX (US);
`Peter Gustav Fairweather, Yorktown
`Heights, NY (US); Vicki Lynne
`Hanson, Chappaqua, NY (US);
`Richard Scott Schwerdtfeger, Round
`Rock, TX (US); Beth Rush Tibbitts,
`Lexington, KY (US)
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`(73) Assignee: International Business Machines
`Corporation, Armonk, NY (US)
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 842 days.
`(21) Appl. No.: 09/961,938
`(22) Filed:
`Sep. 24, 2001
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`US 2003/0061309 A1
`Mar. 27, 2003
`
`(51) Int. Cl.
`(2006.01)
`G06F 15/16
`(52) U.S. Cl. ...................... 709/218; 709/246; 715/864;
`715/865
`(58) Field of Classification Search ................ 709/218,
`709/228, 246; 704/271; 715/864, 865,542
`See application file for complete Search history.
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`5,899.975 A * 5/1999 Nielsen ................... 704/270.1
`5,918,013 A 6/1999 Mighdoll et al.
`5,983.273 A 11/1999 White et al.
`5.996,022 A 11/1999 Krueger et al.
`6,038,595 A 3/2000 Ortony
`
`6,138,150 A 10/2000 Nichols et al.
`6,459,364 B1 * 10/2002 Gupta ..................... 340/407.1
`6,665,642 B1* 12/2003 Kanevsky et al. .......... 704/260
`6,714.963 B1* 3/2004 Levine et al. ............... 709/203
`6,781,571 B1* 8/2004 Bates et al. .......
`... 34.5/159
`6,925,595 B1* 8/2005 Whitledge et al. .......... 71.5/513
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`WO OO/O3525
`1/2000
`WO OO/49530
`8/2000
`
`WO
`WO
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Chisholm, Wendy et al., “Web Content Accessibility Guide
`lines” W3C Working Draft, www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD
`WAI-PAGEAUTH-19990217, p 1-17, Feb 1999.*
`
`(Continued)
`Primary Examiner-Patrice Winder
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Robert M. Carwell; Dillon &
`Yudell LLP
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A method and System that provide browser-based functions
`by injected into a web page a control button, form text field
`or similar browser-based function control Such that both the
`browser controls and the content of the web page can be
`transformed for accessibility. A proxy machine retrieves a
`web page for a user, and then injects the user Selected
`browser function controls into the web page itself. The
`injected browser controls are Supported by web-based appli
`cation Services, preferably resident in an intermediary proxy
`machine, for producing web content that is representative of
`that function. The web page is transformed into a style that
`is accessible for that particular user, Such as magnifying the
`page, reformatting background Schemes, etc. The user can
`select which browser function buttons are injected into the
`web page, and as the web page is transformed for accessi
`bility, the browser controls on the page are likewise trans
`formed.
`
`1 Claim, 4 Drawing Sheets
`
`wab page throughs
`serie 34 is 6
`based function
`Proxymachine
`preferences for
`retries cost
`specific user and
`webpage
`injects function
`buttons into web
`
`Froxy machine 38
`transforms content
`webpage according
`to user-defined
`accessibility criteria
`to creata accessible
`
`is transcoding
`needed for typs of
`Use? dys
`
`
`
`
`
`Send trasformed
`webpage to client
`
`browser-besed
`bion on transforried No
`
`Transfor-T web page
`backinto format
`native to appropriate
`w8888?wer &nd said
`to cert was sever
`
`ls content
`web page the
`88s
`
`
`
`pdats content
`database for client
`
`application from
`proxy 8chis,
`update button
`history, and retum
`to cent
`evice
`
`ACCESSIBE LTD EXHIBIT 1022
`Page 1 of 10
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`

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`US 7,010,581 B2
`Page 2
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`Jacobs, Ian et al., “WAI Resource: HTML 4.0 Accessibility
`Improvements”, W3C, www.w3.org/WAI/References/
`HTML4-access, Nov 2000.*
`Charlton, M. et al.,"User Requirements for the SIP in
`Support of Deaf, Hard of Hearing and Speech-impaired
`Individuals”, p 1-17, Aug 2002.*
`
`Fairweather, P. G. et al.," From assistive technology to a Web
`accessibility service”, ACM Assests 2002, p 4-8, Jul. 2002.*
`“A Process for Selective Routing of Servlet Content to
`Transcoding Modules”, Research Disclosure, (Jun. 1999/
`889), IBM Corporation, pp. 889-890.
