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`Field Guide to
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`UFireteeetos
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`IPR2022-01299
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`Tahar Messadi_
`R. John Koshel
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`Field Guide to
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`UFireteeetos
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`IPR2022-01299
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`Tahar Messadi_
`R. John Koshel
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`SPIE Terms of Use: This SPIE eBook is DRM-free for your
`convenience. You may install this eBook on any device you own,
`but not post it publicly or transmit it to others. SPIE eBooks are
`for personal use only. For details, see the SPIE Terms of Use.
`To order a print version, visit SPIE.
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`Field Guide to
`
`Illumination
`
`Angelo V.Arecchi
`Tahar Messadi
`R. John Koshel
`
`SPIE Field Guides
`
`Volume FGI |
`
`John E. Greivenkamp, Series Editor
`
`SPIE
`PRESS
`
`Bellingham, Washington USA
`
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`Introduction to the Series
`
`
`of
`series
`the SPIE Field Guides—a_
`to
`Welcome
`publications written directly for the practicing engineeror
`scientist. Many textbooks and professional
`reference
`books cover optical principles and techniques in depth.
`The aim of the SPIE Field Guides is to distill
`this
`information, providing readers with a handy desk or
`briefcase
`reference
`that
`provides.
`basic,
`essential
`information about optical principles,
`techniques,
`or
`phenomena,
`including definitions and descriptions, key
`equations,
`illustrations,
`application examples, design
`considerations, and additional resources. A significant
`effort will be made to provide a consistent notation and
`style between volumes in theseries.
`
`Each SPIE Field Guide addresses a major field of optical
`science and technology. The concept of these Field Guides
`is a format-intensive presentation based on figures and
`equations supplemented by concise explanations. In most
`cases, this modular approach places a single topic on a
`page, and provides full coverage of that topic on that page.
`Highlights, insights, and rules of thumb are displayed in
`sidebars to the main text. The appendices at the end of
`each Field Guide provide additional information such as
`related material outside the main scope of the volume,
`key mathematical relationships, and alternative methods.
`While complete in their coverage, the concise presentation
`may not be appropriate for those new tothefield.
`
`living
`The SPIE Field Guides are intended to be
`documents. The modular page-based presentation format
`allows them to be easily updated and expanded. We are
`interested in your suggestions for new Field Guide topics
`as well as what material should be added to an individual
`volume to make these Field Guides more useful to you.
`
`John E. Greivenkamp, Series Editor
`College of Optical Sciences
`The University of Arizona
`
`
`
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`The Field Guide Series
`
`
`Field Guide to Geometrical Optics, John E. Greivenkamp
`(FG01)
`
`Field Guide to Atmospheric Optics, Larry C. Andrews
`(FGO02)
`
`Field Guide to Adaptive Optics, Robert K. Tyson &
`Benjamin W.Frazier (FGO08)
`
`Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics,
`Schwiegerling (FG04)
`
`Jim
`
`Field Guide to Polarization, Edward Collett (FG05)
`
`Field Guide to Optical Lithography, Chris A. Mack (FG06)
`
`Field Guide to Optical Thin Films, Ronald R. Willey
`(FGO7)
`
`Field Guide to Spectroscopy, David W. Ball (FG08)
`
`Field Guide to Infrared Systems, Arnold Daniels (FGO9)
`
`Field Guide to Interferometric Optical Testing, Eric P.
`Goodwin & James C. Wyant (FG10)
`
`
`
`PAGE 5 OF 154
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`Field Guide to Illumination
`
`
`In writing this Field Guide to Illumination, thefirst task
`wasto decide what topics to include. Illumination tends to
`mean different things to different people. Certainly any
`subject matter under the purview of the CIE, Commission
`Internationale
`de
`TIEKclairage
`(the
`International
`
`
`
`Commission the_Illuminatingon Illumination) or
`
`Engineering Society of North America (TESNA) must be
`considered. Some particular areas pertaining to imaging
`
`systems are_potentiallyand nonimaging optics
`
`
`
`overlooked. Thus, we chose to address a numberof topics
`that fall under the following three categories:
`imaging
`system illumination, nonimaging optics for illumination,
`and architectural
`illumination, which all call upon
`principles of radiometry and photometry. Although this is
`not a guide to radiometry, enough information on the
`subject is included to make this manual a self-contained
`document. Additionally,
`those optical properties
`of
`materials that are pertinent
`to iulumination, such as
`surface color, scattering, and retroreflection are described.
