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`IBM DICTIONARY
`OF COMPUTING
`
`Compiled and edited by
`GEORGE McDANIEL
`
`McGRAW-HILL, INC.
`New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota
`Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
`Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore
`Sydney Tokyo Toronto
`
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`
`

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`Limitation of Liability
`While the Editor and Publisher of this book have made reasonable efforts to
`ensure the accuracy and timeliness of the information contained herein, nei(cid:173)
`ther the Editor nor the Publisher shall have any liability with respect to loss or
`damage caused or alleged to be caused by reliance on any information con(cid:173)
`tained herein.
`
`Copyright © 1994 by International Business Machines Corporation. All rights
`reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under
`the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be
`reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data
`base or retrieval system, without the prior written permisssion of the pub(cid:173)
`lisher.
`
`6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 9 9 8 7
`
`ISBN 0-07-031488-8 (HC)
`ISBN 0-07-031489-6 (PBK)
`
`The sponsoring editor for this book was Daniel A. Gonneau and the
`production supervisor was Thomas G. Kowalczyk.
`
`Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company.
`
`Tenth Edition (August 1993)
`This is a major revision of the IBM Dictionary of Computing, SC20-1699-8,
`which is made obsolete by this edition. Changes are made periodically to the
`information provided herein.
`It is possible that this material may contain reference to, or information about,
`IBM products (machines and programs), programming, or services that are
`not announced in your country. Such references or information must not be
`construed to mean that IBM intends to announce such IBM products, pro(cid:173)
`gramming, or services in your country. Comments may be addressed to IBM
`Corporation, Department E37/656, P. 0. Box 12195, Research Triangle Park,
`NC27709.
`
`International Edition
`Copyright© 1994 by International Business Machines Corporation. Exclusive
`rights by McGraw-Hill, Inc. for manufacture and export. This book cannot be
`reaexported from the country to which it is consigned by McGraw-Hill. The
`International Edition is not available in North America.
`When ordering this title, use ISBN 0-07-113383-6.
`
`This book is printed on acid-free paper.
`
`Ex.1040 / IPR2022-00807 / Page 3 of 10
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`Special Notice
`
`The following terms are trademarks or registered trademarks of the IBM Corpora(cid:173)
`tion in the United States or other countries:
`
`• ACF/VTAM
`• Advanced Function Printing
`• AFP
`• AIX windows
`• AIX
`• AIX Enhanced X-Windows
`• AML/2
`• Application Systern/400
`• APPN
`• AS/400
`• BookMaster
`• Common User Access
`• CUA
`• DATABASE2
`• DB2
`• DFSMS
`• ESCON
`• Enterprise Systems Connection
`• graPHIGS
`• IBM
`• IBM Operating System/2
`• ImagePlus
`• InfoExplorer
`• Info Window
`
`• LinkWay
`• Micro Channel
`• MVS/DFP
`• MVS/ESA
`• MVS/SP
`• MVS/XA
`• NetView
`• Operating System/400
`• OS/2
`• OS/400
`• PCNetwork
`• PenPM operating system
`• Port-A-Punch
`• Presentation Manager
`• PROFS
`• PS
`• PS/2
`• RISC System/6000
`• SAA
`• Selectric
`• SNAP/SHOT
`• Storyboard
`• System/360
`• Systern/370
`
`V
`
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`

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`• Systems Application Architecture
`• Ultimedia
`• Virtual Machine/Extended
`Architecture
`
`• VM/ESA
`• VM/XA
`• VTAM
`
`The following terms are trademarks or registered trademarks of other organizations:
`
`• AT&T (Trademark of American Telephone and Telegraph Co.)
`• Beta (Trademark of Sony Corporation)
`• Multimedia PC (Trademark of Multimedia PC Marketing Council)
`• Mylar (Trademark of E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.)
`• UNIX (Trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories)
`• XENIX (Trademark of the Microsoft Corporation with enhancements by the
`University of California at Berkeley)
`
`vi
`
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`

`

`[392]
`
`local channel
`
`section of cable that attaches a device to an access
`unit. The cable may consist of several segments.
