`
`Back to Basics: Impedance Matching (Part 2)
`
`Electronic Design
`Lou Frenzel
`Louis E. Frenzel
`Thu, 20120301 11:57
`
`During impedance matching, a specific electronic load (RL) is made to match a generator output impedance
`(Rg) for maximum power transfer. The need arises in virtually all electronic circuits, especially in RF circuit
`design.
`
`“Back to Basics: Impedance Matching (Part 1)” discusses the use of a transformer as a basic way to match
`impedance. This article will introduce the Lnetwork, which is a simple inductorcapacitor (LC) circuit that
`can be used to match a wide range of impedances in RF circuits.
`
`Table of Contents
`
`1. LNetwork Applications And Configurations
`2. Design Example #1
`3. Parallel And Series Circuit Equivalents
`4. Design Example #2
`5. A Modern Application
`6. References
`
`LNetwork Applications And Configurations
`The primary applications of Lnetworks involve impedance matching in RF circuits, transmitters, and
`receivers. Lnetworks are useful in matching one amplifier output to the input of a following stage. Another
`use is matching an antenna impedance to a transmitter output or a receiver input. Any RF circuit application
`covering a narrow frequency range is a candidate for an Lnetwork.
`
`Related
`
`Back to Basics: Impedance Matching (Part 1)
`
`Back to Basics: Impedance Matching (Part 3)
`
`Welcome To Antennas 101
`
`Back To Amp Camp
`
`There are four basic versions of the Lnetwork, with two lowpass versions and two highpass versions (Fig.
`1). The lowpass versions are probably the most widely used since they attenuate harmonics, noise, and
`other undesired signals, as is usually necessary in RF designs. The key design criteria are the magnitudes and
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`Page 1 of 9
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`ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES INC.
`Exhibit 1010
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`relative sizes of the driving generator output impedance and load impedance.
`
`1. There are four basic Lnetwork configurations. The network to be used depends on the relationship of the generator and load
`impedance values. Those in (a) and (b) are lowpass circuits, and those in (c) and (d) are highpass versions.
`
`The impedances that are being matched determine the Q of the circuit, which cannot be specified or
`controlled. If it is essential to control Q and bandwidth, a T or πnetwork is a better choice. These choices
`will be covered in a subsequent article.
`
`While the Lnetwork is very versatile, it may not fit every need. There are limits to the range of impedances
`that it can match. In some instances, the calculated values of inductance or capacitance may be too large or
`small to be practical for a given frequency range. This problem can sometimes be overcome by switching
`from a lowpass version to a highpass version or vice versa.
`
`Design Example #1
`The goal is to match the output impedance of a lowpower RF transistor amplifier to a 50output load, and
`50 Ω is a universal standard for most receiver, transmitter, and RF circuits. Most power amplifiers have a
`low output impedance, typically less than 50 Ω.
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`Page 2 of 9
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`ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES INC.
`Exhibit 1010
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`2. The RF source is a transistor amplifier with an output impedance of 10 Ω that is to be matched to 50Ω output impedance load. The
`Lnetwork with a parallel output capacitor is used.
`
`Figure 2 shows the desired circuit. Assume an amplifier output (generator) impedance of 10 Ω at a
`frequency of 76 MHz. Calculate the needed inductor and capacitor values using the formulas given in Figure
`1a:
`
`Q = √\\[(RL/Rg) – 1\\]
`
`Q = √\\[(50/10) – 1\\] = √\\[(5) – 1\\] = √4 = 2
`
`XL = QRg = 2(10) = 20 Ω
`
`L = XL/2πf
`
`L = 20/\\[2(3.14)(76 x 106)\\]
`
`L = 42 nH
`
`XC = RL/Q
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`XC = 50/2 = 25 Ω
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`C = 1/2πfXC
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`C = 1/\\[2(3.14)(76 x 106)(25)\\]
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`C = 83.8 pF
`
`This solution omits any output impedance reactance such as transistor amplifier output capacitance or
`inductance and any load reactance that could be shunt capacitance or series inductance. When these factors
`are known, the computed values can be compensated.
