CX-0693
`
`92
`
`Illumination
`
`Software Modeling Discussion
`
`
`Outside the laboratory, software programs are used to
`model, optimize, and tolerance optical systems. Two types
`of codes exist in the optical design arena: lens design
`codes and optics analysis codes. The former are used
`primarily to design the lenses used in optical systems.
`They include robust analysis tools such as point spread
`function graphs, spot diagrams, and modular transfer
`function curves; optimization tools to improve upon the
`performance of the imaging system; and tolerancing tools
`to ensure manufacturability.
`Increasingly,
`these lens
`design codes
`include nonsequential
`ray tracing.
`Nonsequential ray tracing is required for a number of
`illumination
`systems,
`especially
`those
`based
`on
`nonimaging optics. In standard lens design, rays follow a
`prescribed sequenceof optical interfaces. Thus, the traced
`rays know the sequence of surface intercepts, which
`reduces the computation load since the algorithm does not
`need to determine which surface is struck next by a ray.
`
`Optics analysis codes are based around nonsequential ray
`tracing such that computation time must be spent
`to
`determine which surfaces are struck by each ray.
`Nonsequential
`ray tracing is
`inherently slower
`than
`sequential ray tracing. Analysis codes are further broken
`down into two geometry types: surface-based geometry
`and solid-based geometry. Surface-based codes require
`the user to generate each surface, assigning the optical
`properties on the two sides of each interface. Solid-based
`codes develop enclosed objects that allow the user to
`assign volume-based properties such as
`the type of
`material (e.g., BK7) and surface-based properties (e.g., a
`silver mirror).
`
`Optical design codes incorporate more computer-aided
`design (CAD)into their capabilities. This feature allows
`the codes to import mechanical design formats such as
`IGES and STEP. Certain industries
`such as_
`the
`automotive and architectural industries have specialized
`codes. Thelist of codes is extensive and always changing.
`
`
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`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Architectural Illumination
`
`93
`
`Role of Light in Architecture
`
`The illumination of buildings is a design process aimed at
`orchestrating light for the user’s well-being. The layering
`and patterning of light
`is considered successful when
`complex physiological and psychological responses are
`satisfied. Such responses are centrally conditioned by
`vision:
`the medium through which information and
`perceptions about
`a given space are recorded and
`interpreted. Economics and energy efficiency play a
`critical role in design decisions, but the satisfaction of
`vision requirementsis of overriding importance.
`
`The characteristic features of an architectural space only
`cometo life with light. Hence, no light no architecture. At
`the sametime, light is not neutral: The way it is arranged
`gives a particular appreciation of the space and generates
`specific emotive and aesthetic responses.
`
`The electric illumination of an architectural space is
`simply the result of
`transmitted or
`reflected light
`emanating from distant and immediate surrounding
`surfaces. Therefore,
`the lighting designer can influence
`the interface between light and matter to meet
`these
`visual requirements and sensations. Hence, only with a
`proper understanding of physiological and psychological
`factors and a familiarity with available technologies can
`lighting decisions be made for propereffect.
`
`in the 1970s caused by an
`Despite some setbacks
`advocacy for windowless buildings to save energy, light
`available from the sun and sky has regained the attention
`of lighting designers for the many benefits it brings to
`users. When available and well controlled, daylight is by
`far
`the preferred source of
`illumination. Today,
`the
`common design approach combines the contribution of
`both electric and natural
`lights
`for
`increased work
`productivity, and reduced absenteeism or visual fatigue.
`
`
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`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`94
`
`Illumination
`
`Eye Adaptation and Visual Fields
`
`Eye adaptation to the visual environment is the eye's
`response and sensitivity to the ambient light level as the
`person moves from one environment to the next, such as
`walking from the bright and sunny outdoors to the dark
`indoors. If the difference between the two light levels is
`extreme, the person may feel like he or she has moved
`into a totally black environment. Slowly, the sensitivity of
`the eye attunes itself to the dark environment and details
`become increasingly distinguished.
