8346394
`
`February 15, 2023
`
`THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT ANNEXED IS A TRUE COPY FROM THE
`RECORDS OF THIS OFFICE OF THE FILE WRAPPER AND CONTENTS
`OF:
`
`APPLICATION NUMBER: 10/990,296
`FILING DATE: November 16, 2004
`
`IPR2022-00412
`Apple EX1053 Page 1
`
`

`

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`c.o Attorney
`Docket:
`Ryan C-4
`¢ IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`d
`PATENT APPLICATION
`TRANSMITTAL
`Mail Stop: Patent
`Application
`Commissioner
`for Patents
`P.O. Box 1450
`Alexandria,
`VA 22313-1450
`
`MULTI-INTERFACE
`COMPACT PERSONAL TOKEN APPARATUS
`Title:
`AND
`METHODS OF USE
`Inventor(s):
`Ryan, et al.
`
`for filing is:
`Enclosed herewith
`•PATENT APPLICATION,
`including:
`67 pages of text
`_4_ sheets
`of drawings
`•DECLARATION,
`not signed
`
`Fee Calculation
`(Small
`Entity)·
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`Fee
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`total
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`@ $9 each = $288
`$ 65 surcharge
`for late filing fees/signatures
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`$ 7 48 Total Amount
`Due
`This appli.cation
`is being filed "missing
`parts",
`without
`money or signatures.
`
`Please direct
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`patent
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`and related
`papers are
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`IPR2022-00412
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`

`

`MULTI-INTERFACE COMPACT PERSONAL TOKEN APPARATUS AND METHODSOF
`
`USE
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
`This is a non-provisionalfiling based on USSN 60/520,698filed 11/17/2003 by Ryan, Comiskey
`
`and Knapich.
`
`This is a non-provisionalfiling based on USSN 60/562,204 filed 4/14/2004 by Comiskey, Finn and
`
`Ryan.
`
`This is a non-provisional filing based on USSN 60/602,595 filed 8/18/2004 by Finn.
`
`BACKGROUNDOF THE INVENTION
`
`1. Technical Field
`
`This invention relates generally to smart card technology.
`
`2. Related Art
`
`A smart card resembles a credit card in size and shape. (See ISO 7810). The inside of a smart
`
`card usually contains an embedded 8-bit microprocessor. The microprocessor is under a gold
`
`contact pad on oneside of the card. Smarts cards may typically have 1 kilobyte of RAM, 24
`kilobytes of ROM, 16 kilobytes of programmable ROM,and an 8-bit microprocessor running at
`
`5 MHz. The smart card usesa serial interface and receives its power from external sourceslike a
`card reader. The processor uses a limited instruction set for applications such as cryptography.
`The most commonsmart card applicationsare:
`
`- Credit cards
`
`- Electronic cash
`
`- Computer security systems
`
`- Wireless communication
`
`- Loyalty systems(like frequentflyer points)
`
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`- Banking
`
`- Satellite TV
`
`- Governmentidentification
`
`Smart cards can be used with a smart-card reader attachment
`to a personal computer to
`authenticate a user. (However,
`these readers are relatively costly, and have not been well
`accepted by users.) Web browsers also can use smart card technology to supplement Secure
`Sockets Layer (SSL) for improved security of Internet transactions. The American Express
`Online Wallet shows how online purchases work using a smart card and a PC equipped with a
`
`smart-card reader. Smart-card readers can also be found in vending machines.
`
`Thereare three basic types of smart cards: contact chip, contactless and dualinterface (DI) cards.
`
`A contact smart card (or contact chip card) is a plastic card aboutthesize of a credit card that has
`
`an embeddedintegratedcircuit (IC) chip to store data. This data is associated with either value or
`
`information or both and is stored and processed within the card’s chip, either a memory or
`
`microprocessor device.
`
`The predominant contact smart cards in consumer use are telephone cardsas a stored value tool
`
`for pay phones and bank cards for electronic cash payments. Contact smart cards require the
`
`placement of the card in a terminal or automatic teller machine for authentication and data
`
`transaction. By inserting the contact smart card into the terminal, mechanical and electrical
`
`contact is made with the embedded chip module.