`Network Working Group, RFC 2616.
`* cited by examiner
`
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`U.S. Patent
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`Mar. 7, 2006
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`Sheet 1 of 4
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`US 7,010,581 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`Mar. 7, 2006
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`Sheet 2 of 4
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`US 7,010,581 B2
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`57
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Mar. 7, 2006
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`Sheet 3 of 4
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`US 7,010,581 B2
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`User requests content
`web page through a
`proxy machine
`32
`
`34
`Proxy machine
`retrieves Content
`Web page
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`56
`Transform web page
`back into format
`native to appropriate
`web server and send
`to Content Web Server
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`is content
`web page the
`same 2
`
`Tig. 3
`
`Proxy machine
`transforms Content
`Web page according
`to user-defined
`accessibility criteria
`to Create accessible
`Web page
`
`ls transcoding
`needed for type of
`user device?
`
`Send transformed
`web page to client
`device
`
`46
`
`h S
`there a
`content input back
`from clien
`device 2
`Yes 48
`
`Update content
`
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`
`Proxy machine
`retrieves browser
`based function
`preferences for
`specific user and
`injects function
`buttons into web
`page
`
`Transcode accessible
`web page
`
`
`
`No 50
`Has
`browser-based
`button on transformed No
`web page been
`clicked by
`user?
`Yes 52
`
`
`
`Run button
`application from
`proxy machine,
`update button
`history, and return
`HTML to client
`device
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`ACCESSIBE LTD EXHIBIT 1022
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`Mar.7, 2006
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`Sheet 4 of 4
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`US 7,010,581 B2
`US 7,010,581 B2
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`US 7,010,581 B2
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`1
`METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING
`BROWSER FUNCTIONS ON A WEB PAGE
`FOR CLIENTSPECIFIC ACCESSIBILITY
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`The present application is related to the following co
`pending application, which is filed on even date here with
`and incorporated herein by reference: U.S. patent applica
`tion Ser. No. 09/962,000.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`2
`server 16. While the content web page may be transformed
`by the content provider 18, the function buttons of the
`browser on the client device 10 remain outside the viewed
`web page, and therefore are not transformed. For example,
`while the web page may be magnified So that a user with
`limited vision can See the content of the page, the control
`buttons in the frame around the view web page remains
`unmagnified, and So the user is Still unable to see these
`browser control buttons. Magnifying all browser buttons is
`not practical due to Space limitations on the Viewing Screen.
`Another problem found in accessibility prior art relates to
`the process of transcoding content from content provider 18
`to a format that is recognizable by the hardware/software of
`a particular client device 10. Typically, a response from a
`web page is conventionally formatted via Standard page
`description language Such as HTML, which contains text
`and can reference graphics, Sound, animation and Video data.
`If client device 10 is a pervasive device, such as a PDA,
`Smart phone, wearable computer, etc., it typically must
`communicate in a non-HTML language, and usually through
`a dedicated ISP 12. The dedicated ISP 12 directs the request
`from the pervasive device to a Special URL, typically
`sub-defined by content server 16 or content provider 18, to
`reply with the appropriate response in the appropriate lan
`guage, such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) for
`handheld wireleSS devices Such as mobile phones, pagers,
`two-way radios, Smartphones and communicators. Alterna
`tively, ISP 12 may have the ability to transcode an HTML
`response from a content provider 18, but this ability has
`historically been limited to a limited predefined number of
`content providers. Thus accessibility requires not only
`transcoding of content by changing font size, background
`color, etc. for a particular handicapped user, the transcoded
`content needs to be understandable by the particular type of
`client device 10 being used.