`It
`takes 20 to 30
`minutes for
`the eyes to completely adapt
`to a dark
`environment and grasp the details. Conversely, eyes
`adapt to a sunny environmentin 2 to 3 minutes.
`
`Transient adaptationis the ability of the visual system
`to adapt in short intervals to the different luminances
`prevailing in a fixed visual
`field,
`for
`instance, when
`looking through a bright window and downto a desk. Due
`to such variations, the iris constantly adjusts the aperture
`to control the light entering the eye. Large variations
`between luminances in a scene are considered detrimental
`to visual comfort and lead to eye fatigue.
`
`Visual fields refer to the direction of the eyes’ line of
`sight. When looking down,
`the viewer apprehends a
`horizontal field, and when looking up, a verticalfield.
`
`<
`
`Vertical Field
`
`
`
`
`
`Horizontal Field
`
`Visual Fields
`
`
`
`PAGE 108 OF 154
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`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Lighting and Visual Performance
`
`oS
`
`Apparent Brightness
`
`
`Vision is stimulated by brightness mapped on the retina
`as a byproductof light reflected from an opaque surface or
`transmitted through a transparent medium (the glass
`bulb of a lamp, for example). A distinction must be made,
`
`however, brightness_orbetween photometric
`
`
`luminance and apparent brightness. Luminance or
`photometric brightness is calibrated in relation to the
`eye’s sensitivity to various wavelengths, while apparent
`brightness is perceived in the context of the ambient light
`level to which the eye is adapted. Hence, the brightness
`of an object relative to the retinal image is by no means a
`complete specification of its visual appearance. This may
`be understood by considering the blinding brightness of a
`cars headlights
`during the night
`that
`is_ barely
`perceivable during the day, even though a light meter will
`register the same photometric brightness.
`
`At an ambient surroundingof 3.4 cd/m? (1 fL), a measured
`luminance of 34 cd/m? (10 fL) appears to be 340 cd/m?
`(100 fL). At a low ambient level, the difference perceived
`between two surfaces is also reduced from a difference of
`1:10 to 1:4.
`
`ptTLLTIopenonl|TE
`
`Za Subjective
`
`
`brightness;apparentluminance—fl
`
`0.1
`
`0.2
`
`0.5
`
`1
`
`2
`
`20
`10
`5
`Measured luminance
`
`50
`
`100
`
`200
`
`500
`
`1000 fi
`
`0.3
`
`3.4
`
`34
`
`340
`
`3400 cd/m
`
`Subjective brightness versus measured luminance. (Reprinted with
`permission from Stein and Reynolds, copyright Wiley & Sons,
`2005.)
`
`
`
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`Apple v. Masimo
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`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`96
`
`Illumination
`
`Lighting Design—Layering of Light
`
`
`For both energy conservation and visual variety, lighting
`design is implemented in layers to properly distribute
`light throughout the architectural space.
`
`The horizontal ambient layer is maintained to 1/3 to
`2/3 the task illumination level. Lower bound levels (1/3)
`for horizontal ambient light may be appropriate for a
`museum or boutique store to emphasize a display. Upper
`bound levels (2/3) are more relaxing for most casual
`activities where a 25-
`to 35-fe ambient
`light
`level
`is
`sufficient and relates well to tasks requiring 50 to 60fe.
`
`in keeping
`is critical
`layer
`The vertical ambient
`vertical tasks glare free, such as washout of video display
`terminals (VDTs). In addition, when people look away
`from a task, the line of sight is then the vertical average
`luminance from the walls and ceiling. Wall washing and
`grazing are some of the techniques used to reinforce the
`sensation of spaciousness, clarity, and pleasantness.
