CX-0693
`
`80
`
`Illumination
`
`Faceted Reflector Design
`
`
`Essentially there are two design procedures for faceted
`reflectors:
`those based on
`the
`tailored-edge-ray
`method and those that provide a stippled illumination
`pattern. Stippling means that
`the target
`irradiance
`distribution is created from the overlap of the light from
`different
`segments
`of
`the
`reflector. This washes out any
`structure that could be imaged
`from the sources,
`such as
`a
`filament and its supports. Thus,
`the
`designer builds
`a_ basic
`reflector
`shape,
`such
`as
`parabolic, and then replaces the
`one
`smooth reflector with a
`series of flat, areal segments.
`This type of faceted reflector can
`be found in LCD and overhead
`projectors.
`can
`Tailored-edge-ray reflectors
`also use this effect with some
`added benefits:
`e
`Energy conservation re-
`strictions
`mean_
`the
`reflectors
`grow large,
`but faceting allows the
`shape to be “restarted”
`to minimize the overall
`volume.
`Facets can individually
`address different por-tions of
`distribution.
`Tolerancing is improved since various allowances can
`be incorporated as a function of segmentposition.
`These reflectors are typical in the automotive headlight
`industry and are increasingly used in other applications.
`This example (LED) shows the utility of faceting. The
`LEDs’
`intensity
`distribution
`pattern,
`along with
`uniformity at the target, gives the reflector shape shown
`here.
`
`
`
`
`
`4
`
`os
`
`
`
`e
`
`e
`
`on
`
`“5
`
`:
`
`the desired target
`
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`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Nonimaging Compound Concentrators
`
`81
`
`Advanced Nonimaging Optic Design
`
` Dioptric
`
`There are a number of advanced nonimaging design
`algorithms, such as nonimaging Fresnel lens design,
`nonedge-ray design,
`and simultaneous multiple
`surfaces method (SMS). Nonimaging Fresnel
`lens
`design is used in lighthouses, solar concentrators, traffic
`lights, and automotive lamps. The in-expensive, small-
`volume optics are thin dielectrics, plastic or glass, with
`two types of Fresnel elements:
`two
`e Catadioptric:
`uses
`refractions and one TIR to bend
`
`the the_desiredlight in
`
`
`direction.
`e Dioptric: uses two refractions
`to bend the light in the desired
`direction.
`center while
`lens
`Dioptrics
`are used toward the
`catadioptrics are used once Fresnel losses becomelarge.
`The TIR condition reduces the angles of incidence on the
`two refractive surfaces.
`Nonedge-ray design follows the equations of tailored-edge
`ray design but adds two additional factors:
`e
`System performancecriteria drive optimization; and
`e Multiple extended-size sources are allowed.
`This design method trades between system performance
`and transfer efficiency from the source to the absorber. It
`is used in multiple small-source applications, such as
`LED lighting and diode-laser pumping.
`SMS provides for multiple ray paths from the source to
`points on the to-be-generated optical surfaces of the
`device. Refraction,
`reflection, and TIR are
`used in conjunction to generate the multiple
`surfaces and provide the optimal output
`angular spread from the optic. SMSis part of
`a family of optics called hybrid optics that
`use many different optical phenomena for
`their operation. A primary example is the
`pseudo-collimating lenses used for high-
`brightness LEDs.
`
`
`
`
`
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`

`

`CX-0693
`
`82
`
`Illumination
`
`Displays—Overview
`
`
`A multitude of existing displays incorporate different
`illumination strategies to provide a lit screen. Optical
`display technologies include backlighting, projection,
`and organic LED (OLED).
`
`Backlit displays use large liquid crystal (LC) modules
`that are lit from the rear by small sources coupled to a
`TIR element that spans the extent of the screen. The TIR
`is frustrated by structures placed on a surface of this
`element. Sources used in backlit displays include cold-
`cathode fluorescent
`lamps (CCFL) and LEDs,
`in
`which the ejected light proceeds through many additional
`layers,
`including polarizers,
`the LC,
`and diffusers.
`Additional layers may_include a_ brightness
`
`
`
`enhancement film (BEF), which recirculates ejected
`light until it is in the desired angular range. The next few
`pages describe the components of a backlit display in
`more detail.