`(4) In 8100 directly attached loops, one of two seg(cid:173)
`ments of the loop.
`
`lobe attaching unit (1) A functional unit used to
`connect data stations to and disconnect data stations
`from a ring network without disrupting network oper(cid:173)
`ations. (T)
`(2) See also access unit.
`
`lobe bypass (1) The capability of a lobe attaching
`unit to disconnect a lobe, and all attached data stations
`from a ring network for replacement, relocation, or
`repair, without disrupting network operations.
`(T)
`(2) In a star/ring network configuration, removal of a
`wiring concentrator and an attached lobe from the
`network when a fault is detected or when an attached
`lobe must be disconnected for servicing.
`
`lobe receptacle In the IBM Token-Ring Network, an
`outlet on an access unit for connecting a lobe.
`
`local (1) In programming languages, pertaining to the
`relationship between a language object and a block
`such that the language object has a scope contained in
`(2) Pertaining to that which is
`that block.
`(I)
`defined and used only in one subdivision of a com(cid:173)
`(3) Pertaining to a device
`puter program.
`(A)
`accessed directly without use of a telecommunication
`line.
`(4) Synonym for channel-attached.
`(5) See
`local central office, local channel, local code, local
`lock, local loop, local processor, local service, local
`service area, local system queue area.
`(6) Contrast
`with global, remote.
`
`local address (1) In SNA, an address used in a
`peripheral node in place of a network address and
`transformed to or from a network address by the
`(2) In DPPX,
`boundary function in a subarea node.
`an address relative to the origin of a nested address
`space.
`
`local administration Address administration in which
`all LAN individual addresses are unique within the
`same local area network. (T)
`
`local area network (LAN) (1) A computer network
`located on a user' s premises within a
`limited
`geographical area. Communication within a local area
`network
`is not subject
`to external
`regulations;
`however, communication across the LAN boundary
`See
`may be subject to some form of regulation. (T)
`also wide area network. See Figure 88.
`Note: A LAN does not use store and forward tech(cid:173)
`(2) A network in which a set of devices are
`niques.
`connected to one another for communication and that
`can be connected to a larger network. See also token
`ring.
`
`__ ......1-L (R) 7_,J...__...,JLL... (R) 7-'--..---1 LAN1
`I
`I BRIDGE I
`
`~
`
`~ (R ) _ J
`
`(R) = Repeater
`
`LAN3
`
`L(R)J
`
`LAN1 , LAN2, LAN3 are three local area networks
`
`Figure 88. Local Area Networks
`
`local area network broadcast The transmission of a
`transmission frame that is intended to be accepted by
`all other data stations on
`the same
`local area
`network. (T)
`(A)
`
`local area network multicast The transmission of a
`transmission frame that is intended to be accepted by a
`group of selected data stations on the same local area
`network. (T)
`(A)
`
`local assistance One of the types of service described
`in the licensing agreement that may be specified for a
`licensed program. When local assistance is specified,
`IBM personnel, on request and as available, will assist
`the customer in diagnosing problems, checking for the
`availability of a fix from central service, preparing
`AP ARs and, if the program is inoperable, attempting a
`local fix or bypass. Local assistance is provided by
`IBM Systems Engineering. See also central service,
`local service.
`
`local-attached Deprecated term for channel-attached.
`
`local central office A central office arranged for ter(cid:173)
`minating subscriber lines and provided with trunks for
`establishing connections to and from other central
`offices. See also central office, end office.
`
`local channel (l) In private line services, the portion
`of a channel within an exchange that is provided to
`connect
`the main station with an
`interexchange
`(2) The hardware adapter on a 3791 Con(cid:173)
`channel.
`troller that allows direct attachment to the multiplexer
`channel of a central processor without need for
`modems or telecommunication lines.