`
`The content in this Field Guide starts with traditional
`illumination in imaging systems, followed by the recent
`advances in computer-aided design of high efficiency
`nonimaging illumination optics, along with the modern
`source models that support these techniques. Sections on
`the illumination of visual displays are included.
`There was not enough room for a complete treatment of
`architectural illumination, but some important topics are
`included at the end of this Field Guide such as indoor and
`outdoor architectural illumination.
`
`The notation and terminology are consistent throughout
`this Guide, but we do not lose sight of the fact that they
`may not be consistent in the field. Examples of alternate
`notation and terminology are presented.
`
`Angelo Arecchi Tahar Messadi
`Hebron, NH
`Fayetteville, AR
`
`R. John Koshel
`Tucson, AZ
`
`
`
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`Table of Contents
`
`
`Glossary
`
`Basic Quantities in Illumination
`Flux and Irradiance
`Solid Angle
`Intensity, Radiance, Projected Solid Angle
`Solid Angle and Projected Solid Angle
`Spectroradiometric and Radiometric Quantities
`Photometric Quantities
`Matrix of Basic Quantities
`Photopic and Scotopic Vision
`Luminous Efficacy
`Typical Values of Illumination Quantities
`Averaged LED Intensity
`
`pmo iA
`
`
`
`SPCOOONDWeHKWNrH=Se
`
`Color
`Light Source Color
`Chromaticity Diagram
`Color Temperature and CCT
`Dominant Wavelength and Purity
`Surface Color
`Color of Fluorescent Surfaces
`Color Rendering and CRI
`Calculating CRI and Problems with CRI
`
`Sources for Illumination
`Typical Source Parameters
`Tungsten Lamps
`Tungsten and Sunlight
`Fluorescent Lamps
`H.P. Sodium and Metal Halide
`Xenon and White LED
`Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
`
`Illumination Properties of Materials
`Transmittance, Reflectance, and Absorptance
`Reflectance Factor and BRDF
`Harvey / ABg Scatter Model
`Directional Properties of Materials
`30
`
`
`27
`27
`
`28
`29
`
`vil
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`Table of Contents (cont.)
`
`
`Retroreflectors—Geometry
`Retroreflectors—Radiometry
`
`Illumination Transfer
`Lambertian and Isotropic Models
`Known Intensity
`Known Flux and Known Radiance
`Form Factor and Average Projected Solid Angle
`Configuration Factor
`Useful Configuration Factor
`Useful Form Factor
`Irradiance from a Uniform Lambertian Disk
`Cosine Fourth and Increase Factor
`Known Irradiance
`wo, O, NA, and f/# for a Circular Cone
`Invariance of Radiance
`
`Illumination in Imaging Systems
`Image Radiance
`Limitations on Equivalent Radiance
`Image Irradiance
`f/#, Working f/#, T/#, NA, Q
`Flux and Etendue
`
`Illumination in Nonimaging Systems
`Generalized Etendue
`Concentration
`Skew Invariant
`
`Fibers, Lightpipes, and Lightguides
`Fibers—Basic Description
`Numerical Aperture and Etendue
`Fiber Bundles
`Tapered Fibers and Bundles
`
`31
`ao
`
`33
`33
`34
`350
`36
`o7
`38
`39
`40
`41
`42
`43
`44
`
`45
`45
`46
`AT
`48
`49
`
`50
`50
`51
`52
`
`53
`53
`54
`55
`56
`
`57
`Classical Illumination Designs
`57
`Spherical Reflector
`58
`Abbe Illumination
`59
`Kohler IJumination
`
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`Table of Contents (cont.)