`
`Projection displays use smaller SLMs in different
`spectral
`ranges to multiplex a full-color
`image. The
`illumination components include a broadband source (e.g.,
`a narrow-gap arc lamp or LED), a reflector to capture the
`emitted radiation, lenslet arrays (often called fly’s eyes),
`and dichroic filters to separate the light into the desired
`spectral ranges (typically red, green, and blue). There are
`both front-projection displays and rear-projection
`displays. Front-projection displays use distinct spectral
`channels to illuminate the screen; however, this increases
`cost and can reduce tolerances. Rear-projection displays
`fold the system in order to maintain a smaller display
`depth. Projection displays are discussed in more detail
`later.
`
`Unlike backlit and projection displays, OLED displays
`deposit pixel emitters onto a substrate. These emitters
`provide both the illumination and display information, so
`the design demands for the illumination engineer are
`negligible. OLED modules can be used in projection
`displays.
`
`
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`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Displays
`
`83
`
`Backlit Display Components
`
`electro-
`
`Standard components of a backlit LCD include:
`Source:
`Typically CCFL,
`LED,
`or
`luminescent (EL).
`Injector: A specular or diffuse reflector that captures
`and injects the light into the lightguide.
`that
`Lightguide: A dielectric,
`typically acrylic,
`captures the injected light via TIR. Features are
`placed on the backside of the lightguide to break the
`TIR condition. The lightguide is also wedged using
`decreasing thickness with increasing distance from
`the injector.
`Features: Paint patterns or geometric structures to
`frustrate the TIR. The density and/or depth of the
`features increases with distance from the injector to
`provide uniform illumination over the screen. The
`geometric structures can be holes (extending into the
`lightguide) or bumps (extending outof the lightguide).
`Backreflector: A diffuse or specular reflector placed
`below the features to capture and recirculate anylight
`that is emitted from the lightguide backside.
`Polarizers: Two crossed linear polarizers placed on
`the display output side with an LC placed in between.
`Liquid crystal: Sandwiched between the two crossed
`linear polarizers to rotate the polarization by 90 deg
`for a pixel
`that has information content. Closely
`placed pixels provide for the color content (e.g., three
`pixels to provide red, green, and blue).
`Diffusers: Sometimes placed on the output side of the
`lightguide to provide better angular uniformity from
`the display.
`Brightness enhancement film: A microstructure,
`such as a prism,
`to select a desired angular output
`range while the higher angular content is recirculated
`to increase display brightness.
`Injector and
`Polarizers, LC, BEF, and
`Source
`Diffusers
`
`
`
`
`atures and
`eee
`Lightguide
`Back Reflector
`
`
`NY
`
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`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`384
`
`Illumination
`
`Backlit Display: Source and Injector
`
`
`Small sources are preferable for backlights to reduce the
`overall display volume. The source can be located to the
`side of a lightguide or placed directly behind the
`polarizers and LC. The former allows for thin displays at
`the expense of lightguide complexity; the latter increases
`the depth due to the removal of the lightguide, and
`careful design is required to provide uniform luminance.
`Three standard sources are used: CCFLs, LEDs, or EL
`films. CCFLs are small-diameter lamps that run the
`length of one or more sides of the display. For LED
`backlights, multiple LEDs are used to provide the
`required luminance level.
`They can be white-light
`emitters, a combination of multiple colors (e.g., red, green,
`and blue), or a combination of color-emitting LEDs and
`white-light
`emitters. EL films
`provide
` single-color
`background displays with information shown in black.
`Examples
`include watch
`faces
`and
`automotive
`dashboards. They work by passing current through the
`EL material, which then emits
`spatially uniform
`Lambertian light. EL backlights have no need for a
`lightguide because the EL is mated to the back of the LC-
`polarizer module.
`
`An injector is standard for any type of backlighting
`scheme. For a backlight whose source is located to the
`side of a lightguide, either diffuse or specular reflectors
`are placed around the source to better capture the emitted
`radiation. Standard shapes for a CCFL include spherical,
`parabolic, and elliptical
`troughs. For LEDs, dielectric
`(especially acrylic) couplers akin to the hybrid optics
`presented are used. The output aperture of the injector is
`mated to the input aperture of
`the lightguide. For
`backlighting without a lightguide,
`reflectors are often
`placed around the sources to assist in directing the light
`and to provide uniform luminance from the display. The
`simplest case is the lightbox, whichis a highly reflecting,
`diffuse material placed around the sources over the extent
`of the screen backside. Lightboxes are analogous to
`integrating spheres.