`
`Contactless smart cards have an embedded antenna connected to a microchip, enabling the card
`
`to pick up and respond to radio waves. The energy required for the smart card to manipulate and
`
`transmit data is derived from the electromagnetic field generated by a reader. Contactless smart
`
`cards do not require direct contact with the reader because they employ the passive transponder
`
`technology of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). By just waving the card near the reader,
`
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`secure identification, electronic payment
`
`transaction and authentication are completed in
`
`milliseconds.
`
`Contactless chip card technology is based on two standards: ISO/IEC 14443 Type A and Type B
`(for proximity cards), and ISO/IEC 15693 (for vicinity cards). Cards that comply with these
`standardsoperate at the 13.56 MHz frequency. ISO/IEC 14443 products have a range of up to 10
`cm (centimeters), while ISO/IEC 15693 products can operate at a range between 50 and 70 cm.
`
`Dual interface (DI) cards, sometimes called combination chip cards, are microprocessor multi-
`
`function cards that incorporate both the functions of a contact chip card and a contactless card.
`Within the smart card is a microprocessor or micro-controller chip with radio frequency
`identification (RFID) capability that manages the memory allocation and file access. The on-
`
`board memoryis shared and can be accessedeither in contact or contactless mode.
`
`This type of chip is similar to those found inside all personal computers and when implanted in a
`
`smart card, manages data in organised file structures, via a card operating system. This capability
`
`permits different and multiple functions and/or different applications to reside on the card.
`
`A dual interface (DJ) card is ideal for single and multi-application markets ranging from micro-
`
`payment (convenientalternative to low value cash transaction) to e-commerce and from ticketing
`
`in mass transit to secure identification for cross border control. Originally, such cards were
`
`intended to be used in conjunction with a reader connected to a PC for downloadingtickets,
`
`tokens, or electronic money via the contact
`
`interface and used in contactless mode in the
`
`application for physical access or proximity payment
`
`Passive
`
`radio frequency identification (RFID) devices derive
`
`their
`
`energy from the
`
`electromagnetic field radiated from the reader. Because of international power transmission
`
`restrictions at the frequencies of 125 KHz and 13,56 MHz,the contactless integrated circuits are
`
`generally low voltage and low power devices. Read/Write circuits use low voltage EEPROM and
`
`low poweranalogue cells. The read/write memory capacity in transponders, contact smart cards,
`
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`contactless memory based smart cards, dual interface smart cards (contact & contactless) and
`multi-interface micro-controllers is generally limited to approximately 64 kilobytes.
`
`The dual interface (DI) smart cards typically have an 8, 16 or 32 bit microprocessor controller,
`operate at a low voltage of 1.8V-5V and run at an internal frequency of 5 or 15 MHz. The open
`platform architecture includes memory management, nonvolatile memory, contactless interfaces
`and security features such as Advanced Crypto Engine (ACE) 1100 bit, triple DES encryption
`
`and RSA.
`
`High performancecrypto controllers with multiple interfaces such as USB, ISO 14443 Type A,
`B, Felica have been developed for multi-functional smart cards in applications such as security
`
`access, healthcare, electronic purse, bankingetc.
`
`The main focus of the smart card industry has been on secure card applications, where large
`
`memory capacity is not of paramount
`
`importance, and/or where pertinent
`
`information and
`
`application software is stored at a centralised serverlocation.
`
`Another market area that has been evolving in recent years is memory, particularly for computing
`
`devices which are capable of interacting with large amounts of data and implementing
`
`sophisticated functionality, such as laptops, cameras, mobile phones, PDAs, MP3 players, and
`
`the like.
`
`The main focus of the flash drive industry is on high density memory (using NAND flash
`
`memory cells) and current USB key chain products from the market leaders incorporate an 8-
`
`Gigabyte flash memory chip, managed by a 32 bit micro-controller.