`
`
`Ellipsoidal and Paraboloidal Mirrors
`Spectral Control and Heat Management
`Illumination in Visual Afocal Systems
`
`Uniform Illumination
`Searchlight
`Source at a Distance
`Mixing Rod
`Bent Lightpipes
`Integrating Sphere
`Lenslet Arrays
`Small Reflectors, Lenslet Arrays, and Facets
`
`Source Models
`Source Modeling Overview
`Source Modeling Methods
`LED Modeling
`Incandescent Lamp Modeling
`Arc and Fluorescent Lamp Modeling
`
`Nonimaging Compound Concentrators
`Nonimaging Compound Concentrators
`Concentrators as Luminaires
`Compound Parabolic Concentrators
`CompoundElliptical and Hyperbolic Concentrators
`Tailored-Edge-Ray Design
`Faceted Reflector Design
`Advanced Nonimaging Optic Design
`
`Displays
`Displays—Overview
`Backlit Display Components
`Backlit Display: Source and Injector
`Backlit Display: Lightguides, Features, Reflectors
`Backlit Display: Polarizers, LC, and BEF
`Projection Displays
`
`85
`
`86
`or
`
`Characterizing Illumination Systems
`Mapping Flat-Fielding Sources
`
`
`88
`
`88
`
`1x
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`Table of Contents (cont.)
`
`
`Goniophotometers
`Types A, B, C Goniometer Coordinate Systems
`“Snapshot” Goniophotometers
`
`Software Modeling
`Software Modeling Discussion
`
`Architectural Illumination
`Role of Light in Architecture
`
`Light and Visual Performance
`Eye Adaptation and Visual Fields
`Apparent Brightness
`
`Lighting Design
`Lighting Design—Layering of Light
`
`Luminaire for Open-Plan Office
`Photometric Report and VCP
`Spacing Criteria and Coefficient of Utilization
`
`Daylight Compensation
`Daylight Factor
`Daylight Strategies
`
`Exterior Lighting
`Nighttime Visibility Criteria
`Recommended I]luminance for Facades
`Facade Floodlighting for Uniform Illumination
`Illumination of Outdoor Areas
`Special Considerations for Outdoor Fixtures
`
`Parking
`Outdoor Luminaire—Transverse Light
`Distribution
`Outdoor Luminaire—Lateral Light Distribution
`
`Roadway Lighting
`Criteria for Roadway Lighting
`
`89
`90
`91
`
`92
`2
`
`93
`93
`
`94
`94
`95
`
`96
`96
`
`97
`7
`98
`
`99
`99
`100
`
`101
`101
`102
`103
`104
`105
`
`106
`
`106
`107
`
`108
`108
`
` x
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`Table of Contents (cont.)
`
`
`Small Target Visibility
`Recommended Roadway Luminaires
`Recommended Lamps for Roadway Luminaires
`
`Appendix
`Equation Summary
`CIE Illuminants A and D65
`x, ¥,Z, VA), and VA)
`Archaic and Arcane Units of Illumination
`
`Bibliography
`
`Index
`
`109
`110
`111
`
`112
`112
`119
`122
`125
`
`127
`
`133
`
` 1
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`Glossary
`
`
`COT
`CIE
`CRI
`di
`do
`
`Dud)
`EK
`FE,
`Eo
`Ee
`Ei
`Ew
`Ey
`fi#
`fl#w
`
`Fu to b
`Fateces
`
`[urp A
`[Lev B
`qh
`
`Absorptance
`Observation angle (in retroreflection)
`Input area to a compound concentrator
`Output area of a compound concentrator
`Absorbance
`Illuminated area
`Radiating area
`Area of plane x
`Throughput, étendue
`Concentration ratio
`Correlated color temperature
`International Commission on I]lumination
`Color rendering index
`Diameter of input aperture to a CPC
`Diameter of output aperture of a CPC
`Diameter of small aperture of a CPC
`Donaldson matrix
`Irradiance
`Illuminance normal to the illumination
`Axial irradiance
`Edge irradiance
`Image irradiance
`Axial image irradiance
`Spectral irradiance
`F-number
`Working F-number
`Increase factor
`Form factor from a to b
`Skew invariant
`Intensity
`Averaged LEDintensity, CIE condition A
`Averaged LED intensity, CIE condition B
`Spectral intensity
`Radiance
`CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) color space; CIELAB
`CIE 1976 (L*u*v*) color space; CIELUV
`Image radiance
`Object radiance
`Spectral radiance
`Dy
`
`
`*
`
`*
`
`*
`*
`L*,a*,b
`*
`*
`L*
`,u*,v
`
`L
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`Glossary (cont.)