`
`A task layer supplements the ambient illumination to
`fulfill lighting requirements for critical activities. Energy
`is saved by (1) locating the source near the task to provide
`the
`light
`level
`recommended by
`the
`Illuminating
`Engineering Society of North America (IESNA),
`(2)
`reducing ambient light levels, and (8) turning off the task
`light when not in use. The scene presents varied lighting
`instead of the monotonous atmosphere, resulting from the
`general illumination approach.
`
`The accent or focal layer gives the space its identity
`and mood by highlighting or
`spotlighting certain
`architectural elements and objects, such as paintings,
`sculptures,
`and landscapes. Downlighting,
`accent
`lighting, and backlighting are some techniques used to
`produce such effects on various elements in the space.
`
`The ornamental layer introduces elements that add
`sparkle to the space with effects similar to those of
`Christmas lights. Chandeliers, candles, and sconces can
`be considered for this purpose.
`
`
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`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Luminaire for Open-Plan Office
`
`97
`
`Photometric Report and VCP
`
`
`that
`a photometric report
`Manufacturers provide
`details the optical performance and characteristic light
`distribution patterns of a
`luminaire. The candela
`distribution curve (CDC), presented in either polar
`(figure below) or rectilinear plots and in tables, shows the
`luminous intensity distribution measured at different
`angles, from 0 to 360 deg in increments of 5 deg. Using
`the plot below, the luminous intensity can be found for a
`specific direction. Rectangular luminaires (2 x 4 or 1 x 4)
`require candela distribution curves in at
`least
`three
`planes:
`crosswise,
`longitudinal,
`and 45
`deg. These
`luminous intensities can quickly reveal the potential for
`
`glare.
`
`Candela distribution curve.
`
`The visual comfort probability (VCP), a rating system
`for evaluating direct discomfort glare, is expressed as the
`percent of occupants of a space who will be bothered by
`direct glare. Standard data provided for a luminaire
`specification include tables of its VCP ratings for various
`room geometries, based on IESNA standard conditions.
`These include a uniformly distributed illumination level
`of 1000 lux (~100 fc), luminaire height, observer position,
`and room surface reflectances (ceiling, 80%; walls, 50%;
`and floor, 20%). In general, a minimum VCPof 70 is the
`established limit for the viable use of a luminaire.
`
`
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`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`98
`
`Lighting Design
`
`The Layered Approach
`
`
`to achieve uniform ambient
`Spacing criteria (SC)
`illumination is
`the ratio of the spacing (S) distance
`between the respective axis of parallel luminaires and
`their mounting height
`(MH),
`ie., SC = S/MH. For a
`rectangular luminaire, SC is given along both axes,
`lengthwise and crosswise. The distance between walls and
`adjacentlight fixtures is set at no more than one-half S.
`
`the
`specifies
`The coefficient of utilization (CU)
`proportion of lumens that reach the workplane from the
`fixture
`for
`given
`room’
`geometries
`and_
`surface
`reflectances. The CU gives
`some
`indication of
`the
`luminaire’s efficiency.
`
`When located in the field of view, bright light sources can
`cause discomfort and disability glare. However,
`the
`severity of glare depends on the angle at which the
`luminaire is seen. The IESNA Handbook provides as
`
`maxima the following luminances from a_direct
`luminaire according to the view or cut-off angle:
`
`
`
`L< 175 cd/m?
`
`
`
`L<175 cd/m?
`
`
`L < 340 cd/m?
`
`
`L< 850 cd/m?
`
`Maximum luminance according to view angle.
`
`
`PAGE 112 OF 154
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`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Daylight Compensation
`
`99
`
`Daylight Factor
`
`
`Windows as_freeand_ skylights admit daylight
`
`
`
`
`
`illumination, and the viewers have visual contact with the
`outside. However, only a portion of outdoor
`light
`is
`received inside a building. The sky’s condition, along with
`the size, placement, and orientation of the window(s)
`opening, the glazing type and transmittance, and shading
`as well as room proportions, affect
`the quantity and
`quality of received light.
