`

`MULTI-INTERFACE COMPACT PERSONAL TOKEN APPARATUS AND METHODS OF
`
`USE
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
`This is a non-provisional filing based on USSN 60/520,698 filed 11/17/2003 by Ryan, Comiskey
`
`and Knapich.
`
`This is a non-provisional filing based on USSN 60/562,204 filed 4/14/2004 by Comiskey, Finn and
`
`Ryan.
`
`This is a non-provisional filing based on USSN 60/602,595 filed 8/18/2004 by Finn.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`I. Technical Field
`
`This invention relates generally to smart card technology.
`
`2. Related Art
`
`A smart card resembles a credit card in size and shape. (See ISO 7810). The inside of a smart
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`card usually contains an embedded 8-bit microprocessor. The microprocessor is under a gold
`
`contact pad on one side of the card. Smarts cards may typically have 1 kilobyte of RAM, 24
`
`kilobytes of ROM, 16 kilobytes of programmable ROM, and an 8-bit microprocessor running at
`
`5 MHz. The smart card uses a serial interface and receives its power from external sources like a
`
`card reader. The processor uses a limited instruction set for applications such as cryptography.
`
`The most common smart card applications are:
`
`- Credit cards
`
`- Electronic cash
`
`- Computer security systems
`
`- Wireless communication
`
`- Loyalty systems (like frequent flyer points)
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`- Banking
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`- Satellite TV
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`- Government identification
`
`Smart cards can be used with a smart-card reader attachment to a personal computer to
`
`authenticate a user. (However, these readers are relatively costly, and have not been well
`
`accepted by users.) Web browsers also can use smart card technology to supplement Secure
`
`Sockets Layer (SSL) for improved security of Internet transactions. The American Express
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`Online Wallet shows how online purchases work using a smart card and a PC equipped with a
`
`smart-card reader. Smart-card readers can also be found in vending machines.
`
`There are three basic types of smart cards: contact chip, contactless and dual interface (DI) cards.
`
`A contact smart card ( or contact chip card) is a plastic card about the size of a credit card that has
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`an embedded integrated circuit (IC) chip to store data. This data is associated with either value or
`
`information or both and is stored and processed within the card's chip, either a memory or
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`microprocessor device.
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`The predominant contact smart cards in consumer use are telephone cards as a stored value tool
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`for pay phones and bank cards for electronic cash payments. Contact smart cards require the
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`placement of the card in a terminal or automatic teller machine for authentication and data
`
`transaction. By inserting the contact smart card into the terminal, mechanical and electrical
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`contact is made with the embedded chip module.
`
`•
`
`Contactless smart cards have an embedded antenna connected to a microchip, enabling the card
`
`to pick up and respond to radio waves. The energy required for the smart card to manipulate and
`
`transmit data is derived from the electromagnetic field generated by a reader. Contactless smart
`
`cards do not require direct contact with the reader because they employ the passive transponder
`
`technology of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). By just waving the card near the reader,
`
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`secure identification, electronic payment transaction and authentication are completed in
`
`milliseconds.
`
`Contactless chip card technology is based on two standards: 1SO/IEC 14443 Type A and Type B
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`(for proximity cards), and 1SO/IEC 15693 (for vicinity cards). Cards that comply with these
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`standards operate at the 13.56 MHz frequency. 1SO/IEC 14443 products have a range of up to 10
`
`cm (centimeters), while 1SO/IEC 15693 products can operate at a range between 50 and 70 cm.
`
`Dual interface (DI) cards, sometimes called combination chip cards, are microprocessor multi(cid:173)
`
`function cards that incorporate both the functions of a contact chip card and a contactless card.
`Within the smart card is a microprocessor or micro-controller chip with radio frequency
`identification (RFID) capability that manages the memory allocation and file access. The on(cid:173)
`
`board memory is shared and can be accessed either in contact or contactless mode.