`It should therefore be apparent that there exists a need for
`a means and method of providing browser-based function
`control buttons, form text fields and other browser-based
`functions integral with a content web page, Such that both
`the browser controls and the web page can be transformed
`and manipulated together for accessibility. These browser
`functions may include, but are not limited to, forward, back,
`page reload, user Settings, bookmarks and history list. Such
`a System should also include the ability to transcode the
`content into a format readable by different client devices 10
`that the user may use. It would further be desirable to devise
`a computer program product wherein Such a method may be
`performed on a computer System. In addition, it would be
`desirable to devise a proxy machine having the ability to
`provide these transformation applications and optionally
`transcode responses from a content provider 18 to a client
`device 10 according to user-defined preferences for acces
`sibility.
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`1. Technical Field
`The present invention relates in general to the field of
`computer networks, and, in particular, to the connection
`between a user device and a content Server. Still more
`particularly, the present invention relates to an improved
`method and System for providing browser based functions in
`a web page to provide accessibility to that web page to a
`disabled client user.
`2. Description of the Related Art
`The Internet comprises a vast network of heterogenous
`computers and Sub-networks all communicating together to
`allow for global exchange of information. The World Wide
`Web (WWW) is one of the more popular information
`Services on the Internet. The WWW uses browser Software
`to decipher HyperText links to other documents or files
`located on remote computers, all of which are connected to
`the Internet. Browsers provide a user-friendly interface that
`allows users to easily navigate from site to site or file to file
`around the Internet. Using a browser, a user can acceSS
`information in the form of text, audio, Video, Still pictures
`and related multimedia Stored on remote computers or
`COntent SerVerS.
`FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the Internet and other devices
`that may be used to access the Internet. A client device 10,
`Such as a desktop computer, laptop computer, personal
`digital assistant (PDA), onboard vehicle computer, cellular
`telephone, etc., Sends a request for a Web Site, typically
`through a browser application program using HyperText
`Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to send the request through an
`Internet Service Provider (ISP) 12. ISP 12 establishes a link
`to an Internet 14, which then passes the HTTP request to a
`content server 16. This request is forwarded to a content
`provider 18 that is typically a web page addressed by a
`Uniform Resource Indicator (URI) such as a Uniform
`Resource Locator (URL).
`The response from client device 16 is typically in the
`language of HyperText Markup Language (HTML), which
`is the Standard language for generating documents on the
`World Wide Web (WWW). HTML defines the structure and
`layout of a web document by using a variety of tag com
`mands inserted in the document to Specify how the docu
`55
`ment, or portion of the document, should be formatted. The
`response from content provider 18 is routed back through
`content server 16, Internet 14, and ISP12 to client device 10.
`A major problem for the Internet relates to providing
`access to web pages to handicapped users, including the
`Visually impaired, hearing impaired and physically handi
`capped. Such accessibility primarily consists of transform
`ing the Style of information received from a web page, Such
`as changing print font sizes or converting written text to
`aural speech for the visually impaired. While some content
`Servers 16 have transcoding functions, these are typically
`limited to select content providers 18 served by that content
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention a method and System that provide
`browser-based functions by injected into a web page a
`control button, form text field or similar browser-based
`function control Such that both the browser controls and the
`content of the web page can be transformed for accessibility.
`A proxy machine retrieves a web page for a user, and then
`injects the user Selected browser function controls into the
`web page itself. The injected browser controls are Supported
`by web-based application Services, preferably resident in an
`intermediary proxy machine, for producing web content that
`is representative of that function. The web page is trans
`
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`3
`formed into a style that is accessible for that particular user,
`Such as magnifying the page, reformatting background
`Schemes, etc. The user can Select which browser function
`buttons are injected into the web page, and as the web page
`is transformed for accessibility, the browser controls on the
`page are likewise transformed. The above, as well as addi
`tional objectives, features, and advantages of the present
`invention will become apparent in the following detailed
`written description.