`
`These large capacity, personal, portable storage devices are for decentralised applications to
`
`transport confidential business documents, multimedia files, photos, music files, address book,
`
`favorite web sites, games,etc.
`
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`screen
`Apart from using USB tokensforfile storage, they are also used for desktop settings,
`lock, network login & access control, log book, user authentication (storing digital signatures,
`certificates, key sets,
`finger-based biometric templates, usernames and passwords), digital
`content andtransaction security as well as enterprise and Internet security.
`
`A USB token can also be used to download emails, remotely access a PC or to open a customised
`
`browserthat allows the user to surf the Web with total privacy.
`
`Recent developments in USB flash memory drives have resulted in CDROM-like auto-run
`devices that automatically execute a file when the USB tokenis inserted into a PC. The read-only
`
`and auto-run contents are installed during the manufacturing process. Examples of auto-run
`
`contents include opening a website, running a demo application, showing a presentation, making
`
`a productpitch, providing customers with discount couponsetc.
`
`
`
`RelatedPatentsPublicationsand/or
`
`
`
`
`
`USPatent Publication No. 2003/0028797 discloses integrated USB connector for personal token.
`
`A personal key having an inexpensive and robust integrated USB connectoris disclosed. The
`
`apparatus comprises a circuit board having a processor and a plurality of conductive traces
`
`communicatively coupling the processor to a peripheral portion ofthe circuit board. Theplurality
`
`of conductive traces includes, for example, a powertrace, a ground trace, and at least two signal
`
`traces. The apparatus also comprisesa first housing, having an aperture configured to accept the
`
`periphery of the circuit board therethrough, thereby presenting the plurality of conductive traces
`
`exterior to the aperture. The apparatus also comprises a shell, surrounding the plurality of
`conductive traces, the shell including at least one locking member interfacing with the first
`
`housing.
`
`US Patent Publication No. 2002/0011516 discloses smart card virtual hub. A smart card virtual
`
`hub combines a ISO7816 compliant smart card reader interface with a USB hubthat provides
`one or moreattachment points for connection of devices to the USB bus, thereby interfacing such
`
`devices to the host computer. The hub in the presently preferred embodiment of the invention
`
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`provides one port to which one USB functional device, such as a keyboard, may be attached. The
`attached keyboard shares a common USBbus bandwidth with the internal embedded smart card
`reader through a host-scheduled, token-based communication protocol that is handled by the
`
`USB driver and the device driver.
`
`US Patent Publication No. 2003/0102380 discloses a memory card and a method for operating a
`
`memory card, the memory card comprising: a memory massstorage; a first data interface with a
`contacting interface and a high data transfer rate; a second data interface with a contact-less
`interface. In a preferred embodiment, a memory card controller is included for selecting a first
`
`data line from said first data interface or a second data line from said second data interface to
`
`communicate with said memory massstorage based onacriteria.
`
`US Patent Publication No. 2003/0087601 discloses an apparatus, system and method for
`
`communicating between a personal device and a host computer. The apparatus comprises means
`
`for wireless communication, for enabling communication with a personal device (which also
`
`comprises means for wireless communication) and means for wired communication for enabling
`communication with the host computer (which also comprises means for wired communication).
`
`A controller installed within the apparatus, controls the data transfer between the wireless and
`
`wired communication interfaces of the apparatus. The controller may perform additional
`
`computing operations, such as security related operations (e.g. digitally signing a document,
`
`ciphering, and so forth). The apparatus may further comprise a smartcard chip, for securely
`
`storing
`
`information,
`
`and
`
`also
`
`for performing
`
`the
`
`additional
`
`computing
`
`operations.
`
`Implementations of the invention can be carried out in order to functionally connect a personal
`
`device, such as PDA, mobile phone, and so forth, to a host computer, or with an application
`
`executed on the host computer. The apparatus may be used to for security implementations,e.g.
`
`provision of PINs, keys, passwords, digitally signing of documents, and so forth. The personal
`
`device may also be used as input means for the apparatus, thereby enabling a large number of
`
`implementations, including applications with relevancy to cellular telephony.