`The daylight factor (DF) accounts for these parameters
`and is used to determine the percentage of outside light
`that can be received inside a room with a specific
`configuration. DF is the ratio of interior illuminance at a
`given point on a given plane (usually the work plane) to
`the exterior illuminance under minimallight conditionsof
`an overcast sky, e.g., the CIE overcast sky distribution.
`For parallelepipedic-room buildings with
`windowson oneside only, a minimum DF
`of
`2% is
`generally
`recommended
`throughout the work plane.
`
`:
`
`15’
`
`15°
`
`e+
`
`The DF general equation is
`DF = Ei/Eo,
`where i and Ho are the indoor and outdoor horizontal
`illuminances, respectively.
`Daylight should be allowed to
`reach through side windows for
`the tasks performed at the rear of
`the
`space.
`Shelves
`in
`side
`windows can help reflect
`light
`deep into interior
`spaces
`and
`shade the vision portion of the
`window.
`Office tasks can be lit at a depth of up to 15 feet from the
`window. The next 15 feet may need to be supplemented by
`electric light. Beyond 30 feet,
`little or no daylight
`is
`available unless the space has windowson opposite sides.
`Evenly distributed roof skylights provide uniform light
`but
`for
`one
`story only,
`assuming proper glazing
`transmittance and sunlight control.
`
`
`PAGE 113 OF 154
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`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`100
`
`Illumination
`
`Daylight Strategies
`
`
`IESNA RP-5-99 Recommended Practice of daylighting
`emphasizes the following illumination practices:
`1. Block direct sunlight in the vicinity of tasks. Blocking
`direct sunlight at the window (e.g., with louvers) is the
`first step toward glare control by allowing only light
`from the sky and that reflected from the ground to pass
`through the window glass.
`2. Design windows to minimize direct glare. East, west, or
`south facing windows can have too much glare if
`excessive sunlight strikes the glass. With 100,000 lux
`of light available on the outside on a sunny day, a glass
`pane, with typically only 2% transmittance, can reach a
`luminance up to 2000 cd/m2, which exceeds
`the
`tolerated average of 850 cd/m2.
`Internal blinds
`(structurally stable external shading devices with
`adjustable louvers) can block direct sunlight and
`reduce the luminance of the window or skylight. And
`glazing that has a visible light transmittance of 25%
`can be an acceptable trade-off of daylight availability,
`the view to the outside, and minimize glare.
`3. Zone electric lighting for daylight responsive control.
`The electric light distribution system should be zoned
`according to daylight availability inside an open-plan
`office. Daylight
`zoning
`depends
`on
`the
`room
`configuration, sky condition, and solar exposure. Large
`open-plan offices
`are often subdivided into the
`perimeter zones, the intermediate zone, and the core
`zones based on daylight availability as indicated in
`item 1.
`4, Provide responsive lighting controls. Controls are at
`the heart of efficient electric light operation and
`daylight harvesting, specifically to accommodate the
`time-dependent electric light demand. The variables
`governing control strategies include the space layout,
`configuration, orientation,
`the occupancy patterns,
`lighting usage, and daylight availability. Controls
`include tuning to reduce electric power while still
`meeting each user's needs, and adaptive compensation
`to lower the light levels at night.
`
`
`PAGE 114 OF 154
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`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Exterior Lighting
`
`101
`
`Nighttime Visibility Criteria
`
`
`The eye is capable of adapting to a wide range of light
`levels but not at the same time. To function well, it must
`be
`adapted to the prevailing light
`conditions. As
`previously indicated for daytime conditions, our eyes use
`photopic vision, which utilizes the eye’s cones and the
`center of the visual field. The eye works differently when
`it is adapted to low light levels. Under very dark, moonlit
`conditions, our eyes use scotopic vision, which primarily
`utilizes the eye’s rods, resulting in greater acuity in the
`peripheral visualfield.