`
`The bandwidth (BW) of the circuit is relatively wide given the low Q of 2:
`
`BW = f/Q = 76 x 106/2 = 38 x 106 = 38 MHz
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`Page 3 of 9
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`ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES INC.
`Exhibit 1010
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`3. The equivalent circuit of the network in Figure 2 is a simple series RLC network where the reactances cancel and the source and load
`impedances match.
`
`You can see how this matching network functions by converting the parallel combination of the 50Ω
`resistive load and the 25Ω capacitive reactance into its series equivalent (Fig. 3):
`
`Rs = Rp/(Q2 + 1)
`
`Rs = 50/(22 + 1) = 10 Ω
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`Xs = Xp/\\[(Q2 + 1)Q2\\]
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`Xs = 25/(5/4) = 25/1.25 = 20 Ω
`
`Note how the series equivalent capacitive reactance equals and cancels the series inductive reactance. Also
`the series equivalent load of 10 Ω matches the generator resistance for maximum power transfer.
`
`Parallel And Series Circuit Equivalents
`Sometimes it’s necessary to convert a series RC or RL circuit into an equivalent parallel RC or RL circuit or
`vice versa. Such conversions are useful in RLC circuit analysis and design (Fig. 4).
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`Page 4 of 9
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`ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES INC.
`Exhibit 1010
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`4. These are all the possible practical series and parallel RC and RL circuit equivalents. The text provides the calculations for RS, RP,
`XS, and XP.
`
`These equivalents also can help explain how the Lnetworks and other impedancematching circuits work.
`The designations are:
`
`Rs = series resistance
`
`Rp = parallel resistance
`
`Xs = series reactance
`
`Xp = parallel reactance
`
`The conversion formulas are:
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`Rs = Rp/(Q2 + 1)
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`Xs = Xp/\\[Q2 + 1)Q2\\]
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`Rp = Rs (Q2 + 1)
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`Page 5 of 9
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`ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES INC.
`Exhibit 1010
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`Xp = Xs \\[(Q2 +1)/Q2\\]
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`Q = √\\[Rp/(Rs – 1)\\]
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`Q = XL/Rs
`
`Q = Rp/XC
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`If the Q is greater than 5, you can use the simplified approximations:
`
`Rp =Q2Rs
`
`Xp = Xs
`
`Design Example #2
`Match the output impedance of 50 Ω from a 433MHz industrialscientificmedical (ISM) band transmitter
`to a 5Ω loop antenna impedance (Fig. 5).
`
`5. The RF source is a transmitter at 433 MHz with an output impedance of 50 Ω. The load is a loop antenna with an impedance of 5 Ω.
`
`Q = √\\[(Rg/RL) – 1\\]
`
`Q = √\\[(50/5) – 1\\] = √\\[(10) – 1\\] = √9 = 3
`
`XL = QRL = 3(5) = 15 Ω
`
`L = XL/2πf
`
`L = 15/2(3.14)(433 x 106)
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`L = 5.52 nH
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`XC = Rg/Q
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`XC = 50/3 = 16.17 Ω
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`C = 1/2πfXC
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`Page 6 of 9
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`ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES INC.
`Exhibit 1010
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`C = 1/2(3.14)(433 x 106)(16.67)
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`C = 22 pF
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`In this example, the capacitor, inductor, and load resistance form a parallel resonant circuit (Fig. 6).
`
`6. The equivalent circuit of the Lnetwork and load is a parallel resonant circuit. At resonance, the parallel circuit has an equivalent
`resistance equal to the generator resistance of 50 Ω for a match.