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`This type of chip is similar to those found inside all personal computers and when implanted in a
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`smart card, manages data in organised file structures, via a card operating system. This capability
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`permits different and multiple functions and/or different applications to reside on the card.
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`A dual interface (DI) card is ideal for single and multi-application markets ranging from micro(cid:173)
`
`payment ( convenient alternative to low value cash transaction) to e-commerce and from ticketing
`
`in mass transit to· secure identification for cross border control. Originally, such cards were
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`intended to be used in conjunction with a reader connected to a PC for downloading tickets,
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`tokens, or electronic money via the contact interface and used in contactless mode in the
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`application for physical access or proximity payment
`
`Passive radio frequency
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`identification (RFID) devices derive
`
`their energy
`
`from
`
`the
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`electromagnetic field radiated from the reader. Because of international power transmission
`
`restrictions at the frequencies of 125 KHz and 13,56 MHz, the contactless integrated circuits are
`
`generally low voltage and low power devices. Read/Write circuits use low voltage EEPROM and
`
`low power analogue cells. The read/write memory capacity in transponders, contact smart cards,
`
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`contactless memory based smart cards, dual interface smart cards (contact & contactless) and
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`multi-interface micro-controllers is generally limited to approximately 64 kilobytes.
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`The dual interface (DI) smart cards typically have an 8, 16 or 32 bit microprocessor controller,
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`operate at a low voltage of l .8V-5V and run at an internal frequency of 5 or 15 MHz. The open
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`platform architecture includes memory management, non volatile memory, contactless interfaces
`
`and security features such as Advanced Crypto Engine (ACE) 1100 bit, triple DES encryption
`
`and RSA.
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`High performance crypto controllers with multiple interfaces such as USB, ISO 14443 Type A,
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`B, Felica have been developed for multi-functional smart cards in applications such as security
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`access, healthcare, electronic purse, banking etc.
`
`The main focus of the smart card industry has been on secure card applications, where large
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`memory capacity is not of paramount importance, and/or where pertinent information and
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`application software is stored at a centralised server location.
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`Another market area that has been evolving in recent years is memory, particularly for computing
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`devices which are capable of interacting with large amounts of data and implementing
`
`sophisticated functionality, such as laptops, cameras, mobile phones, PDAs, MP3 players, and
`
`the like.
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`The main focus of the flash drive industry is on high density memory (using NAND flash
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`memory cells) and current USB key chain products from the market leaders incorporate an 8-
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`Gigabyte flash memory chip, managed by a 32 bit micro-controller.
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`These large capacity, personal, portable storage devices are for decentralised applications to
`
`transport confidential business documents, multimedia files, photos, music files, address book,
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`favorite web sites, games, etc.
`
`4
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`Apart from using USB tokens for file storage, they are also used for desktop settings, screen
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`lock, network login & access control, log book, user authentication (storing digital signatures,
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`certificates, key sets, finger-based biometric templates, usemames and passwords), digital
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`content and transaction security as well as enterprise and Internet security.
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`A USB token can also be used to download emails, remotely access a PC or to open a customised
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`browser that allows the user to surf the Web with total privacy.
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`Recent developments in USB flash memory drives have resulted in CDROM-like auto-run
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`devices that automatically execute a file when the USB token is inserted into a PC. The read-only
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`and auto-run contents are installed during the manufacturing process. Examples of auto-run
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`contents include opening a website, running a demo application, showing a presentation, making
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`a product pitch, providing customers with discount coupons etc.
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`Related Patents and/or Publications
`
`US Patent Publication No. 2003/0028797 discloses integrated USB connector for personal token.