`
`
`OveSeas
`
`Pe
`pf
`psa
`
`Ra
`Re
`Rr
`Ri
`Sv)
`
`Integrating sphere multiplier
`Lateral image magnification
`Index of refraction
`Numerical aperture
`Optical density
`Purity
`Packing fraction
`Projected solid angle
`Reflectance factor
`Coefficient of retroreflection
`General color rendering index
`Coefficient of retroreflected luminous intensity
`Coefficient of retroreflected luminance
`Spectral density of a light source
`Transmittance factor
`T-number
`CIE 1960 UCS chromaticity coordinates
`CIE 1976 UCS chromaticity coordinates
`Photopic luminousefficiency
`Scotopic luminousefficiency
`CIE 1964 uniform space coordinates
`CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates
`CIE tristimulus values
`CIE color matching functions
`Entrance angle (in retroreflection)
`Generalized étendue
`Wavelength, emission wavelength
`Center wavelength (for LED)
`Centroid wavelength (for LED)
`Dominant wavelength
`Peak wavelength (for LED)
`Excitation wavelength
`Reflectance
`Average reflectance
`Transmittance
`Viewing angle (in retroreflection)
`Flux
`Spectral flux
`Projected solid angle (psa)
`
`
`T T
`
`i#
`
`u, U
`
`
`
`OSEdsdIDz pe
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`Glossary (cont.)
`
`
`O atoh
`Qi
`Qo
`Che
`0;
`Bo
`Chive
`
`Solid angle
`Average projected solid angle from a to b
`Input psa to a compound concentrator
`Output psa from a compound concentrator
`Projected solid angle viewed from plane x
`Input half-angle of compound concentrator
`Output half-angle from compound concentrator
`Maximum output half-angle from CPC
`
`
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`Basic Quantities in Illumination
`
`1
`
`Flux and Irradiance
`SLT
`
`In examining terminology for illumination, it is useful to
`separate the spatial considerations from the spectral
`concerns. In many cases, the spatial and spectral issues
`are independent and can be separated without losing any
`generality. In other cases, the spatial and spectral issues
`cannot be separated physically, but it is useful to separate
`them conceptually. The commonly used spatial quantities
`are flux, irradiance, intensity, and radiance.
`
`Flux, ®,
`energy.
`
`is the optical power or rate of flow of radiant
`
`Irradiance, E, is the flux per unit area striking a surface.
`Occasionally,
`the flux per unit area leaving a surface,
`called exitance, M, is important. However, the geometry
`is the same as for irradiance, so it will not be treated
`separately here. Furthermore, when exitance is used,it is
`often the flux leaving a nonphysical surface such as the
`exit port of an integrating sphere or the real image in an
`imaging system, where it is identical to the irradiance
`onto the surface.
`
`The irradiance quantity itself says absolutely nothing
`about the directionality of the flux. For example, if the
`three cases in the figure below all have the same flux per
`unit area striking the surface,
`then they all have the
`sameirradiance. Because of this ambiguity, specifications
`for
`illumination systems often qualify the irradiance
`quantity with an added description of
`the desired
`directional properties.
`
`a SUZ
`
`normal
`collimated
`illumination
`
`oblique
`collimated
`illumination
`
`diffuse
`illumination
`
`
`
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`2
`
`Illumination
`
`Solid Angle
`
`
`The definition of intensity involves the concept of a solid
`angle. A solid angle is a 3D angular volume that is
`defined analogously to the definition of a plane angle in
`two dimensions.
`
`A plane angle, 80, made up of the lines from two points
`meeting at a vertex, is defined by the arc length ofa circle
`subtended by the lines and by the radius of that circle, as
`shown below. The dimensionless unit of plane angle is the
`radian, with 2x radiansin a full circle.
`
`B
`
`A
`
`|
`
`c
`
`A
`
`O
`
`6 =I/r
`(radians)
`
`27 radians in
`a full circle
`
`A solid angle, @, made up of all the lines from a closed
`curve meeting at a vertex, is defined by the surface area
`of a sphere subtended by the lines and by the radius of
`that sphere, as shown below. The dimensionless unit of
`solid angle is the steradian, with 4x steradians inafull
`sphere.