`
`For nighttime visibility in most urban and suburban
`environments, our eyes use mesopic vision, which is a
`combination of both photopic and scotopic. In nighttime
`environments, the goal of the lighting design is to keep
`the eye adapted to mesopic or scotopic vision, and not to
`introduce high light levels that will create an imbalance
`in the visual field and cause the eye to try to use photopic
`vision. Recent research indicates that light sourcesrich in
`blue and green (metal halide or fluorescent)
`improve
`peripheral mesopic vision, clarity, and depth of field
`better than sources rich in red and yellow, such as
`incandescent and high-pressure sodium.
`
`Extreme glare leads to loss of visibility. Glare is caused
`by a high luminance ratio between the glare source and
`the prevailing light conditions
`to which the eye is
`adapted.
`In other words,
`insufficiently shielded light
`sources generate direct glare. The following measures
`reduce the luminance ratio and control nighttime glare:
`
`e Uniform light distribution in a visual scene and
`brightness ratios kept
`to 1:5 between average and
`maximum luminance;
`e Reduction of light levels and source brightness
`using fixtures with low wattage;
`Shielding the light source and locating fixtures
`to avoid glare. Fixtures near the property line should
`have
`“house-side
`shielding”
`to prevent glare
`to
`residential neighbors.
`
`
`e
`
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`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`102
`
`Illumination
`
`Recommended I]luminance for Facades
`
`
`Facade illumination aims to reproduce at night a
`building’s aesthetic and formal characteristics that are
`perceived during the day for the purpose of attracting
`attention and creating a good impression. To this effect,
`floodlighting is one technique employed, which treats a
`building as a giant piece of sculpture for visual display.
`Luminaires are typically mounted in close proximity to
`buildings and are aimed to illuminate the structure.
`Lighting the building from the top down reduces stray
`uplight, and precisely aimed fixtures minimize trespass
`light.
`
`is a complex and
`facades
`Effective illumination of
`subjective task. Results depend heavily upon surrounding
`light levels, the surface finish of the intended target, the
`spectral color distribution of the lamp source, mounting
`location allowances, and viewers’ perceptions.
`
`recommended
`the IESNA’s
`The following table lists
`illuminance levels for the floodlighting of buildings and
`monuments.
`
`Illuminance
`
`Target
`Surface
`Finish
`
`Average Target
`
`Area
`Description
`5 (50)
`Bright
`7(70)
`Bright
`10(100)
`Bright
`2(20)
`Dark
`3(30)
`Dark
`|Mediumdark|
`4(40)
`Medium dark
`Dark
`|Dark
`Dark
`Dark
`5(50)
`
`Adapted from /ESNA Hand-book, 9" Edition, copyright
`2000.
`
`IESNA,
`
`
`
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`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Exterior Lighting
`
`108
`
`Facade Floodlighting for Uniform Illumination
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` H3=2
`Sethacks
` ThirdTier
`
`Setbacks
`H2=2
`SecondTier
`
`Sethacks
`H1=2
`FirstTier
`
`
`Floodlighting fixtures
`can
`be mounted
`at
`ground
`level,
`or
`on
`stands and poles. They
`can also be attached to
`the building itself or to
`adjacent
`structures.
`The key lights are set
`up for a modeling effect
`but should be combined
`with other color sources
`to
`soften the
`strong
`effects of shadows.
`
`Adapted
`book,
`9"
`IESNA, 2000.
`
`from IESNA Hand-
`Edition,
`copyright
`
`categories
`Floodlight
`@ré
`narrow beam
`(types 1, 2, 3), medium
`beam (types 4, 5) and
`wide beam (types 6, 7)
`(IESNA RP-33). The further away the luminaire is from
`the facade, the narrower the light beam must be. Aiming
`and positioning ground-mounted floodlights for uniform
`illumination depend first on the available setback in
`relation to the building height. If the height is 2 times the
`setback dimension, the center of a “wide beam” floodlight
`aimed at 2/3 the height of the building is recommended.If
`a building is 30 feet high, the recommended aiming point
`is 20 feet high. Floodlight spacing along the facade
`should not exceed 2 times the setback distance. If the
`setback is 22.5 feet, the floodlights should be placed no
`more than 45 feet apart, with the first floodlight at % to 1
`of the setback dimension. As the building height increases
`to 4 times the setback, a medium-beam floodlight with the
`same aiming elevation is recommended. Buildings with
`up to 6 times the setback require more narrow-beam
`floodliights. Thus, one location on the ground may hold
`multiple floodlights, each aimed at different building
`elevations. The illumination from the ground of facades
`with more than 6 times the setback is not recommended
`dueto the difficulty of achieving uniformity.