`
`A personal key having an inexpensive and robust integrated USB connector is disclosed. The
`
`apparatus comprises a circuit board having a processor and a plurality of conductive traces
`
`communicatively coupling the processor to a peripheral portion of the circuit board. The plurality
`
`of conductive traces includes, for example, a power trace, a ground trace, and at least two signal
`
`traces. The apparatus also comprises a first housing, having an aperture configured to accept the
`
`periphery of the circuit board therethrough, thereby presenting the plurality of conductive traces
`
`exterior to the aperture. The apparatus also comprises a shell, surrounding the plurality of
`
`conductive traces, the shell including at least one locking memb~r interfacing with the first
`
`housing.
`
`US Patent Publication No. 2002/0011516 discloses smart card virtual hub. A smart card virtual
`
`hub combines a 1SO7816 compliant smart card reader interface with a USB hub that provides
`
`one or mo're attachment points for connection of devices to the USB bus, thereby interfacing such
`
`devices to the host computer. The hub in the presently preferred embodiment of the invention
`
`5
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`provides one port to which one USB functional device, such as a keyboard, may be attached. The
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`attached keyboard shares a common USB bus bandwidth with the internal embedded smart card
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`reader through a host-scheduled, token-based communication protocol that is handled by the
`
`USB driver and the device driver.
`
`US Patent Publication No. 2003/0102380 discloses a memory card and a method for operating a
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`memory card, the memory card comprising: a memory mass storage; a first data interface with a
`
`contacting interface and a high data transfer rate; a second data interface with a contact-less
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`interface. In a preferred embodiment, a memory card controller is included for selecting a first
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`data line from said first data interface or a second data line from said second data interface to
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`communicate with said memory mass storage based on a criteria.
`
`US Patent Publication No. 2003/0087601 discloses an apparatus, system and method for
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`communicating between a personal device and a host computer. The apparatus comprises means
`
`for wireless communication, for enabling communication with a personal device ( which also
`
`comprises means for wireless communication) and means for wired communication for enabling
`
`communication with the host computer (which also comprises means for wired communication).
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`A controller installed within the apparatus, controls the data transfer between the wireless and
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`wired communication interfaces of the apparatus. The controller may perform additional
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`computing operations, such as security related operations ( e.g. digitally signing a document,
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`ciphering, and so forth). The apparatus may further comprise a smartcard chip, for securely
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`storing
`
`information, and also
`
`for performing
`
`the additional computing operations.
`
`Implementations of the invention can be carried out in order to functionally connect a personal
`
`device, such as PDA, mobile phone, and so forth, to a host computer, or with an application
`
`executed on the host computer. The apparatus may be used to for security implementations, e.g.
`
`provision of PINs, keys, passwords, digitally signing of documents, and so forth. The personal
`
`device may also be used as input means for the apparatus, thereby enabling a large number of
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`implementations, including applications with relevancy to cellular telephony.
`
`6
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`WIPO Publication No. WO 01/96990 discloses USB-Compliant Personal Key Using a Smartcard
`
`Processor and a Smartcard Reader Emulator. A compact, self-contained, personal key is
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`disclosed. The personal key comprises a USB-compliant interface releaseably coupleable to a
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`host processing device operating under command of an operating system; a smartcard processor
`
`having a smartcard processor-compliant interface of communicating according to a smartcard
`
`input and output protocol; and an interface processor, communicatively coupled to the USB(cid:173)
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`compliant interface· and to the smartcard processor-compliant interface, the interface processor
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`implementing a translation module for interpreting USB-compliant messages into smartcard
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`processor-compliant messages and for interpreting smartcard processor-compliant messages into
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`USB-compliant messages.
`
`WIPO Publication No. WO 00/42491 discloses USB-Compliant Personal Key with Integral Input
`
`and Output Devices. A compact, self-contained, personal key is disclosed. The personal key
`
`comprises a USB-compliant interface (206) releasably coupleable to a host processing device
`
`(102); a memory (214); and a processor (212). The processor (212) provides the host processing
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`device ( 102) conditional access to data storable in the memory (214) as well as the functionality
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`required to manage files stored in the personal key and for performing computations based on the
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`data in the files. In one embodiment, the personal key also comprises an integral user input
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`device (218) and an integral user output device (222). The input and output devices (218, 222)
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`communicate with the processor (212) by communication paths (220, 222) which are
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`independent from the USB-compliant interface (206), and thus allow the user to communicate
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`with the processor (212) without manifesting any private information external to the personal
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`key.