`
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`WIPOPublication No. WO 01/96990 discloses USB-Compliant Personal Key Using a Smartcard
`
`Processor and a Smartcard Reader Emulator. A compact, self-contained, personal key is
`disclosed. The personal key comprises a USB-compliant interface releaseably coupleable to a
`host processing device operating under commandofan operating system; a smartcard processor
`having a smartcard processor-compliant interface of communicating according to a smartcard
`input and output protocol; and an interface processor, communicatively coupled to the USB-
`compliant interface and to the smartcard processor-compliantinterface, the interface processor
`implementing a translation module for interpreting USB-compliant messages into smartcard
`processor-compliant messages andfor interpreting smartcard processor-compliant messages into
`
`USB-compliant messages.
`
`WIPO Publication No. WO 00/42491 discloses USB-Compliant Personal Key with Integral Input
`
`and Output Devices. A compact, self-contained, personal key is disclosed. The personal key
`
`comprises a USB-compliant interface (206) releasably coupleable to a host processing device
`
`(102); a memory (214); and a processor (212). The processor (212) provides the host processing
`
`device (102) conditional access to data storable in the memory (214) as well as the functionality
`
`required to managefiles stored in the personal key and for performing computations based on the
`
`data in the files. In one embodiment, the personal key also comprises an integral user input
`
`device (218) and an integral user output device (222). The input and output devices (218, 222)
`communicate with the processor
`(212) by communication paths
`(220, 222) which are
`
`independent from the USB-compliant interface (206), and thus allow the user to communicate
`
`with the processor (212) without manifesting any private information external to the personal
`
`key.
`
`WIPO Publication No. WO 01/39102 discloses PORTABLE READER FOR SMART CARDS.
`
`A portable reader (1) for smart cards (7) is described that comprises: a support body (3)
`containing at least one slot (5) for inserting and reading a smart card (7); interface means (9)
`
`connected to the support body (3); interface means (9) connected to the support body (3); means
`
`(13) for keeping and aligning the smart card (7); and a managing microprocessor contained
`
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`inside the support body (3) and connected to the interface means (9) and the reading means for
`
`smart cards (7).
`
`US Patent No. 5,761,648 discloses interactive marketing network and process using electronic
`certificates. A data processing system issuingelectroniccertificates through "online" networks of
`personal computers,
`televisions, or other devices with video monitors or telephones. Each
`electronic certificate includes transaction data and identification data, and can be printed out on a
`
`input device, or electronically stored in a
`printing device linked to a consumer's personal
`designated data base until a specified expiration date. The certificate can be used for various
`purposes, including use as a couponfor a discounted price on a productorservice, proofofa gift
`or award, proof of reservation, or proof of payment. Consumers access the data processing
`
`system online, browse among their choices, and make their selections. The data processing
`
`system provides reports onthe selected certificates and their use following selection. Certificate
`
`issuers also have online access to the data processing system and can create or revise offers, and
`
`provide various instructions pertaining to the certificates, including limitations as to the number
`
`of certificates
`
`to be
`
`issued in total
`
`and to
`
`each individual
`
`consumer.
`
`(see
`
`also
`
`www.coolsavings.com)
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,694,399 discloses method and device for universal serial bus smart cardtraffic
`
`signalling. A method and device are disclosed for detecting successful transfers between a
`
`Universal Serial Bus (USB) port and a USB smart card and generating a signal that provides an
`
`indication of the USB transaction activity. This USB transaction activity signal is modulated
`
`according to the USBtransaction activity and drives a Light Emitting Diode (LED)in a preferred
`
`embodiment of the invention. A counter internal to the USB smart card scales the transaction
`
`activity signal such that it is perceptible to the user. Because the current through the LED
`
`depends upon the USBtransaction activity, the brightness of the LED varies according to the
`
`USBtransaction activity. The LED may be driven from a current mirror sink or source, or a
`
`current switch sink or source.
`
`GLOSSARY, DEFINITIONS, BACKGROUND
`
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`The following terms may be used throughoutthe descriptions presented herein and should generally
`be given the following meaning unless contradicted or elaborated upon by other descriptions set
`forth herein. Manyofthe definitions below were taken from http://www.webopedia.com.