`
`
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`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Displays
`
`83
`
`Backlit Display: Lightguides, Features, Reflectors
`
`suited for backlight
`are best
`Plastics
`
`lightguides can_takebecause they
`
`
`advantage
`injection molding. The
`of
`thickness
`at
`the
`injector
`end of
`the
`lightguide depends on the screen size, with
`larger displays requiring thicker lightguides.
`The lightguide is thinned with increasing
`distance from the injector. This thinning
`assists with ejection of the trapped TIR
`light, because
`as
`the
`lightguide
`cross-
`sectional area decreases, the conservation of
`étendue demandsanincrease in the angular
`extent.
`
`
`
`Structure or features are added to the
`backside of
`the lightguide,
`i.e., on the
`wedged surfaceside because the backside has
`more distance for the light to spread over the
`spatial extent of the display. Initially, paint
`patterns were used to cause the ejection;
`however, the paint must undergo a separate
`and costly process, and the paint spots
`provide little direct control of the resulting
`angular
`distribution.
`For
`this
`reason,
`replicated geometrical structures are added
`during injection molding either as holes,
`which extend into the lightguide, or bumps,
`which
`extend
`out
`of
`the
` lightguide.
`Geometrical shapes, as shown in the figure,
`include hip roofs, spheres, and ellipsoids.
`The density and/or depth of these features
`increases with distance from the injector.
`The design of such feature patterns is from
`the
`diffusion
`equation,
`followed
`by
`optimization for improved performance.
`
`x
`
`Backside
`Reflector
`
`the
`leaked through the back feature-side of
`Light
`lightguide is caught with a reflector, diffuse, or specular,
`which is placed below the lightguide. The backside
`reflector provides recirculation and better efficiency.
`
`
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`

`

`CX-0693
`
`86
`
`Illumination
`
`Backlit Display: Polarizers, LC, and BEF
`
`
`that
`There are a number of additional components
`comprise an LCD, including two linear polarizers and
`the twisted-nematic LC module. The first polarizer
`passes linear polarization at one orientation, while the
`second passes linear polarization orthogonal to the first.
`The LC is sandwiched in between these two polarizers,
`and in a pixel’s transmissivestate, it rotates the light that
`exits
`the first polarizer by 90 deg. A pixel
`in a
`nontransmissive state absorbs the incident radiation. The
`LC module also has glass substrates on both sides of the
`LC, and on each glass substrate there are transmissive
`indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. A spectral filter
`mask is inserted to provide color output from the display.
`Typically, a three-color mask is used, where neighboring
`subpixels pass red, green, or blue. The combination of
`
`
`
`
`these a_displaypixels forms through resolution
`
`considerations of the viewer. There are a number of
`color-pixel patterns including:
`e Triangularor delta: better for motion pictures;
`e
`Stripes: better for television; and
`e Diagonal: better for motion pictures.
`
`RY
`
`Triangular
`
`
`
`Stripe
`
`Diagonal
`
`A BEF, a replicated structure of microprisms, recirculates
`emitted light until it is in the desired angular range. The
`BEFis situated just below the polarizers and LC. A dual
`brightness enhancement film (DBEF)
`incorporates
`the polarization into the optic such that the first linear
`polarizer can be removed.
`
`CRAARAA PARA Taare
`
`VAS
`
`
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`IPR2022-01300
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Displays
`
`87
`
`Projection Displays
`
`
`Projection displays typically use three channels— red,
`green, and blue—to develop the object to be displayed by
`the projection lens. Each of the channels uses a spatial
`light modulator (SLM) to generate this object. One-
`channel systems use color filter wheels to temporally
`generate the scene. There are essentially three options for
`the SLM:
`
`e
`
`Transmissive LCs akin to those used in backlighting;
`e
`e Digital
`light processing (DLP) modules, which
`incorporate millions of micromirrors over their surface
`area; or
`Reflective LCs, such as liquid crystal on silicon,
`(LCoS), which integrate the LC with the circuitry.
`The SLMs are microdisplays that use magnification from
`the projection lens to generate the screen image. An X-
`cube combines
`the three spectral channels, and the
`resulting “object” is projected onto the screen.