`
`WIPO Publication No. WO 01/39102 discloses PORTABLE READER FOR SMART CARDS.
`
`A portable reader (1) for smart cards (7) is described that comprises: a support body (3)
`
`containing at least one slot (5) for inserting and reading a smart card (7); interface means (9)
`
`connected to the support body (3); interface means (9) connected to the support body (3); means
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`(13) for keeping and aligning the smart card (7); and a managing microprocessor contained
`
`7
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`inside the support body (3) and connected to the interface means (9) and the reading means for
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`smart cards (7).
`
`US Patent No. 5,761,648 discloses interactive marketing network and process using electronic
`
`certificates. A data processing system issuing electronic certificates through "online" networks of
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`personal computers, televisions, or other devices with video monitors or telephones. Each
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`electronic certificate includes transaction data and identification data, and can be printed out on a
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`printing device linked to a consumer's personal input device, or electronically stored in a
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`designated data base until a specified expiration date. The certificate can be used for various
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`purposes, including use as a coupon for a discounted price on a product or service, proof of a gift
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`or award, proof of reservation, or proof of payment. Consumers access the data processing
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`system online, browse among their choices, and make their selections. The data processing
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`system provides reports on the selected certificates and their use following selection. Certificate
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`issuers also have online access to the data processing system and can create or revise offers, and
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`provide various instructions pertaining to the certificates, including limitations as to the number
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`of certificates
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`to be
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`issued
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`in
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`total and
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`to each
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`individual consumer.
`
`(see also
`
`www.coolsavings.com)
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,694,399 discloses method and device for universal serial bus smart card traffic
`
`signalling. A method and device are disclosed for detecting successful transfers between a
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`Universal Serial Bus (USB) port and a USB smart card and generating a signal that provides an
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`indication of the USB transaction activity. This USB transaction activity signal is modulated
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`according to the USB transaction activity and drives a Light Emitting Diode (LED) in a preferred
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`embodiment of the invention. A counter internal to the USB smart card scales the transaction
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`activity signal such that it is perceptible to the user. Because the current through the LED
`
`depends upon the USB transaction activity, the brightness of the LED varies according to the
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`USB transaction activity. The LED may be driven from a current mirror sink or source, or a
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`current switch sink or source.
`
`GLOSSARY, DEFINITIONS, BACKGROUND
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`The following terms may be used throughout the descriptions presented herein and should generally
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`be given the following meaning unless contradicted or elaborated upon by other descriptions set
`
`forth herein. Many of the definitions below were taken from http://www.webopedia.com. Some
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`of the terms set forth below may be registered trademarks (®).
`
`BIOS
`
`Short ( e.g., acronym or abbreviation) for " basic input/output" system. BIOS is
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`the built-in software that determines what a computer can do without accessing
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`programs from a disk. On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code required to control
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`the keyboard, display screen, disk drives, serial communications, and a number of
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`miscellaneous functions.
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`Bluetooth
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`A wireless technology developed by Ericsson, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba that
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`specifies how mobile phones, computers and PDAs interconnect with each other,
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`with computers, and with office or home phones. The technology enables data
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`connections between electronic devices in the 2.4 GHz range at 720 Kbps (kilo
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`bits per second) within a 30-foot range.
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`Bluetooth uses low-power radio
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`frequencies to transfer information wirelessly between similarly equipped devices.
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`CDMA
`
`Short for "Code-Division Multiple Access". CDMA is a digital cellular
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`technology that uses spread-spectrum techniques. Unlike competing systems,
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`such as GSM, that use TDMA, CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to
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`each user. Instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum. Individual
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`conversations are encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence.