`Some
`of the termsset forth below maybe registered trademarks (®).
`
`BIOS
`
`Short (e.g., acronym or abbreviation) for " basic input/output" system. BIOSis
`the built-in software that determines what a computer can do without accessing
`
`programsfrom a disk. On PCs, the BIOS containsall the code required to control
`
`the keyboard, display screen, disk drives, serial communications, and a number of
`
`miscellaneous functions.
`
`Bluetooth
`
`A wireless technology developed by Ericsson, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba that
`
`specifies how mobile phones, computers and PDAsinterconnect with each other,
`
`with computers, and with office or home phones. The technology enables data
`
`connections between electronic devices in the 2.4 GHz range at 720 Kbps (kilo
`
`bits per second) within a 30-foot range.
`
`Bluetooth uses low-power radio
`
`frequencies to transfer information wirelessly between similarly equipped devices.
`
`CDMA
`|
`
`CDMA is a digital cellular
`for "Code-Division Multiple Access".
`Short
`technology that uses spread-spectrum techniques. Unlike competing systems,
`such as GSM,that use TDMA, CDMA doesnotassign a specific frequency to
`
`each user. Instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum. Individual
`
`conversations are encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence.
`
`cell phone
`
`Also referred to as "mobile phone” or "handset". A cell phone today is a mobile
`
`communication device used not only for making calls, but it is lately used as
`
`media device, transaction device, data storage device using SD or MMCcardsfor
`
`that. So called smart cellular phones are also Internet enabled devices allowing
`
`the user to connect to and browse the world wide web, send and receive email,
`
`and somealso incorporate the functionality of a PDA.
`
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`cf.
`
`Short for the Latin "confer". As may be used herein, "compare".
`
`computer
`
`A programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computerare:
`- It respondsto a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
`
`- It can execute a prerecordedlist of instructions (a program).
`Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery - wires,
`transistors, and circuits - is called hardware; the instructions and data are called
`
`software.
`
`DNS
`
`Short for "Domain Name System" (or Service or Server). DNS is an Internet
`
`service that translates domain namesinto IP addresses. Because domain namesare
`
`alphabetic, they're easier to remember. The Internet however,is really based on IP
`
`addresses. Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must
`
`translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain
`
`name www.example.com mighttranslate to 198.105.232.4. The DNS system is,
`
`in fact,
`
`its own network. If one DNS server doesn't know how to translate a
`
`particular domain name,it asks another one, and so on,until the correct IP address
`
`is returned.
`
`DSL
`
`Short
`
`for "Digital Subscriber Line".
`
`DSL technologies use sophisticated
`
`modulation schemes to pack data onto copper wires. They are sometimes referred
`
`to as last-mile technologies because they are used only for connections from a
`
`telephone switching station to a homeoroffice, not between switching stations.
`
`The two main categories of DSL are ADSL (asymmetric DSL)
`
`and SDSL
`
`(symmetric DSL). ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps(million bits
`
`per second) when receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and from 16 to
`
`640 Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate).
`
`Two other types of
`
`DSLtechnologies are High-data-rate DSL (HDSL)and Very high DSL (VDSL).
`
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`EEPROM
`
`Short for "electrically erasable programmable read-only memory". EEPROM is a
`special type of PROMthat can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge.
`Like other types of PROM, EEPROMretainsits contents even when the poweris
`turned off.
`EEPROM is similar to flash memory (sometimes called flash
`
`EEPROM). Theprincipal difference is that EEPROMrequires data to be written
`
`or erased one byte at a time whereas flash memory allows data to be written or
`
`erased in blocks. This makes flash memoryfaster.
`
`e.g.
`
`Short for the Latin "exernpli gratia". Also "eg" (without periods). As may be
`
`used herein, means "for example”.
`
`etc.
`
`Short for the Latin "et cetera". As may be used herein, means "and so forth", or
`
`"and so on", or “and other similar things (devices, process, as may be appropriate
`
`to the circumstances)".