`
`Closed curve
`
`area, a,
`on
`
`surface of
`
`sphere
`
`
`
`w=a/r (steradians)
`
`4x steradians in
`a full sphere
`
`
`
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`Basic Quantities in Illumination
`
`a
`
`Intensity, Radiance, and Projected Solid Angle
`
`
`is the flux per unit solid angle. It is the
`Intensity, J,
`amountof flux from a point source contained in a small
`angular volume. A source can be considered a point source
`for
`this application if the irradiance falls off as the
`
`inverse square of from the_source.the distance
`
`Intensity, for a given source, can vary with direction.
`
`particular situation.
`
`The term “intensity” is used in many disciplines, some
`even closely related to optics,
`to mean things other
`than flux per unit solid angle. Use caution and rely on
`context to determine the meaning of the word in a
`
`Radiance, L, applies to extended sources and surfaces. It
`is the flux per unit solid angle per unit projected area of
`the source or surface. The projected area is the projection
`of the area onto a surface normalto the direction of view
`and is equal to the actual area times the cosine of the
`angle between the surface normal and the direction of
`view. Radiance can vary with position on a surface, and
`like intensity,
`it can vary with direction. A source or
`surface with constant radiance in all directions is called
`Lambertian. A Lambertian source or
`surface has
`intensity that varies with the cosine of the angle with the
`surface normal.
`
`In many cases, the angle of view changes over the extent
`of the receiver. These cases require an alternate definition
`of radiance: radiance is the flux per unit area per unit
`projected solid angle. (In fact, this is the more general
`definition and covers the simpler case where the entire
`surface of the extended source is at essentially the same
`angle as the direction of view.)
`
`
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`4
`
`Illumination
`
`Solid Angle and Projected Solid Angle
`
`The relationship between solid angle and projected solid
`angle can be confusing. Projected solid angle has meaning
`primarily for a small Lambertian source, which has
`intensity that varies as the cosine of the angle with the
`surface normal. The projected solid angle, Q,
`is the
`solid angle, w, weighted by the cosine of the angle with
`
`the surface normal.
`
`When the solid angle is large enough so that the angle
`with the surface normal is not the same over the entire
`solid angle,
`the total projected solid angle must be
`computed by integrating the incremental projected solid
`angles. See the reference by Bartell for a more detailed
`explanation.
`
`For some special cases, the integration results in simple
`expressions, such as for a large circular cone that is
`normal to a surface and subtendsa half angle, 9.
`
`projected steradians (projected solid angle).
`
`A hemisphere has 2x steradians (solid angle) but x
`
`PAGE 18 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080398
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`
`
`CX-0693
`
`Basic Quantities in Illumination
`
`o
`
`Spectroradiometric and Radiometric Quantities
`
`
`the most
`In the spectral dimension of illumination,
`general view looks at the spectral density—the amountof
`radiation per unit wavelength interval. In terms of the
`four spatial quantities already considered,
`the spectral
`quantities are spectral flux, 2,; spectral irradiance,
`E,; spectral intensity, 4; and spectral radiance, [,.
`These quantities, usually written with a subscript
`to
`indicate that they are integrable, must be integrated to
`determine the amountof radiation in a particular spectral
`band. For example, the total radiant flux, ® (in units of
`watts),
`in the band between wavelength Al
`and
`wavelength \2 is
`
`2
`
`® (A1,22) = [ ©, (A)-dh.
`
`AL
`
`total
`the
`can be written for
`expressions
`Similar
`irradiance,
`FE (watts/m?);
`total radiant intensity, J
`(watts/ sr); and total radiance, L (watts/m?'sr).
`
`Photometry measures the response of the human eye to
`light. Although not everyone has exactly the same
`response,
`the
`standardized CIE 1924
`luminous
`efficiency function works very well for most people.
`(The CIE
`is
`the
`International Commission
`on
`Illumination.) This function, shown on the following page,
`is designated V(A). The values for this function, in 5-nm
`increments, are given in the Appendix. Not coincidentally,
`this function is identical to the CIE color matching
`function, y The unit of luminous (photopic) flux is the
`lumen. The luminousflux is found from the spectral flux
`and the V(A) function from the following relationship:
`
`luminousflux = 683[ ®,(4)-V(A)-da.
`
`The factor of 683 in this equation comes directly from the
`definition of the fundamental unit of luminous intensity,
`the candela.