`
`cell phone
`
`Also referred to as "mobile phone" or '.'handset". A cell phone today is a mobile
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`communication device used not only for making calls, but it is lately used as
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`media device, transaction device, data storage device using SD or MMC cards for
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`that. So called smart cellular phones are also Internet enabled devices allowing
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`the user to connect to and browse the world wide web, send and receive email,
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`and some also incorporate the functionality of a PDA.
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`cf.
`
`Short for the Latin "confer". As may be used herein, "compare".
`
`computer
`
`A programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are:
`
`- It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
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`- It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).
`
`Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery - wires,
`
`transistors, and circuits - is called hardware; the instructions and data are called
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`software.
`
`DNS
`
`Short for "Domain Name System" (or Service or Server). DNS is an Internet
`
`service that translates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are
`
`alphabetic, they're easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP
`
`addresses. Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must
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`translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain
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`name www.example.com might translate to 198.105.232.4. The DNS system is,
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`in fact, its own network. If one J?NS server doesn't know how to translate a
`
`particular domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP address
`
`is returned.
`
`DSL
`
`Short for "Digital Subscriber Line". DSL technologies use sophisticated
`
`modulation schemes to pack data onto copper wires. They are sometimes referred
`
`to as last-mile technologies because they are used only for connections from a
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`telephone switching station to a home or office, not between switching stations.
`
`The two main categories of DSL are ADSL (asymmetric DSL) and SDSL
`
`(symmetric DSL). ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps (million bits
`
`per second) when receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and from 16 to
`
`640 Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate). Two other types of
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`DSL technologies are High-data-rate DSL (HDSL) and Very high DSL (VDSL ).
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`EEPROM
`
`Short for "electrically erasable programmable read-only memory". EEPROM is a
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`special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge.
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`Like other types of PROM, EEPROM retains its contents even when the power is
`
`turned off.
`
`EEPROM is similar to flash memory (sometimes called flash
`
`EEPROM). The principal difference is that EEPROM requires data to be written
`
`or erased one byte at a time whereas flash memory allows data to be written or
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`erased in blocks. This makes flash memory faster.
`
`e.g.
`
`etc.
`
`Short for the Latin "exempli gratia". Also "eg" (without periods). As may be
`
`used herein, means "for example".
`
`Short for the Latin "et cetera". As may be used herein, means "and so forth", or
`
`"and so on", or "and other similar things (devices, process, as may be appropriate
`
`to the circumstances)".
`
`Ethernet
`
`A local-area network (LAN) architecture developed by Xerox Corporation in
`
`cooperation with DEC and Intel in 1976. Ethernet uses a bus or star topology and
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`supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps. The Ethernet specification served as the
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`basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard, which specifies the physical and lower
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`software layers. Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD access method
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`to handle
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`simultaneous demands. It is one of the most widely implemented LAN standards.
`
`A newer version of Ethernet, called lO0Base-T (or Fast Ethernet), supports data
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`transfer rates of 100 Mbps. And the newest version, Gigabit Ethernet supports
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`data rates of 1 gigabit (1,000 megabits) per second.
`
`expansion card A stamp-sized add-on memory that a user inserts into an expansion slot of a
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`device such as a PDA. Expansion cards can contain applications, songs, videos,
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`pictures, and other information in a digital format. • They also come in three
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`'flavors': MultiMediaCard™ (MMC), SD (Secure Digital) card and SDIO (Secure
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`Digital Input/Output) card. Mini SD Card
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`Firewall
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`A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network.
`
`Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of
`
`both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users from
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`accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All
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`messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which
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`examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security
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`criteria. There are several types of firewall techniques:
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`- Packet filter: Looks at each packet entering or leaving the network and
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`accepts or rejects it based on user-defined rules. Packet filtering is fairly effective
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`and . transparent to users, but it is difficult to configure. In addition, it is
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`susceptible to IP spoofing.