`
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`release-program-device operation
`
`[570]
`
`remote access data processing
`
`Normally, programming support for the prior release is
`discontinued after some specified period of time fol(cid:173)
`lowing availability of a new release. The first version
`of a product is announced as Release I, Modification
`Level 0. See also modification level, version. (2) In
`VTAM, to relinquish control of resources (communi(cid:173)
`cation controllers or physical units). See also resource
`takeover. Contrast with acquire (2)
`
`relocate (I) To move a computer program or part of
`the program in main storage and to make the neces(cid:173)
`sary adjustment of address references so that the
`program can be executed after being moved. (A)
`(2) To move all or part of an object program in an
`address space and to make the necessary adjustment of
`addresses so that the object program can be executed
`in the new location. (T)
`
`release-program-device operation In
`the AS/400
`system and System/38, an operation that makes a
`program device not available for input/output oper(cid:173)
`ations. Contrast with acquire-program-device opera(cid:173)
`tion.
`
`RELFILES In SMP/E, relative files.
`that
`Files
`contain modification text and JCL input data associ(cid:173)
`ated with SYSMOD.
`
`reliability The ability of a functional unit to perform
`a required function under stated conditions for a stated
`(A)
`period of time. (I)
`
`relocate hardware Synonym for dynamic address
`translation (2).
`
`relocating loader (I) A loader that adjusts addresses
`relative to the assembled origin, by the relocatio~
`factor. (A)
`(2) In VSE, a function that modifies
`addresses of a phase, if necessary, and loads the phase
`into a partition selected by the user.
`
`relocation (1) The modification of address constants
`to compensate for a change in origin of a module,
`(2) See dynamic relo(cid:173)
`program, or control section.
`cation.
`
`relief height The distance an embossed character is
`raised above the surface of a plastic identification
`card. (A)
`
`relocation dictionary The part of an object module or
`load module that identifies all addresses that must be
`adjusted when a relocation occurs. (A)
`
`relinquish In MSS, to free space on a staging drive;
`this may cause data to be destaged.
`
`relocatable Attribute of a set of codes whose address
`constants can be altered to make up for a change in
`origin.
`
`relocatable address An address
`to be
`that needs
`adjusted when the computer program containing it or
`data the address refers to is relocated. (T)
`
`relocatable expression An expression whose value is
`affected by program
`relocation.
`A
`relocatable
`expression can represent a relocatable address.
`
`relocatable load module A combination of object
`modules having cross references resolved and prepared
`for loading into storage for execution. Relocation dic(cid:173)
`tionary (RLD) information is saved with the load
`module to allow it to be loaded at an address different
`from the one for which it was built.
`
`relocatable module In VSE, a library member of the
`type "object module." It consists of one or more
`control sections cataloged as one member.
`
`relocatable program An object program that is in ·
`such a form that it may be relocated. (T)
`
`relocatable term A term whose value is affected by
`program relocation.
`
`relocation factor The algebraic difference between
`the assembled origin and loaded origin of a computer
`program. (A)
`
`relocation interrupt See page fault.
`
`REM Ring error monitor.
`
`remainder (I) In a division operation, the number or
`quantity that is the undivided part of the dividend,
`having an absolute value less than the absolute value
`of the divisor, and that is one of the results of a divi(cid:173)
`sion operation. (I)
`(A)
`(2) See also quotient.
`
`remark Synonym for comment.
`
`r~medial feedback In computer-aided instruction, an
`explanation issued by the application to a user of why
`a particular response was wrong.
`
`reminder In Systern/36, a calendar item that includes
`a date but no start time or end time.
`
`remote (1) Pertaining to a system, program, or device
`that is accessed through a telecommunication line.
`Contrast with local. (2) Synonym for link-attached.
`
`remote access Pertaining to communication with a
`data processing facility through a data link. (A)
`
`remote access data processing ( 1) Data processing
`in which some input/output functions are performed by
`devices that are connected to a computer system by
`
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`update script
`
`[722]
`
`user account
`
`update script In the AIX operating system, a shell
`procedure or executable file created by the developer
`of an application program to update a program. The
`script file must follow specific guidelines in order to
`be compatible with the program update tools that are
`provided in the operating system.