`
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`

`

`CX-0693
`
`104
`
`Illumination
`
`Illumination of Outdoor Areas
`
`
`Lighting building entries at night provides (1) vertical
`illumination to comfortably light people’s faces, and (2)
`horizontal
`illumination to light
`the pathway and any
`changes in thelight level. Such a pool of light comes from
`a mounting position high on the building, on a pedestrian-
`scaled post lantern, or on the underside of a canopy.
`
`Emergency egress doors are provided with lighting on
`the outside of the door threshold and extended for a
`distance at least equal to the width of the door opening.
`
`Softscape lighting is for private yards, patios, parks,
`gardens, boulevards, entry markers, and other natural
`features such as water. They are softly illuminated and
`emit a minimum ofglare, contrast, or spill light to the
`neighbors. Some techniques used to light trees to achieve
`the desired effect are frontlighting to highlight details,
`texture, and color; backlighting to show form and
`separate the plant from the background; sidelighting to
`emphasize plant texture and create shadows; uplighting
`to make branches glow; and downlighting for accent
`details, colors, and texture. The illumination of tree
`trunks along with canopies helps anchor them to the
`landscape.
`
`Hardscape lighting is for outdoor sculptures, fountains,
`or vertical displays. A 3D sculpture is illuminated from
`two directions to provide highlights and soften shadows.
`The key light is focused on the mass of the sculpture with
`light added to relieve shadows.
`
`Stairs and ramps are hazardousin low light, so contrast
`is essential for their safe use. Illuminated handrails, step
`lights, or small fixtures in the balustrade provide light
`differentiation between the step risers and threads. Other
`techniques to complement light effects are coloring of the
`step nosing and color differentiation between threads and
`risers.
`
`Walkways, sidewalks, and bikeways are illuminated
`at levels recommended by the IESNA with lights placed to
`provide visual information.
`
`
`PAGE 118 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080498
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Exterior Lighting
`
`105
`
`Special Considerations for Outdoor Fixtures
`
`and/or
`switches
`time
`Controls using astronomical
`photosensors are deployed to ensure that exterior lighting
`is not operated when sufficient daylight is available or
`during nighttime except those fixtures for security.
`
`proper
`to
`given
`be
`considerations must
`Special
`outdoor
`the
`to
`installation of
`luminaires
`exposed
`environment.
`If installed on ground they must have the
`“wet location rated” label and if placed under canopies
`but still exposed to the elements, they must be “damp
`location rated.” In addition, durable with vandal-
`resistant
`components
`and_
`regularly maintained
`luminaires to minimize dirt accumulation or to prevent
`obstruction by grass,
`leaves, mud, and other debris,
`ensure steady operation of exterior lighting. Separate
`security fixtures are exclusively used to provide low light
`levels for security cameras (.01 footcandle). The table
`below summarizes the illuminance and luminance ratios
`for various outdoor areas.
`
`Vert. Avg.
`Horiz. Avg.
`luminance|Illuminance Lum.