`
`
`
`PAGE 19 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080399
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`
`
`CX-0693
`
`Photometric Quantities
`
`
`Illumination
`
`CIE 1924 Luminous Efficiency
`(VA)
`
`J
`
`
`
`LuminousEfficiency
`
`="
`
`oO
`
`Oo 0
`
`oO oO)
`
`oO IN
`
`Oo N
`
`Oo Oo
`
`350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
`
`wavelength (nm)
`
`Notes on notation:
`irradiance,
`flux,
`of
`The
`photopic quantities
`intensity, and radiance are called luminous flux,
`illuminance,
`luminous
`intensity,
`and
`luminance, respectively.
`These quantities are sometimes notated with a
`subscript “v” (for visual), as By, Ao, L, and Lo. But
`often the subscript is omitted since the meaningis
`usually clear from the context, and it could be
`confused with the
`subscript notation often
`reserved for integrable quantities.
`The designations ®, EF, J, and L are common but
`not universally standard. Another set of symbols
`sometimes used is P, H, J, and N,respectively, for
`radiometric quantities; P,, H,, J,, and N, for
`spectral quantities; and F, E, J, and B for the
`corresponding photometric quantities.
`Solid angle and projected solid angle are not
`always distinguished by w and Q,respectively.
`
`
`
`PAGE 20 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080400
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`
`
`CX-0693
`
`Basic Quantities in Illumination
`
`7
`
`Matrix of Basic Quantities
`
`
`SPECTRAL
`
`Radio-
`metric
`Power
`
`Flux
`
`Spectral
`Power/
`wavelength
`interval
`
`Photopic
`
`Luminousflux
`
`watts (W)
`
`watts/nm
`Spectral AE
`
`irradiance
`
`lm/m2
`or
`lux
`W/m? nm
`Spectral a=
`
`s
`‘t
`7
`
`I
`A
`L
`
`W/m2
`(Radiant)
`
`intensity
`
`W/sr
`Radiance
`
`lumens(lm) Irradiance
`
`intensity
`
`W/sr nm
`Spectral
`radiance
`
`lm/sr
`or
`candela (cd)
`Taare
`
`lm/m? sr
`or
`
`cd/m?
`or
`
`W/m? sr nm
`nit
`The table above shows the four spatial quantities and the
`three spectral categories
`that are discussed in the
`preceding pages. These create 12 distinct cells that cover
`the vast majority of
`specifications
`for
`illumination
`systems.
`
`With two exceptions, both used mainly in the United
`States, work in illumination is almost always done in SI
`units. The two exceptions (both deprecated) are:
`
`Illuminance
`1 footcandle (1m/ft?) = 10.764 lux (lm/m?)
`
`Luminance
`1 footlambert (candela/zft?) = 3.426 nit (candela/m2)
`
`
`PAGE 21 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080401
`
`MASIMO2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`
`
`CX-0693
`
`8
`
`Illumination
`
`Photopic and Scotopic Vision
`
`The human visual system responds to light over a wide
`dynamic range,
`in excess of 6 orders of magnitude. To
`achieve this dynamic range,
`the mechanisms for high-
`light-level vision and low-light-level vision are different.
`The high-level region, called the photopic region,
`is
`active at luminance levels above about 3 cd/m?. The low-
`level region, called the scotopic region, is active below
`approximately 0.01 cd/m?. The region between pure
`photopic and pure scotopic is called the mesopic region,
`where the visual response is a mixture of the two. The
`photopic efficiency, usually designated V(A), peaks at
`555
`nm, while
`the
`scotopic
`efficiency,
`usually
`designated VA), peaks at 507 nm.
`
`Scotopic and Photopic
`Luminous Efficiency
`
`=
`
`oO
`
`0.8
`
`0.6
`
`Efficiency
`Luminous
`
`0.4
`
`0.2
`
`0.0
`
`350
`
`400
`
`450
`
`500
`
`550
`
`600
`
`650
`
`700
`
`750
`
`800
`
`wavelength (nm)
`
`The values for photopic efficiency and scotopic efficiency,
`both in 5-nm increments, are given in the Appendix.
`
`
`
`PAGE 22 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080402
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`
`
`CX-0693
`
`Basic Quantities in Illumination
`
`2
`
`Luminous Efficacy
`
`
`Luminousefficacy, quantified in lumens per watt, is a
`measure of the ability of a light source to produce a visual
`response from its power. In the photopic region, luminous
`efficacy peaks at 683 lumens per watt at 555 nm. In fact,
`the lumen is defined in terms of the power at 555 nm
`(frequency of 540 x 10!% Hz). Specifically, the definition
`(adopted in 1979) is in terms of the candela (lumen per
`steradian).