`
`update transaction In IMSNS, a transaction in a
`system with
`the DC feature with capabilities for
`updating a database. Update transactions are recover(cid:173)
`able.
`
`upgrade set In VSAM, all of the alternate indexes
`that are to be updated whenever there is a change to
`the data component of the related base cluster.
`
`upline Pertaining to
`the direction opposite to
`direction of transmission. Contrast with downline.
`
`the
`
`uplink Pertaining to data transmission from a data
`station to the headend. (T) Contrast with downlink.
`
`upload (1) To transfer programs or data from a con(cid:173)
`nected device, typically a personal computer, to a
`computer with greater resources. (T)
`(2) To transfer
`data from a device, such as a workstation or a micro(cid:173)
`computer, to a computer. Contrast with download.
`See also terminal emulation.
`
`uppercase Pertaining to the capital letters, as distin(cid:173)
`guished from the small letters; for example, A, B, G,
`rather than a, b, g.
`
`upper curtate The adjacent card rows at the top of a
`punch card. (A)
`
`upper letter row On a keyboard, the top letter row.
`Synonymous with row D.
`See lower letter row,
`middle letter row. See also numeric row.
`
`upper print line On a display screen, the line through
`the upper SO-percent luminance contour of the highest
`row of pels of the uppercase character matrix. Con(cid:173)
`trast with lower print line.
`
`UPS Uninterruptible power supply.
`
`upside-down portrait A page orientation such that
`the top of the printed image is at the trailing edge of
`the paper as it emerges from the printer.
`
`upstop (1) A mechanical device
`limiting upward
`(2) A physical part,
`motion of a movable part.
`usually nonmovable, used to limit or stop the upward
`travel of the armature in an electromechanical device
`such as a relay.
`
`upstream (1) In the direction opposite to data flow or
`toward the source of transmission.
`(2) Toward the
`
`(3) In
`processor from an attached unit or end user.
`the direction toward a host computer or toward a host
`system. (4) Contrast with downstream.
`
`upstream device For the IBM 3710 Network Con(cid:173)
`troller, a device located in a network so that the
`device is positioned between the 3710 and a host. A
`communication controller upstream from the 3710 is
`an example of an upstream device. Contrast with
`downstream device.
`
`uptime (1) Synonym
`time. (T)
`operable
`for
`(2) Deprecated term for available time. (3) Synonym
`for operating time.
`
`upward compatibility The capability of a computer
`to execute programs written for another computer
`without major alteration, but not vice versa.
`
`upward reference In overlay, a reference made from
`a segment to another segment higher in the same path,
`that is, closer to the root segment.
`
`URC Unit reference code.
`
`US The unit separator character. (A)
`
`usability The quality of a system, program, or device
`that enables it to be easily understood and conven(cid:173)
`iently employed by a user. See also utility.
`
`usability test A test to determine whether an imple(cid:173)
`mented system fulfills its functional purpose as deter(cid:173)
`mined by its users. Synonymous with fitness-for-use
`test. (T)
`
`usable area (1) In
`the 3270 Information Display
`System, the area on a display surface that can be used
`to display data, (2) In the 3270 Information Display
`System, data in a query reply structured field that
`defines the size and characteristics of the screen avail(cid:173)
`able for defining viewports.
`
`use authority In
`the AS/400 system, an object
`authority that allows the user to run a program or to
`display the contents of a file. Use authority combines
`object operational authority, read authority.
`
`user (1) A person who requires the services of a
`computing system.
`(2) Any person or any thing that
`may issue or receive commands and messages to or
`from
`the
`information processing
`system. (T)
`(3) Anyone who requires the services of a computing
`system. See also end user, multiuser, terminal user.
`(4) In the AIX operating system, the name associated
`with an account. See privileged user.
`(5) Contrast
`with customer.
`
`user account See account.
`
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`ISBN 0-07-031489-6
`
`90000
`
`9 780070 314894
`
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