`
`Outdoor space type
`fc
`fc
`Ratio
`
`Building entrance|cramer:llexreee|(Active/Inactive)
`
`5.0/3.0
`
`3.0/3.0
`
`Egress Path
`
`1
`
`
`
`Roadside sidewalks &
`Type A bikeways:
`commercial,
`intermediate, residential
`
`areas 2.2,1.1;0.5|4:1 to 5:1
`Walkways distant from
`roadside & Type B
`bikeways
`General parking and
`oedestrian areas
`
`0.5
`
`0.5
`
`4:1 to 5:1
`
`3.6; 2.4; 0.8
`
`4:| to 5:1
`
`Loading docks
`Storage yards, active-
`inactive
`10
`(Adapted from /ESNA Hand-book,
`2000.)
`
`
`3
`Edition, copyright
`
`9°
`
`IESNA,
`
`MASITC_01080499 MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`PAGE 119 OF 154
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`106
`
`Illumination
`
`Outdoor Luminaire—Transverse Light
`Distribution
`
`
`Luminaires beam pattern distributions are classified
`by IESNAaccording to transverse and lateral projections.
`(see the next two figures). Five types, shown below, are
`illustrated according to the maximum candlepower and
`the trace of the half-maximum value. A luminaire’s
`transverse reach is expressed in MH units: type I (1
`MH), type II (1.75 MH), type III (2.75 MH), type IV (6
`MH),
`and type V (symmetric distribution in four
`quadrants). Type V is usually best at
`the center of
`parking lots. Type IV or forward-throw distribution is
`best for wide, multilane roads and parkinglot perimeters.
`Type I has a long and narrow distribution that can be
`applied to narrow roadways, walkways, or bike paths. It
`also can be located at or near the center of a pathway,
`approximately two MHs in width, or used as overhead
`lighting in areas such as parkinglots, plazas, courtyards,
`and along walkways. Types II and III distribute hight to
`one side of the light source. These luminaires should
`generally be used for street lighting to direct light to the
`street side of the lamp but not shining into the building
`side.
`
`oe
`
`iae
`
`Type |
`
`TypeII
`
`TypeIII
`
`Type IV
`
`Type V
`Adapted from /ESNA Handbook, 9" Edition, copyright IESNA,
`2000.
`
`
`PAGE 120 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080500
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Parking
`
`107
`
`Outdoor Luminaire—Lateral Light Distribution
`
`
`Fixtures for roadway and parking applications are further
`classified
`as
`short, medium,
`or
`long
`lateral
`distribution. This classification relates the types of
`fixtures, the spacing between them according to the point
`of maximum candelas, and the MH. For a short-range
`lateral
`throw,
`the maximum luminaire
`spacing is
`generally less than 4.5 times the MH. A medium throw
`allows a maximum spacing of generally less than 7.5
`times the MH, and a long throw is generally less than 12
`times the MH (see figure below).
`
`House Side
`Point of Maximum
`Candela
`
`
`
`
`
`Trace of 50%
`Maximum Candela
`
`Reference Line
`
`
`
`Type Ill distribution of a luminaire. Half-maximum candelas
`trace falls within 2.75MH.
`(Adapted from /ESNA Handbook,
`9” Edition, copyright IESNA, 2000.)
`
`PAGE 121 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080501
`
`MASIMO2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`108
`
`Illumination
`
`Criteria For RoadwayLighting
`
`
`Three principal criteria are used to design major roadway
`lighting systems:
`luminance,
`illuminance, and the
`newer concept of small target visibility (STV). The
`illuminance inverse square law calculations are well
`known. It was found, however, that illuminance levels do
`not correlate well with visibility or driver performance.
`IESNA Standard RP-8-00 addresses one shortcoming of
`the illuminance method by adding a maximum veiling
`luminance ratio (VLR) that is specifically intended to
`limit
`glare
`from a
`luminaire.
`The
`luminance
`determination is necessary to
`calculate
`the VLR.
`Luminance describes
`the
`reflected light
`from the
`pavement as seen when driving, so evaluating the quality
`of a lighting system by how it looks at night is actually
`the same as evaluating its luminance.