`The illumination components of a projection display
`include the source, a reflector, and fly’s eye lenses and/or
`straight lightpipes. The source is typically a narrow-gap
`arc or even LEDs. The reflector
`(conic, edge-ray, or
`faceted) is specular, and it captures most of the source
`emission. The fly’s eye provides better spatial uniformity
`over the SLMsby creating several images of the source.
`The lightpipe mixes the light to provide better spatial
`uniformity. The overall illumination system is typically
`arranged in a Kohler schemeto hide the source structure.
`
`
`___ Projection
`X-cube
`[i
`lens
`Reflector and_Fly’s
`source
`eye
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Dichroics
`
`
`
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`IPR2022-01300
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`88
`
`Illumination
`
`Mapping Flat-Fielding Sources
`
`
`High-performance camera systems such as airborne and
`satellite cameras generally go through a process known as
`flat-fielding. The camera is presented with a large-sized
`extended light source that has nearly perfectly uniform
`radiance. Since the flat-field source is uniform, any pixel-
`to-pixel nonuniformities in the camera are inherent to the
`camera and can be remedied with image processing.
`
`Generally, flat-fielding sources are realized by internally
`illuminated integrating spheres. Spheres with exit ports
`of about a 50-cm diameter are common. Ports of over a
`meter in diameter are sometimes needed depending on
`the aperture of a single large camera or the combined
`apertures of an array of smaller cameras. Radiance
`uniformities of 98% or 99% or better are the norm.
`
`To verify that the flat-fielding sources have been designed
`properly and that
`there are no deficiencies in their
`manufacture,
`they are mapped for radiance uniformity.
`The mapping is done with a radiance meter, which is
`often photopically filtered for no other
`reason than
`commercial availability and the desire to band-limit the
`silicon detector to a region of good sensitivity.
`
`The radiance meter is operated either in a collimated
`modeor is focused on a small spot in the plane of the exit
`port. Keeping the viewing direction constant, the meteris
`scanned in two directions to create a radiance map of the
`source.
`
`Radiance meter
`focused on the
`plane of the port,
`TF A oe ae geen”
`eS and scannedin
`two directions
`
`Integrating sphere
`flat-fielding source
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`IPR2022-01300
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Characterizing Illumination Systems
`
`89
`
`Goniophotometers
`
`
`Light sources designed to produce useable irradiance
`(automobile headlamps, roadway luminaires, and interior
`lighting fixtures) as well as those designed to produce
`useable intensity (automobile tail lights,
`traffic signals,
`aircraft and marine running lights) are all characterized
`by goniophotometers—devices used to measure the
`directional distribution of light from sources.
`
`A goniophotometer consists of a small detector placed at a
`distance from the source where intensity is meaningful,
`(i.e.,
`the inverse-square law applies). Except for highly
`collimated sources such as searchlights, a distance from
`the source of five to ten times the largest dimension of the
`source is usually sufficient. The lamp or detector (or a
`combination of the two) is moved to map the intensity
`distribution of the source.
`
`type A, B, or C
`Goniophotometers are classified as
`depending on how they are constructed. This can be
`confusing because, in addition to three types of physical
`construction,
`there are three variations of spherical
`coordinates for reporting data that are also called types A,
`B, and C. These usually, but not always, match the type of
`goniophotometer used. Details of the three coordinate
`systems are shown on the next page.
`
`Types A and B goniophotometers are similar in that the
`luminaire is mounted on a device with horizontal and
`vertical axes and a distant fixed detector.
`
`Type C goniophotometers move the detector around the
`luminaire on a horizontal axis and rotate the luminaire
`on a vertical axis. Sometimes,
`for
`large luminaires,
`involving large distances, the detector is fixed and a large
`high-quality mirror moves on a horizontal axis, directing
`the light to the detector.
`
`Type C goniophotometers are necessary for measuring
`lamps that are sensitive to the burning position.
`
`
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`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`90
`
`Illumination
`
`Types A, B, C Goniometer Coordinate Systems
`
`
`All are spherical coordinate systems.