`
`Recall that a parallel resonant circuit acts like an equivalent resistance. That resonant equivalent resistance
`(RR) of a parallel RLC circuit can be calculated by:
`
`RR = L/CR
`
`or:
`
`RR = R(Q2 +1)
`
`RR = L/CR = 5.52 x 10–9/(22 x 10–12)(5) = 50.18 Ω
`
`RR = R(Q2 +1) = 5(32 + 1) = 50 Ω
`
`In both cases the parallel resonant load equivalent resistance is 50 Ω and equal to the generator resistance
`allowing maximum power transfer. Again, adjustments in these values should be made to include any load
`reactive component. The equivalent highpass networks could also be used. One benefit is that the series
`capacitor can block dc if required.
`
`A Modern Application
`In radio communications, a common problem is matching a transmitter, receiver, or transceiver to a given
`antenna. Most transceivers are designed with a standard 50Ω input or output impedance. Antenna
`impedances can vary widely from a few ohms to over a thousand ohms.
`
`To meet the need to match a transceiver to an antenna, the modern antenna tuner has been developed.
`Manual versions with tunable capacitors and switched tapped inductors have been available for years.
`Today, modern antenna tuners are automated. When the transceiver is in the transmit mode, the tuner
`automatically adjusts to ensure the best impedance match possible for maximum power transfer.
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`Page 7 of 9
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`ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES INC.
`Exhibit 1010
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`7. The basic impedancematching circuit in the MFJ Enterprises MFJ928 automatic antenna tuner is an Lnetwork with a switched
`tapped inductor and switched capacitors. SWR, impedance, and frequency sensors provide inputs to the microcontroller whose
`algorithm switches the network seeking an impedance match.
`
`Figure 7 shows a representative tuner. It is essentially an Lnetwork that is adjusted automatically by
`switching different values of capacitance in or out and/or switching different taps on the inductor to vary
`the inductance. A microcontroller performs the switching according to some algorithm for impedance
`matching.
`
`The criterion for determining a correct match is measuring the standing wave ratio (SWR) on the
`transmission line. The SWR is a measure of the forward and reflected power on a transmission line. If
`impedances are properly matched, there will be no reflected power and all generated power will be sent to
`the antenna. The most desirable SWR is 1:1 or 1. Anything higher indicates reflected power and a mismatch.
`For example, an SWR value of 2 indicates a reflected power of approximately 11%.
`
`In Figure 7, a special SWR sensor circuit measures forward and reflected power and provides proportional
`dc values to the microcontroller. The microcontroller has internal analogtodigital converters (ADCs) to
`provide binary values to the impedancematching algorithm. Other inputs to the microcontroller are the
`frequency from a frequency counter circuit and the actual complex load impedance as measured by an
`impedancemeasuring circuit.
`
`One typical commercial automated antenna tuner, the MFJ Enterprises MFJ928, has an operating
`frequency range of 1.8 to 30 MHz and can handle RF power up to 200 W. It has an SWR matching range of
`8:1 for impedances less than 50 Ω and up to 32:1 for impedances greater than 50 Ω.
`
`The total impedancematching range is for loads in the 6 to 1600Ω range. The range of capacitance is 0 to
`3900 pF in 256 steps, and the range inductance is 0 to 24 µH in 256 steps. Note that the capacitance may be
`switched in before or after the inductor. This provides a total of 131,072 different L/C matching
`combinations.
`
`Such automatic tuners are widely used in amateur radio and the military where multiple antennas on
`different frequencies may be used. The approach is also used in highpower industrial applications, such as
`matching the complex impedance of a semiconductor etch chamber in an RF plasma etcher to the 50Ω
`kilowatt power amplifier output. Motors are often used to vary the capacitors and inductors in a closed loop
`servo feedback system.
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`References
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`Page 8 of 9
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`ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES INC.
`Exhibit 1010
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`
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`1. Automatic Lnetwork calculator:
`http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/research/rf/projects/60ghz/matching/impmatch.html
`2. Frenzel, Louis E. Jr., RF Power for Industrial Applications. Prentice Hall/Pearson, 2004,
`www.ece.msstate.edu/~donohoe/ece4333notes5.pdf
`
`Source URL: http://electronicdesign.com/communications/backbasicsimpedancematchingpart2
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`Page 9 of 9
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`ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES INC.
`Exhibit 1010
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