`
`In reference to the figure on the next page, luminance at
`point P is determined as the sum of contributions from all
`n luminaires:
`
`Le = Lr(Bi,¥i)1(gi,Yi)/10,000 hz,
`
`wherer is the reflectance coefficient at angles B and y.
`
`and the VLR are also
`The veiling luminance, Lv,
`necessary to limit
`the glare effect. The Lu can be
`determined as follows:
`
`Ly == 10 Ey/(0° + 1.5 8),
`
`the observer's
`the veiling luminance at
`where: Lvis
`location,
`in cd/m?2; Evis the vertical illuminance on the
`plane of the observer's eye; and 8 is the angle between the
`line of sight and the luminairesin degrees.
`
`Values recommended for luminance and VLR are found in
`the 9th Edition of the JESNA Handbook.
`
`
`
`PAGE 122 OF 154
`
`MASITC_01080502
`
`MASIMO 2054
`
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`Roadway Lighting
`
`109
`
`Small Target Visibility
`
`Single fixture for luminance determination. (Adapted from IESNA
`Hana-book, 9" Edition, copyright IESNA, 2000.)
`
`the
`for
`The STV method was developed to account
`contrast that must be present to allow drivers moving at
`high speed to quickly detect hazards and react to them.
`Indeed, a roadway lighting system may provide a high
`and uniform road surface luminance, yet the visibility
`threshold may be low due to the absence of contrast.
`Three luminance components influence the visibility of a
`target: the target luminance itself, the luminance of the
`background, and the veiling luminance or glare. Given
`these three luminances, all of which can be calculated, the
`visibility of each target in the array can be determined in
`terms of the visibility level (VL). VL is the ratio of
`target contrast
`to the contrast of a similar target at
`threshold, a measure of visibility that has been widely
`used.
`
`STV predicts the visibility of a standard object (18 x 18
`cm) located on the roadwayat a specific distance from the
`driver,
`and accounts
`for
`the contrast between the
`standard target and its background by considering the
`driver's age, viewing time, pavement reflectance, and
`glare from the luminaire. The larger the STV number, the
`more visible the object. For more details, go to IESNA RP-
`8-00.
`
`
`
`MASITC_01080503 MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`PAGE 123 OF 154
`
`MASIMO 2054
`Apple v. Masimo
`IPR2022-01299
`
`

`

`CX-0693
`
`110
`
`Roadway Lighting
`
`Recommended Roadway Luminaires
`
`———_———EEEEE
`
`After the desired minimum illuminance and the pole
`height are initially set based on light spill, road cross-
`section, pavement type, and roadway category UESNA
`Handbook), a few luminaires and sources can be tested to
`achieve a design that meets the recommendedlight level,
`uniformity, and acceptable glare. Common layouts include
`luminaires on one side of the road,
`luminaires on both
`sides, or luminaires in a center median. One-side and
`median
`configurations
`often
`have
`the
`additional
`advantage of requiring less wire and conduit, resulting in
`lower construction costs.
`
`Starting with any of the five previously described types of
`luminaires is a convenient way to facilitate selection
`according to roadway width and light spill control. Full
`cutoff luminaires should be specified wherever possible
`to prevent light pollution. Typically, Types I, II, and III
`are appropriate for narrow roadways, while type IV is
`proper
`for multilane
`roads. Lateral-medium-throw
`luminaires are preferred over short-throw types because
`fewer poles are required and over
`long-throw types
`because then semicutoffs are not needed. Combining
`transversal and longitudinal distributions helps
`the
`designer select
`luminaires for even light distribution
`based on roadway widths andpole spacing.
`in many
`The architecture of such luminaires comes
`shapes. Two are shown below. The most prevalent is the
`“cobra head” luminaire, typically mounted on a 6-ft arm.
`This fixture with a flat lens is recommended to minimize
`disability glare and light
`trespass. Reflectors may be
`formed or faceted aluminum. The rectilinear “shoebox”
`luminaire, designed as a full cutoff, is also popular. The
`reflector in this design is usually larger than