`
`Ethernet
`
`A local-area network (LAN) architecture developed by Xerox Corporation in
`
`cooperation with DEC andIntel in 1976. Ethernet uses a bus or star topology and
`
`supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps. The Ethernet specification served as the
`
`basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard, which specifies the physical and lower
`
`software layers. Ethernet uses
`
`the CSMA/CD access method to handle
`
`simultaneous demands. It is one of the most widely implemented LAN standards.
`A newer version of Ethernet, called 100Base-T (or Fast Ethernet), supports data
`
`transfer rates of 100 Mbps. And the newest version, Gigabit Ethernet supports
`
`data rates of 1 gigabit (1,000 megabits) per second.
`
`A stamp-sized add-on memory that a user inserts into an expansionslot of a
`expansion card
`device such asa PDA. Expansion cards can contain applications, songs, videos,
`pictures, and other information in a digital format. They also come in three
`
`‘flavors': MultiMediaCard™ (MMC), SD (Secure Digital) card and SDIO (Secure
`
`Digital Input/Output) card. Mini SD Card
`
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`Firewall
`
`A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network.
`Firewalls can be implementedin both hardware and software, or a combination of
`both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from
`accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All
`messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which
`examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security
`
`criteria. There are several types of firewall techniques:
`
`- Packet filter: Looks at each packet entering or leaving the network and
`
`acceptsor rejects it based on user-defined rules. Packetfiltering is fairly effective
`
`and transparent
`
`to users, but
`
`it
`
`is difficult
`
`to configure.
`
`In addition,
`
`it
`
`is
`
`susceptible to IP spoofing.
`
`- Application gateway: Applies security mechanisms to specific applications,
`
`such as FTP and Telnet servers. This is very effective, but can impose a
`
`performance degradation.
`
`- Circuit-level gateway: Applies security mechanisms when a TCP or UDP
`
`connection is established. Once the connection has been made, packets can flow
`
`between the hosts without further checking.
`
`-Proxy server: Intercepts all messages entering and leaving the network. The
`
`proxy server effectively hides the true network addresses.
`
`In practice, many firewalls use two or more of these techniques in concert. A:
`
`firewall is considered a first line of defense in protecting private information. For
`
`greater security, data can be encrypted.
`
`flash memory A special type of EEPROM that can be erased and reprogrammed in blocks
`instead of one byte at a time. Many modern PCs have their BIOS stored on a
`
`flash memory chip so that it can easily be updated if necessary. Such a BIOSis
`
`sometimescalled a flash BIOS. Flash memory is also popular in modems because
`
`it enables the modem manufacturer to support new protocols as they become
`
`standardized.
`
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`GSM/GPRS
`
`Short for "Global System for Mobile Communications’/"General Packet Radio
`
`Service". A type of mobile phone network used throughout most of the world.
`GPRSenabled networksoffer ‘always-on’, higher capacity, Internet-based content
`
`and packet-based data services. This enables services such as color Internet
`
`browsing, email on the move, powerful visual communications, multimedia
`
`messages and location-based services. Used by AT&T, Cingular Wireless and T-
`
`Mobile (and others) in the USA and Rogers Wireless and Fido in Canada. GSM
`
`11.11 is a specification for Global System for Mobile communications.
`
`handheld
`
`A portable electronic device that fits in a hand or pocket and functions as a
`
`personal organizer, but can also contain other applications that enable you to
`
`listen to music, view photos, read eBooks, play games, view and edit documents,
`
`and more. Also commonly called a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).
`
`i.e.
`
`Short for the Latin "id est". As may be used herein, "that is".
`
`IEC
`
`Short for "International Electrotechnical Commission".
`
`[EEE
`
`Short for "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers".
`
`The IEEEis best
`
`known for developing standards for the computer and electronics industry.
`
`IEEE 812.11 The IEEE standard for wireless Local Area Networks (LANs). It uses three
`
`different physical layers, 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g.
`
`IEEE 1394.