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`The novel features believed characteristic of the invention
`are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself,
`however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objects
`and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference
`to the following detailed description of an illustrative
`embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompa
`nying drawings, wherein:
`FIG. 1 depicts a simplified block diagram of prior art
`Internet connections,
`FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified block diagram of an Internet
`connection using an intermediary Server for transcoding
`content,
`FIG. 3 depicts a high-level flow chart of the preferred
`embodiment of the invention; and
`FIG. 4 illustrates an example browser functioning web
`page.
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED
`EMBODIMENT
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`With reference now to FIG. 2 there is depicted a block
`diagram of a preferred Internet connection between client
`device 10 and web content server 30. Client device 10 may
`be a network connected device connected through a Local
`Area Network (LAN) or Wide Area Network (WAN), which
`LAN/WAN 15 connects directly to proxy machine 11. Such
`devices may be a desktop computer, laptop computer, Set top
`box, PDA, Automated Teller Machine (ATM), or computer
`kiosk. In addition, client device 10 may be a cellular
`telephone, which typically is connected through a Public
`Switched Telephone Network PSTN 13 that connects the
`cellular telephone to the proxy machine 11, either directly or
`via LAN/WAN 15.
`As shown in FIG. 2, in the preferred embodiment proxy
`machine 11 performs several functions. Proxy machine 11
`connects client device 10, as described above, to Web
`content servers 30, which may be an Internet service (ISP),
`Internet Content Provider (ICP), or other similar gate way
`devices. Proxy machine 11 acts as a proxy between client
`device 10 and Web content server 30, which provides
`content from content provider 18, shown in FIG. 1. Access
`to proxy machine 11 may be through a direct or network
`connection, and may be Staged using different communica
`tion medium. For example, a telephone may first require
`transmission through PSTN 13 to a voice server 29.
`Requests entering proxy machine 11 are routed, for load
`balancing, through network dispatcher 26. After routing has
`been determined, the requests are passed to one or more
`designated transcoders in a transcoder farm 24. User iden
`tification information is passed in the request and authenti
`cated by a security server 20 based on the stored user set of
`protocol. If the user is not known or invalid, proxy machine
`11 will direct the client device's user agent (browser) to
`authenticate the user by prompting it for a user I.D. and
`password. The authentication information is then be passed
`to proxy machine 11.
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`Once a user has been validated, the designated transcoder
`will query user data base 22 for profile information. In the
`preferred embodiment, this profile information is delivered
`through an extensible markup language (XML) transcoding
`directive, which provides directives to the transcoder Show
`ing the user's preferred transcoding order, format, etc. The
`designated transcoder will then retrieve the document from
`Web content server 30, apply the transformation and send it
`back to client device 10. The transcoding software in proxy
`machine 11 is designed to handle dynamic transcoding. To
`do this, each transcoder Stores the document retrieved in
`browser form for manipulation by each of the desired
`transformations. As a browser, proxy machine 11 works to
`Separate content, data, and executable Script for manipula
`tion by the transcoder in transcoder farm 24. This manipu
`lation is designed to improve the accessibility and usability
`by the disabled or Senior user accessing proxy machine 11.
`The transcoder functions, which are based on the internal
`browser engine of client device 10, may provide low vision/
`cognitive transforms, blind transforms, or other transforms.
`Other transcoder functions include Support for Secure
`connections. Intermediary Serve 11 may establish a Secure
`Socket connection, preferably in the method and System
`described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/962,000, to
`Web content savers 30, and this secure connection may be
`accessed from client device 10 through a Secure or non
`Secure connection, depending on user preference and Set up
`of proxy machine 11. In addition, transcoder functions may
`provide access to intermediary web applications 28, which
`may be mail, Settings, bookmarks, history lists, or other
`features typically associated with a browser. Therefore, in
`this application, proxy machine 11 acts a proxy browser
`providing functions in intermediary web application 28.
`User data base 22 functions primarily to provide user
`profiles Specific for a client. User profiles show client
`preferences for accessibility display of content, and these
`profiles are typically conveyed to the transcoder in
`transcoder farm 24 through an XML transcode directive.