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`- Application gateway: Applies security mechanisms to specific applications,
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`such as FTP and Telnet servers. This is very effective, but can impose a
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`performance degradation.
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`- Circuit-level gateway: Applies security mechanisms when a TCP or UDP
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`connection is established. Once the connection has been made, packets can flow
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`between the hosts without further checking.
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`-Proxy server: Intercepts all messages entering and leaving the network. The
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`proxy server effectively hides the true network addresses.
`
`In practice, many firewalls use two or more of these techniques in concert. A •
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`firewall is considered a first line of defense in protecting private information. For
`
`greater security, data can be encrypted.
`
`flash memory A special type of EEPROM that can be erased and reprogrammed in blocks
`
`instead of one byte at a time. Many modern PCs have their BIOS stored on a
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`flash memory chip so that it can easily be updated if necessary. Such a BIOS is
`
`sometimes called a flash BIOS. Flash memory is also popular in modems because
`
`it enables the modem manufacturer to support new protocols as they become
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`standardized.
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`GSM/GPRS Short for "Global System for Mobile Communications"/"General Packet Radio
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`Service". A type of mobile phone network used throughout most of the world.
`
`GPRS enabled networks offer 'always-on', higher capacity, Internet-based content
`
`and packet-based data services. This enables services such as color Internet
`
`browsing, email on the move, powerful visual communications, multimedia
`
`messages and location-based services. Used by AT&T, Cingular Wireless and T(cid:173)
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`Mobile (and others) in the USA and Rogers Wireless and Fido in Canada. GSM
`
`11.11 is a specification for Global System for Mobile communications.
`
`handheld
`
`A portable electronic device that fits in a hand or pocket and functions as a
`
`personal organizer, but can also contain other applications that enable you to
`
`listen to music, view photos, read eBooks, play games, view and edit documents,
`
`and more. Also commonly called a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).
`
`i.e.
`
`Short for the Latin "id est". As may be used herein, "that is".
`
`IEC
`
`Short for "International Electrotechnical Commission".
`
`IEEE
`
`Short for "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers". The IEEE is best
`
`known for developing standards for the computer and electronics industry.
`
`IEEE 812.11 The IEEE standard for wireless Local Area Networks (LANs). It uses three
`
`different physical layers, 802.11 a, 802.11 b and 802.11 g.
`
`IEEE 1394
`
`IEEE 1394 (also known as FireWire® and iLINK™) is a high-bandwidth
`
`isochronous (real-time) interface for computers, peripherals, and consumer
`
`electronics products such as camcorders, VCRs, printers, PCs, TVs, and digital
`
`cameras. With IEEE 1394-compatible products and systems, users can transfer
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`video or still images from a camera or camcorder to a printer, PC, or television
`
`(TV), with no image degradation.
`
`Internet
`
`A global network connecting millions of computers for the exchange of data,
`
`news and opinions. Unlike online services, which are centrally controlled, the
`
`Internet is decentralized by design. Each Internet computer, called a host, is
`
`independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and which
`
`local services to make available to the global Internet community. Remarkably,
`
`this anarchy by design works exceedingly well. There are a variety of ways to
`
`access the Internet. Most online services, such as America Online, offer access to
`
`some Internet services. It is also possible to gain access through a commercial
`
`Internet Service Provider (ISP).
`
`1/0
`
`Short for "Input/Output".
`
`ISO
`
`Short for "International Organization for Standardization." (Note that ISO is not
`
`an acronym; instead, the name derives from the Greek word iso, which means
`
`equal.)
`
`ISO 14443
`
`ISO 14443 RFID cards; contactless proximity cards operating at 13.56 MHz in up
`
`to 5 inches distance.
`
`ISO 14443 defines the contactless interface smart card
`
`technical specification.