`
`Type A spherical coordinates:
`Polar axis: vertical
`Label on vertical angles: Y
`Label on horizontal angles: X
`Range of Y: —90 (nadir) to +90 (zenith)
`Range of X: —180 (left, from luminaire) to +180
`Straight ahead: Y= 0, X =0
`Primary uses: optical systems, automotive lighting
`
`Type B spherical coordinates:
`Polar axis: horizontal
`Label on vertical angles: V
`Label on horizontal angles: H
`Range of V: —180 to +180
`Range of X: —90 (eft, from luminaire) to +90
`Straight ahead: V=0, H=0
`Primary uses: floodlights
`
`Type C spherical coordinates:
`Polar axis: vertical
`Label on vertical angles: V
`Label on horizontal angles: L (lateral)
`Rangeof V: 0 (nadir) to 180 (zenith)
`Range of L: 0 (along primary axis of luminaire) to 360
`Straight down: Y= 0, X =0
`Primary uses: indoor lighting, roadway lighting
`
`
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`CX-0693
`
`Characterizing Illumination Systems
`
`91
`
`“Snapshot” Goniophotometers
`
`
`Conventional goniophotometers take a long time to
`produce an intensity mapping. In addition,
`they must
`have precise motion control to achieve the desired angular
`resolution. As such, they are well suited for characterizing
`luminaire designs, but not really useful for quality control
`or sorting of LEDs, for example. For these applications,
`several versions of rapid “snapshot” goniophotometers
`have been developed:
`
`Rapid-scan goniophotometers
`Multiple-detector goniophotometers
`Tapered fiber bundle goniophotometers
`Camera-based goniophotometers
`
`Rapid-scan goniophotometers are small devices used to
`characterize LEDs and the output of optical fibers. They
`operate on similar principles to the conventional type C
`goniophotometers, but motions are much faster, making
`measurements in seconds rather than minutes.
`
`numerous
`place
`goniophotometers
`Multiple-detector
`discrete detectors in the intensity field of interest and
`capture the entire intensity distribution at one time. The
`angular resolution is restricted to the spacing of the
`detectors.
`
`A tapered fiber optic bundle can be manufactured with
`one concave spherical face with all the fibers directed
`toward the source. At the other end of the bundle, the
`fibers can be aligned with the pixels of a detector array.
`The
`detector
`array captures
`the
`entire
`intensity
`distribution at one time.
`
`Camera-based goniophotometers place a diffuse reflecting
`surface (flat or concave) at an appropriate distance from
`the source, and view the light reflected from the surface
`with an imaging photometer
`that,
`together with the
`reflecting surface,
`is calibrated to capture the entire
`intensity distribution in one “snapshot.”
`
`
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`

`CX-0693
`
`92
`
`Illumination
`
`Software Modeling Discussion
`
`
`Outside the laboratory, software programs are used to
`model, optimize, and tolerance optical systems. Two types
`of codes exist in the optical design arena: lens design
`codes and optics analysis codes. The former are used
`primarily to design the lenses used in optical systems.
`They include robust analysis tools such as point spread
`function graphs, spot diagrams, and modular transfer
`function curves; optimization tools to improve upon the
`performance of the imaging system; and tolerancing tools
`to ensure manufacturability.
`Increasingly,
`these lens
`design codes
`include nonsequential
`ray tracing.
`Nonsequential ray tracing is required for a number of
`illumination
`systems,
`especially
`those
`based
`on
`nonimaging optics. In standard lens design, rays follow a
`prescribed sequenceof optical interfaces. Thus, the traced
`rays know the sequence of surface intercepts, which
`reduces the computation load since the algorithm does not
`need to determine which surface is struck next by a ray.
`
`Optics analysis codes are based around nonsequential ray
`tracing such that computation time must be spent
`to
`determine which surfaces are struck by each ray.
`Nonsequential
`ray tracing is
`inherently slower
`than
`sequential ray tracing. Analysis codes are further broken
`down into two geometry types: surface-based geometry
`and solid-based geometry. Surface-based codes require
`the user to generate each surface, assigning the optical
`properties on the two sides of each interface. Solid-based
`codes develop enclosed objects that allow the user to
`assign volume-based properties such as
`the type of
`material (e.g., BK7) and surface-based properties (e.g., a
`silver mirror).
`
`Optical design codes incorporate more computer-aided
`design (CAD)into their capabilities. This feature allows
`the codes to import mechanical design formats such as
`IGES and STEP. Certain industries
`such as_
`the
`automotive and architectural industries have specialized
`codes. Thelist of codes is extensive and always changing.