`
`in a given
`The candela is the luminous intensity,
`direction, of a source that emits monochromatic
`radiation at a frequency of 540 x 10'2 Hz and that has
`a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per
`
`Luminous Efficacy
`(photopic)
`
`steradian.
`
`
`LuminousEfficacy(lm/V)
`
`700
`
`600
`
`500
`
`400
`
`300
`
`200
`
`100
`
`0
`
`350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
`
`wavelength (nm)
`
`It is usually clear from the context whether the power is
`the radiated power (as in the discussion above) or, often
`for lamps, the “wall-plug” power.
`
`
`
`PAGE 23 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080403
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`
`
`CX-0693
`
`10
`
`Illumination
`
`Typical Values of Illumination Quantities
`
`
`Irradiance and Illuminance
`Direct sunlight
`1000 W/m? (250—2500
`nm)
`100,000 lux
`Direct sunlight
`10,000 lux
`Shade
`1,000 lux
`Overcast day
`300-600 lux
`Office space
`0.2 lux
`Full moon
`0.01 lux
`Quarter moon
`0.001 lux
`Moonlessclear night
`LuminousIntensity
`Automobile headlight
`5,000—20,000 cd
`Household flashlight
`100—1,000 cd
`100-W tungsten lightbulb
`100cd
`LED traffic signal
`250—700 cd
`Single LED
`1 mced—25 cd
`Radiance and Luminance
`
`sun
`
`sun
`Frosted lightbulb
`Fluorescent lamp
`Computer screen
`
`2x 107 W/m? sr
`(250—2500nm)
`2 x 10° nit
`100,000 nit
`5,000 nit
`100 nit
`
`Wavelength Ranges for Illumination
`250 to 280 nm
`
`280 to 315 nm
`
`315 to 400 nm
`
`UV-C*
`
`UV-B
`
`UV-A
`
`Visible
`Near-infrared (NIR)*
`
`~360—400 to ~760—800 nm
`760 nm to 1.1 pm
`
`* Actual definition of UV-C is 100 to 280 nm. However, the
`range from 100 to 250 nm is not of
`interest
`for
`illumination systems.
`¥ Actual definition of NIR is to 1.4 pm. However, 1.1 ym is
`the upperlimit for silicon-based detectors.
`
`
`
`MASITC_01080404 MASIMO2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`PAGE 24 OF 154
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`
`
`CX-0693
`
`Basic Quantities in Illumination
`
`11
`
`Averaged LED Intensity
`
`
`In 1997 the CIE established a special quantity for light-
`emitting diodes
`(LEDs)
`called the averaged LED
`intensity. This was introduced because, as stated in CIE
`Publication 127:2007, Measurement of LEDs, “There are
`significant differences between LEDs and other
`light
`sources which made it necessary for the CIE to introduce
`a new quantity for their characterization with precisely
`defined measurementconditions.”
`
`the LED is
`To obtain averaged LED intensity,
`measured on its mechanical axis
`(in line with the
`package) by a circular detector of area 100 mm? at a
`prescribed distance from the front tip of the LED package.
`Two distances are used: 316 mm (condition A) and 100
`mm (condition B), with the solid angles defined as 0.001
`sr and 0.01 sr, respectively. The measurements made are
`notated as /tep a and JLep B in units of intensity (candela
`or W/sr). Since the entire measurement geometry is
`completely
`defined,
`the measurements
`should
`be
`repeatable.
`
`LED
`
`J
`F
`
`Circular aperture
`of area, A = 100
`
`mm?
`Mechanical axis
`
`detector
`
`316 mm — condition A (0.001 sr)
`
`100 mm — condition B (0.01 sr)
`
`
`
`PAGE 25 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080405
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`
`
`CX-0693
`
`12
`
`Illumination
`
`Light Source Color
`
`
`The perceived color of a light source is quantified by its
`chromaticity. Chromaticity is
`calculated from the
`spectral density of the light source, S,, and the CIE color
`matching functions, x, ¥,and Z as follows:
`
`_
`
`X =[S,(A)-¥()-da,
`Y =[S,@)-@)-da,
`_
`Z =(S,(0)-2(a)-dh,
`
`X
`
`a= eo
`
`Y
`
`aes ee
`
`where X, Y, and Z are called tristimulus values, and x
`and y are the CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates. The
`integrals
`above
`are
`usually
`calculated
`as_
`block
`summations from 360 to 830 nm, generally at 1-nm or 5-
`nm intervals. A table of x,y,and Z,in 5-nm intervals can
`be found in the Appendix.