`
`ISO 7810
`
`Defines the size and shape of cards. All credit cards and debit cards, and most ID
`
`are the same shape and size, as specified by the ISO 7810 standard. Smart cards
`
`follow specifications set out in ISO 7816, and contactless smart cards follow the
`
`ISO 14443 specification.
`
`ISO 7816
`
`Regarding smart card, ISO7816 defines specification of contact interface IC chip
`
`and IC card.
`
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`ISO 15693
`
`ISO standard for contactless integrated circuits, such as used in RF-ID tags. ISO
`
`15693 RFID cards; contactless vicinity cards operating at 13.56 MHz in up to 50
`
`inches distance.
`
`(ISO 15693 is typically not used for financial transactions
`
`because of its relatively long range as compared with ISO 14443.)
`
`LAN
`
`Short for "Local Area Network". A computer network that spans a relatively small
`
`area. Most LANs are confined to a single building or group of buildings.
`
`However, one LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via
`
`telephone lines and radio waves. A system of LANs connected in this way is
`
`called a wide-area network (WAN).
`
`memory
`
`Storage for applications, photos, videos and other data in a device, measured in
`
`megabytes (MB). The more memory, the more applications, photos, videos and
`
`other data a device can store. Four types of memory are available:
`
`1) fixed built-in random access memory (RAM) included with the device,
`
`2) add-on memory, sold separately, in the form of expansion cards of various
`
`capacities,
`
`3) fixed built-in read-only memory (ROM) containing the operating system and
`
`built-in applications and
`
`4) built-in flash memory. See also non-volatile memory.
`
`MMC
`
`Short for "Multi-Media Card". Similar in form factor to an SD card. The
`
`difference between an SD card and an MMC card is speed, durability, write(cid:173)
`
`protection, copyright protection, and size.
`
`Modem
`
`Short for "modulator-demodulator". A modem is a device or program that
`
`enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines.
`
`Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over
`
`telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem converts
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`between these two forms. There is one standard interface for connecting external
`
`modems
`
`to computers called RS-232. While
`
`the modem
`
`interfaces are
`
`standardized, a number of different protocols for formatting data to be transmitted
`
`over telephone lines exist.
`
`NFC
`
`Short for "Near Field Communication". NFC is a wireless connectivity
`
`technology that enables short-range communication between electronic devices. If
`
`two devices are held close together (for example, a mobile phone and a personal
`
`digital assistant), NFC
`
`interfaces establish a peer-to-peer protocol, and
`
`information such as phone book details can be passed freely between them. NFC
`
`devices can be linked to contactless smart cards, and can operate like a contactless
`
`smart card, even when powered down. This means that a mobile phone can
`
`operate like a transportation card, and enable fare payment and access to the
`
`subway.
`
`NFC is an open platform technology standardized in ECMA (European
`
`Computer Manufacturers Association) 340 as well as ETSI (European
`
`Telecommunications Standards Institute) TS 102 190 VI.I.I and 1SO/IEC 18092.
`
`These standards specify the modulation schemes, coding, transfer speeds, and
`
`frame format of the RF interface of NFC devices, as well as initialisation schemes
`
`and conditions required for data collision-control during initialisation - for both
`
`passive and active modes.
`
`OSI
`
`Short for "Open System Interconnection". The OSI model defines a networking
`
`framework for implementing protocols in seven layers.
`
`PC
`
`Short for "Personal Computer". A PC is a single-user computer based on a
`
`microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a
`
`keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage
`
`device for saving data.
`
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`PCMCIA
`
`Short for "Personal Computer Memory Card International Association". The
`
`PCMCIA is an international trade association and standards body cognisant of
`
`several device standards including PC Cards, Miniature Card, and others.
`
`PCMCIA is also used to describe PC Cards themselves, often referred to as
`
`PCMCIA Cards.
`
`PDA
`
`Short for "personal digital assistant". A PDA is a handheld device that combines
`
`computing, telephone/fax, Internet and networking features. A typical PDA can
`
`function as a cellular p