`
`
`PAGE 106 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080486
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01300
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01300
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Architectural Illumination
`
`93
`
`Role of Light in Architecture
`
`The illumination of buildings is a design process aimed at
`orchestrating light for the user’s well-being. The layering
`and patterning of light
`is considered successful when
`complex physiological and psychological responses are
`satisfied. Such responses are centrally conditioned by
`vision:
`the medium through which information and
`perceptions about
`a given space are recorded and
`interpreted. Economics and energy efficiency play a
`critical role in design decisions, but the satisfaction of
`vision requirementsis of overriding importance.
`
`The characteristic features of an architectural space only
`cometo life with light. Hence, no light no architecture. At
`the sametime, light is not neutral: The way it is arranged
`gives a particular appreciation of the space and generates
`specific emotive and aesthetic responses.
`
`The electric illumination of an architectural space is
`simply the result of
`transmitted or
`reflected light
`emanating from distant and immediate surrounding
`surfaces. Therefore,
`the lighting designer can influence
`the interface between light and matter to meet
`these
`visual requirements and sensations. Hence, only with a
`proper understanding of physiological and psychological
`factors and a familiarity with available technologies can
`lighting decisions be made for propereffect.
`
`in the 1970s caused by an
`Despite some setbacks
`advocacy for windowless buildings to save energy, light
`available from the sun and sky has regained the attention
`of lighting designers for the many benefits it brings to
`users. When available and well controlled, daylight is by
`far
`the preferred source of
`illumination. Today,
`the
`common design approach combines the contribution of
`both electric and natural
`lights
`for
`increased work
`productivity, and reduced absenteeism or visual fatigue.
`
`
`
`PAGE 107 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080487
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01300
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01300
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`94
`
`Illumination
`
`Eye Adaptation and Visual Fields
`
`Eye adaptation to the visual environment is the eye's
`response and sensitivity to the ambient light level as the
`person moves from one environment to the next, such as
`walking from the bright and sunny outdoors to the dark
`indoors. If the difference between the two light levels is
`extreme, the person may feel like he or she has moved
`into a totally black environment. Slowly, the sensitivity of
`the eye attunes itself to the dark environment and details
`become increasingly distinguished.
`It
`takes 20 to 30
`minutes for
`the eyes to completely adapt
`to a dark
`environment and grasp the details. Conversely, eyes
`adapt to a sunny environmentin 2 to 3 minutes.
`
`Transient adaptationis the ability of the visual system
`to adapt in short intervals to the different luminances
`prevailing in a fixed visual
`field,
`for
`instance, when
`looking through a bright window and downto a desk. Due
`to such variations, the iris constantly adjusts the aperture
`to control the light entering the eye. Large variations
`between luminances in a scene are considered detrimental
`to visual comfort and lead to eye fatigue.
`
`Visual fields refer to the direction of the eyes’ line of
`sight. When looking down,
`the viewer apprehends a
`horizontal field, and when looking up, a verticalfield.
`
`<
`
`Vertical Field
`
`
`
`
`
`Horizontal Field
`
`Visual Fields
`
`
`
`PAGE 108 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080488
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01300
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01300
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Lighting and Visual Performance
`
`oS
`
`Apparent Brightness
`
`
`Vision is stimulated by brightness mapped on the retina
`as a byproductof light reflected from an opaque surface or
`transmitted through a transparent medium (the glass
`bulb of a lamp, for example). A distinction must be made,
`
`however, brightness_orbetween photometric
`
`
`luminance and apparent brightness. Luminance or
`photometric brightness is calibrated in relation to the
`eye’s sensitivity to various wavelengths, while apparent
`brightness is perceived in the context of the ambient light
`level to which the eye is adapted. Hence, the brightness
`of an object relative to the retinal image is by no means a
`complete specification of its visual appearance. This may
`be understood by considering the blinding brightness of a
`cars headlights
`during the night
`that
`is_ barely
`perceivable during the day, even though a light meter will
`register the same photometric brightness.
`
`At an ambient surroundingof 3.4 cd/m? (1 fL), a measured
`luminance of 34 cd/m? (10 fL) appears to be 340 cd/m?
`(100 fL). At a low ambient level, the difference perceived
`between two surfaces is also reduced from a difference of
`1:10 to 1:4.