`These same user profiles may be passed through intermedi
`ary web applications 28, which are then transcoded in
`transcoder farm 24 according to the user profile.
`Referring again now to FIG. 2, as a request is sent from
`client device 10 to proxy machine 11, the request is sent to
`Web content server 30 after the client has been authenticated
`as an authorized user of proxy machine 11. The response is
`then returned from Web content server 30, typically in
`HTML format, where it is transcoded in transcoder farm 24
`according to a user profile found in user data base 22. The
`transcoding then applies the appropriate transform, to
`include those described above for low vision/cognitive dis
`abilities, blindness, and others.
`Proxy machine 11 is also able to transcode for device
`Specific transcoding, Such as transcoding content designed in
`HTML format for a desktop computer into a suitable format,
`such as WAP, for a PDA. The device-specific transcode can
`also include the content transformation. For example, con
`tent may be magnified for any client device 10 used by the
`user, whether it is a desktop computer or a PDA. By having
`a user profile Stored in proxy machine 11 that is unique for
`a user, the user is then able to utilize a variety of client
`devices 10, by all having access to the user's profile in user
`data base 22. For example, if the user needs to have image
`magnified, background removed, and a different display
`color on a desktop computer, the same user preferences
`would be automatically applied to any computer used by that
`user when going through proxy machine 11. Thus the user's
`own laptop, a borrowed desktop, or a public computer
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`terminal would all display content from any Web site in the
`Same format as defined by that user.
`Reference is now made to FIG. 3, a high-level flowchart
`describing a preferred embodiment of the present invention
`for injecting browser-based control buttons into any web
`page. AS depicted in block 32, the user first requests a
`Specific content web page by Sending the request through
`proxy machine 11. AS illustrated in block 34, proxy machine
`11 then retrieves the content web page. Next, as shown in
`block 36, proxy machine 11 retrieves the browser-based
`function preferences for the Specific user making the web
`page request, and injects the user Selected functions buttons
`into the retrieved web page. These function buttons 56 (seen
`in FIG. 4) are links to an application server in proxy machine
`11, whose function is described below. As shown in block
`38, proxy machine 11 then transforms the content web page
`according to user-defined accessibility criteria Stored in user
`database 22, which define the user's preferences for content
`transformations to improve accessibility, Such as image
`magnification, font Selection, background, etc. A query, as
`depicted in block 40, is then made as to whether transcoding
`is needed to put the content into a format recognizable for
`the client device 10 in use. For example, HTML content may
`need to be transcoded into WAP for a PDA. If so, as
`illustrated in block 42 the transcoding is performed in proxy
`machine 11 using transcoder farm 24 using directives from
`user database 22 to control which transcoder applications to
`run and in which order. The transformed web page is then
`sent back to client device 10, as depicted in block 44.
`The transformed web page Sent from proxy machine 11 to
`client device 10 may look like the example shown in FIG.
`4. The content screen 60 has been transformed into a format
`different from that originally retrieved from the web content
`Server. It has been magnified, Several unwanted links have
`been removed while other web page links 64 have been
`retained. Inserted into content Screen 60 are the user-chosen
`browser-based injected function buttons 66. Some of the
`buttons 66 replicate browser functions buttons 62 from the
`Internet browser application on client device 10, Such as
`“Back” and “Forward.” Other buttons 66 replicate the func
`tions of buttons from the content web page, such as “Mail.”
`Still other buttons 66 are for functions of proxy machine 11,
`Such as "Settings' for choosing which accessibility trans
`forms are desired by the user. Alternatively or in addition to
`buttons 66, other browser based function forms, such as
`form text fields for Submitting addresses, may also be
`injected into content screen 60. Whether in the form of a
`button 66, form text field or other browser-based function
`control, all Such injected browser-based forms contain at
`least one element for activating at least one browser based
`function within content Screen 60 to generate a web page
`that can function as a browser.