`
`The 1931 chromaticity coordinates (x, y) are common
`coordinates for light-source colors and are represented
`graphically by the familiar “horseshoe” graph. All of the
`possible colors of light are contained inside the horseshoe
`shape, with the pure monochromatic spectral colors
`around the curved perimeter,
`the purples along the
`straight line at the bottom, and less-saturated colors in
`the interior. The various shades of white, which are of the
`most interest in illumination systems, occupy the central
`region.
`
`Those white lights that have near-blackbody spectra (such
`as tungsten incandescent lamps) lie along the Planckian
`locus. The lower blackbody temperatures lie toward the
`red, and the higher temperatures toward the blue.
`
`PAGE 26 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080406
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`
`
`CX-0693
`
`18
`
`Color
`
`Chromaticity Diagram
`
`1931 x,y chromaticity diagram
`
`Two other coordinate systems are used to describe the
`chromaticity of
`light
`sources:
`the CIE 1960 UCS
`coordinate system (u, v), and the CIE 1976 UCS
`coordinate system (w’, v’). Both attempt to portray equal
`perceived color differences by equal distances.
`
`u=4X/(X +15Y + 3Z) = 4x/(-2x +12y+3),
`v = 6Y/(X +15Y +3Z) =6y/(-2x +12y+3),
`uw =4X/(X +15Y +3Z) = 4x/(-2x +12y +3),
`v = 9Y/(X +15Y +3Z) =9y/(-2x +12y +3).
`
`The CIE 1960 UCS coordinate system is obsolete except
`for calculating correlated color temperature.
`
`
`
`PAGE 27 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080407
`
`MASIMO2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`
`
`CX-0693
`
`14
`
`Tilumination
`
`Color Temperature and CCT
`
`
`Any light source whose chromaticity coordinates fall
`directly on the Planckian locus has a color temperature
`equal
`to the blackbody temperature of the Planckian
`radiator with those coordinates. Color
`temperature is
`usually expressed in Kelvins (K). The concept of color
`temperature is especially useful for incandescent lamps,
`which very closely approximate a blackbody spectrum
`throughout the visible region. For these lamps, the color
`temperature also defines the spectrum in this region.
`
`For white lights that don’t have chromaticity coordinates
`that fall exactly on the Planckian locus but do lie nearit,
`the correlated color temperature (CCT) is used. The
`CCT of a light source, also expressed in Kelvins, is defined
`as the temperature of the blackbody source that is closest
`to the chromaticity of the source in the CIE 1960 UCS
`(u, v) system. CCT is an essential metric in the general
`lighting industry to specify the perceived color of
`fluorescent lights and other nonincandescent white-light
`sources such as LEDs andhigh intensity discharge HID
`lamps.
`
`The difference in perceived color is closely related to the
`reciprocal of CCT. The
`reciprocal
`is
`expressed in
`reciprocal megakelvin
`(MK)'!, with
`one
`(MK)!
`approximately equal to a just-noticeable color difference:
`
`(MK)' =10°/CCT.
`
`There are limitless different spectra, all with the same
`CCT,
`that may have little or no resemblance to the
`blackbody curve for that temperatureor to each other.
`
`There is no approved method for computing CCT nor is
`there a simple and accurate closed-form expression. One
`simple and accurate method is to use a program such as
`Excel with solver to find the blackbody temperature that
`minimizes the distance between its (u, v) coordinates and
`those of the light in question.
`_—__EOEEEE———————————
`
`PAGE 28 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080408
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`
`
`CX-0693
`
`Color
`
`15
`
`Dominant Wavelength and Purity
`
`
`Colored light sources can be modeled as a mixture of a
`monochromatic source and a white light. The wavelength
`of this theoretical monochromatic source is called the
`dominant wavelength, Ada, and is the perceived color of
`the light. The percent of the total power provided by the
`mon
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