`
`IEEE 1394 (also known as FireWire® and iLINK™)
`
`is a high-bandwidth
`
`isochronous (real-time)
`
`interface for computers, peripherals, and consumer
`
`electronics products such as camcorders, VCRs, printers, PCs, TVs, and digital
`
`cameras. With IEEE 1394-compatible products and systems, users can transfer
`
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`video orstill images from a camera or camcorderto a printer, PC, or television
`
`(TV), with no image degradation.
`
`Internet
`
`A global network connecting millions of computers for the exchange of data,
`news and opinions. Unlike online services, which are centrally controlled, the
`
`Internet
`
`is decentralized by design. Each Internet computer, called a host,
`
`is
`
`independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and which
`
`local services to make available to the global Internet community. Remarkably,
`
`this anarchy by design works exceedingly well. There are a variety of ways to
`
`access the Internet. Most online services, such as America Online, offer access to
`
`some Internet services. It is also possible to gain access through a commercial
`
`VO
`
`ISO
`
`Internet Service Provider (ISP).
`
`Short for "Input/Output".
`
`Short for "International Organization for Standardization." (Note that ISO is not
`
`an acronym; instead, the name derives from the Greek word iso, which means
`
`equal.)
`
`ISO 14443
`
`ISO 14443 RFID cards; contactless proximity cards operating at 13.56 MHz in up
`
`to 5 inches distance.
`
`ISO 14443 defines the contactless interface smart card
`
`technical specification.
`
`ISO 7810
`
`Defines the size and shape of cards. All credit cards and debit cards, and most ID
`
`are the same shape andsize, as specified by the ISO 7810 standard. Smart cards
`
`follow specifications set out in ISO 7816, and contactless smart cards follow the
`
`ISO 14443 specification.
`
`ISO 7816
`
`Regarding smart card, [S07816 defines specification of contact interface IC chip
`
`and IC card.
`
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`ISO 15693
`
`ISO standard for contactless integrated circuits, such as used in RF-ID tags. ISO
`
`15693 RFID cards; contactless vicinity cards operating at 13.56 MHz in up to 50
`inches distance.
`(ISO 15693 is typically not used for financial transactions
`
`becauseofits relatively long range as compared with ISO 14443.)
`
`LAN
`
`Short for "Local Area Network". A computer network that spans a relatively small
`
`area. Most LANs are confined to a single building or group of buildings.
`
`However, one LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via
`
`telephone lines and radio waves. A system of LANs connected in this way is
`
`called a wide-area network (WAN).
`
`memory
`
`Storage for applications, photos, videos and other data in a device, measured in
`
`megabytes (MB). The more memory, the more applications, photos, videos and
`
`other data a device can store. Four types of memory are available:
`
`1) fixed built-in random access memory (RAM)included with the device,
`
`2) add-on memory, sold separately, in the form of expansion cards of various
`
`capacities,
`
`3) fixed built-in read-only memory (ROM) containing the operating system and
`
`built-in applications and
`
`4) built-in flash memory. See also non-volatile memory.
`
`MMC
`
`Short for "Multi-Media Card".
`
`Similar in form factor to an SD card. The
`
`difference between an SD card and an MMCcard is speed, durability, write-
`
`protection, copyright protection, and size.
`
`Modem
`
`Short for "modulator-demodulator". A modem is a device or program that
`
`enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines.
`
`Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over
`
`telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem converts
`
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`between these two forms. There is one standard interface for connecting external
`modems
`to computers called RS-232. While the modem interfaces
`are
`standardized, a numberof different protocols for formatting data to be transmitted
`
`over telephonelinesexist.
`
`NFC
`
`Short
`
`for "Near Field Communication".
`
`NFC is a wireless connectivity
`
`technology that enables short-range communication betweenelectronic devices. If
`two devices are held close together (for example, a mobile phone and a personal
`digital
`assistant), NFC interfaces establish a peer-to-peer protocol,
`and
`information such as phone bookdetails can be passed freely between them. NFC
`
`devices can be linked to contactless smart cards, and can operate like a contactless
`
`smart card, even when power