`Returning now to FIG. 3, after the transformed web page
`has been sent to client device 10, as shown in block 44, a
`query is made as to whether the user has entered content
`input information into the web page, as illustrated in block
`46. If so, as shown in block 48, that input is entered into user
`database 22 for that user for transmission to the content
`page's content Server 16. Likewise, a query, shown in block
`50, is made as to whether any of the injected buttons 66 have
`been clicked by the user. If So, an application running in an
`application Server in proxy machine 11 will update the
`database and history list for that user, and will then generate
`HTML code correlating to the web page requested, which is
`transcoded for client device 10 if necessary, and Sent back to
`client device 10, as depicted in block 52. Clicking an
`injected button 66 may retrieve a new web page, which
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`query is illustrated in block 54. If So, the new page is treated
`as a new request shown in block 32. Otherwise, the web
`page is transformed back into the format understood by
`content server 16, typically in HTML code, and sent to the
`content Server 16 for that web page, as illustrated in block
`56.
`Each of the injected browser-based function control
`forms, whether as a button 66, a form text field, or any other
`browser-based function form, is supported by a web-based
`application Service for producing web content that is repre
`Sentative of that function. This application Service is pref
`erably performed through an intermediary proxy machine
`11, and produces the browser-based function, Such as
`requesting a new Web page, accessing mail, Searching for a
`document, printing a page, etc.
`AS has been shown by the description herein, the present
`invention provides a Significant improvement for disabled
`users and their access to both web content as well as browser
`functions. By incorporating the browser functions into the
`web page through user-Selected and user-defined browser
`based accessible function forms, the handicapped user is
`able to browse content on both a current web page as well
`as linking or Searching for other web pages.
`It is understood and appreciated that instructions from a
`content provider directing that the content provided is not to
`be transcoded or Similarly manipulated should be honored.
`For example, a “no-transform directive' in an HTTP header
`or similar instructions should be followed, and the content
`not transcoded or Similarly manipulated according to the
`instructions of the content provider. A description that is
`illustrative of Such an instruction is found in Section 14.9.5
`of the 1999 Network Working Group's HyperText Transfer
`Protocol HTTP/1.1.
`While the invention has been particularly shown and
`described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will
`be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes
`in form and detail may be made therein without departing
`from the Spirit and Scope of the invention.
`What is claimed is:
`1. A method comprising:
`requesting, at a client device, a content web page by
`Sending a request through a proxy machine;
`retrieving, at the proxy machine, a requested content web
`page,
`retrieving, at the proxy machine, browser-based function
`preferences for a specific user of the client device;
`injecting, at the proxy machine, injected function buttons
`into the requested content web page, wherein the
`injected function buttons are links to an application
`Server in the proxy machine, and wherein each of the
`injected function buttons is Supported by a web-based
`application Service for producing web content that is
`representative of a function of each injected function
`button;
`transforming, at the proxy machine, the requested content
`web page according to user-defined accessibility crite
`ria to create an accessible web page,
`determining if accessibility transcoding is needed to put
`the requested content web page into a format recog
`nizable by the client device;
`in response to determining that accessibility transcoding
`is needed by the user device, transcoding the accessible
`web page into a transformed accessible web page,
`Sending the transformed accessible web page to the client
`device;
`determining if a content input has been received at the
`proxy machine from the client device, wherein if the
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`US 7,010,581 B2
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`content input has been received at the proxy machine
`from the client device, a content database, based on the
`content input, for the user is updated and transmitted to
`a web page Server for the requested content web page;
`determining if any of the injected function buttons have 5
`been clicked at the client device, wherein in response to
`any of the injected functions buttons having been
`clicked at the client device, running an application in
`the application Server in the proxy machine to:
`update a database and history list for the Specific user 10
`of the client device,
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`8
`generate HTML code correlating to the requested con
`tent Web page,
`transcode the HTML code as needed by the client
`device, and
`transmit the HTML code to the client device; and
`in response to a clicking of one of the injected function
`buttons, retrieving a new web page by the proxy
`machine and Sending the new web page to the client
`device.
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`k
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