`
`ptTLLTIopenonl|TE
`
`Za Subjective
`
`
`brightness;apparentluminance—fl
`
`0.1
`
`0.2
`
`0.5
`
`1
`
`2
`
`20
`10
`5
`Measured luminance
`
`50
`
`100
`
`200
`
`500
`
`1000 fi
`
`0.3
`
`3.4
`
`34
`
`340
`
`3400 cd/m
`
`Subjective brightness versus measured luminance. (Reprinted with
`permission from Stein and Reynolds, copyright Wiley & Sons,
`2005.)
`
`
`
`PAGE 109 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080489
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01300
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01300
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`96
`
`Illumination
`
`Lighting Design—Layering of Light
`
`
`For both energy conservation and visual variety, lighting
`design is implemented in layers to properly distribute
`light throughout the architectural space.
`
`The horizontal ambient layer is maintained to 1/3 to
`2/3 the task illumination level. Lower bound levels (1/3)
`for horizontal ambient light may be appropriate for a
`museum or boutique store to emphasize a display. Upper
`bound levels (2/3) are more relaxing for most casual
`activities where a 25-
`to 35-fe ambient
`light
`level
`is
`sufficient and relates well to tasks requiring 50 to 60fe.
`
`in keeping
`is critical
`layer
`The vertical ambient
`vertical tasks glare free, such as washout of video display
`terminals (VDTs). In addition, when people look away
`from a task, the line of sight is then the vertical average
`luminance from the walls and ceiling. Wall washing and
`grazing are some of the techniques used to reinforce the
`sensation of spaciousness, clarity, and pleasantness.
`
`A task layer supplements the ambient illumination to
`fulfill lighting requirements for critical activities. Energy
`is saved by (1) locating the source near the task to provide
`the
`light
`level
`recommended by
`the
`Illuminating
`Engineering Society of North America (IESNA),
`(2)
`reducing ambient light levels, and (8) turning off the task
`light when not in use. The scene presents varied lighting
`instead of the monotonous atmosphere, resulting from the
`general illumination approach.
`
`The accent or focal layer gives the space its identity
`and mood by highlighting or
`spotlighting certain
`architectural elements and objects, such as paintings,
`sculptures,
`and landscapes. Downlighting,
`accent
`lighting, and backlighting are some techniques used to
`produce such effects on various elements in the space.
`
`The ornamental layer introduces elements that add
`sparkle to the space with effects similar to those of
`Christmas lights. Chandeliers, candles, and sconces can
`be considered for this purpose.
`
`
`PAGE 110 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080490
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01300
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01300
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Luminaire for Open-Plan Office
`
`97
`
`Photometric Report and VCP
`
`
`that
`a photometric report
`Manufacturers provide
`details the optical performance and characteristic light
`distribution patterns of a
`luminaire. The candela
`distribution curve (CDC), presented in either polar
`(figure below) or rectilinear plots and in tables, shows the
`luminous intensity distribution measured at different
`angles, from 0 to 360 deg in increments of 5 deg. Using
`the plot below, the luminous intensity can be found for a
`specific direction. Rectangular luminaires (2 x 4 or 1 x 4)
`require candela distribution curves in at
`least
`three
`planes:
`crosswise,
`longitudinal,
`and 45
`deg. These
`luminous intensities can quickly reveal the potential for
`
`glare.
`
`Candela distribution curve.
`
`The visual comfort probability (VCP), a rating system
`for evaluating direct discomfort glare, is expressed as the
`percent of occupants of a space who will be bothered by
`direct glare. Standard data provided for a luminaire
`specification include tables of its VCP ratings for various
`room geometries, based on IESNA standard conditions.
`These include a uniformly distributed illumination level
`of 1000 lux (~100 fc), luminaire height, observer position,
`and room surface reflectances (ceiling, 80%; walls, 50%;
`and floor, 20%). In general, a minimum VCPof 70 is the
`established limit for the viable use of a luminaire.
`
`
`PAGE 111 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080491
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01300
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01300
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`98
`
`Lighting Design
`
`The Layered Approach
`
`
`to achieve uniform ambient
`Spacing criteria (SC)
`illumination is
`the ratio of the spacing (S) distance
`between the respective axis of parallel luminaires and
`their mounting height
`(MH),
`ie., SC = S/MH. For a
`rectangular luminaire, SC is given along both axes,
`lengthwise and crosswise. The distance between walls and
`adjacentlight fixtures