Ries
`10,000
`Se edt
`
`Microsoft
`
`Page 001
`
`Computer
`weal=|)
`
`Fifth Edition
`
`7"
`*« Fully updated with the latest
`technologies, terms, and acronyms
`* Easy to read, expertly illustrated
`« Definitive coverage of hardware,
`software, the Internet, and more!
`
`Niantic's Exhibit No. 1039
`
`Niantic's Exhibit No. 1039
`Page 001
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`200219714
`
`AQ76.5. M52267 2002
`004'.03--dc21
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT
`7 6 5 4 3 2
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd.
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com.
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-41929
`
`Niantic's Exhibit No. 1039
`Page 002
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`

`

`Contents
`
`Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. vii
`Changes in the Fifth Edition ............................................................................................................................ vii
`Order of Presentation ...................................................................................................................................... vii
`Entries .............................................................................................................................................................. vii
`Future Printings and Editions ........................................................................................................................... ix
`
`Dictionary of Computer Terms ................................. 1
`
`Appendix A:
`Common Character Sets .................................................................................................... 587
`ANSI Character Set ........................................................................................................................ 587
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set ...................................................................................... 593
`IBM Extended Character Set .......................................................................................................... 597
`EBCDIC Character Set ................................................................................................................... 599
`Appendix B:
`Common File Extensions .................................................................................................. 605
`
`Appendix C:
`Instant Messaging Emoticons and Acronyms ................................................................... 613
`
`Appendix D:
`Internet Domains ............................................................................................................... 623
`
`Appendix E:
`Numeric Equivalents ......................................................................................................... 631
`
`v
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`
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`E
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`.exe
`
`expansion bus
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Table E.1 Exclusive OR.
`a XOR b
`a
`b
`0
`0
`0
`1
`0
`1
`1
`1
`0
`0
`1
`1
`.exe n. In MS-DOS, a filename extension that indicates
`that a file is an executable program. To run an executable
`program, the user types the filename without the .exe
`extension at the prompt and presses Enter. See also exe-
`cutable program.
`executable1 adj. Of, pertaining to, or being a program
`file that can be run. Executable files have extensions such
`as .bat, .com, and .exe.
`executable2 n. A program file that can be run, such as
`file0.bat, file1.exe, or file2.com.
`executable program n. A program that can be run. The
`term usually applies to a compiled program translated into
`machine code in a format that can be loaded into memory
`and run by a computer’s processor. In interpreter lan-
`guages, an executable program can be source code in the
`proper format. See also code (definition 1), compiler (def-
`inition 2), computer program, interpreter, source code.
`execute vb. To perform an instruction. In programming,
`execution implies loading the machine code of the pro-
`gram into memory and then performing the instructions.
`execute in place n. The process of executing code
`directly from ROM, rather than loading it from RAM first.
`Executing the code in place, instead of copying the code
`into RAM for execution, saves system resources. Applica-
`tions in other file systems, such as on a PC Card storage
`device, cannot be executed in this way. Acronym: XIP.
`execution time n. The time, measured in clock ticks
`(pulses of a computer’s internal timer), required by a
`microprocessor to decode and carry out an instruction
`after it is fetched from memory. Also called: E-time. See
`also instruction time.
`executive n. The set of kernel-mode components that
`form the base operating system for Microsoft Windows
`NT or later. See also operating system.
`executive information system n. A set of tools
`designed to organize information into categories and
`reports. Because it emphasizes information, an executive
`information system differs from a decision support system
`
`(DSS), which is designed for analysis and decision mak-
`ing. Acronym: EIS. Compare decision support system.
`exerciser n. A program that exercises a piece of hardware
`or software by running it through a large set of operations.
`exit vb. In a program, to move from the called routine
`back to the calling routine. A routine can have more than
`one exit point, thus allowing termination based on various
`conditions.
`expanded adj. A font style that sets characters farther
`apart than the normal spacing. Compare condensed.
`expanded memory n. A type of memory, up to 8 MB,
`that can be added to IBM PCs. Its use is defined by the
`Expanded Memory Specification (EMS). Expanded mem-
`ory is not accessible to programs in MS-DOS, so the
`Expanded Memory Manager (EMM) maps pages (blocks)
`of bytes from expanded memory into page frames in
`accessible memory areas. Expanded memory is not
`needed in Windows 9x, all versions of Windows NT, and
`Windows 2000. See also EEMS, EMS, Expanded Memory
`Manager, page frame.
`Expanded Memory Manager n. A driver that imple-
`ments the software portion of the Expanded Memory
`Specification (EMS) to make expanded memory in IBM
`and compatible PCs accessible. Acronym: EMM. See also
`EMS, expanded memory, extended memory.
`Expanded Memory Specification n. See EMS.
`expansion n. A way of increasing a computer’s capabili-
`ties by adding hardware that performs tasks that are not
`part of the basic system. Expansion is usually achieved by
`plugging printed circuit boards (expansion boards) into
`openings (expansion slots) inside the computer. See also
`expansion board, expansion slot, open architecture (defini-
`tion 2), PC Card, PCMCIA slot.
`expansion board n. A circuit board that is plugged into a
`computer’s bus (main data transfer path) to add extra func-
`tions or resources to the computer. Typical expansion boards
`add memory, disk drive controllers, video support, parallel
`and serial ports, and internal modems. For laptops and other
`portable computers, expansion boards come in credit
`card-sized devices called PC Cards that plug into a slot in
`the side or back of the computer. Also called: expansion
`board, extender board. See also expansion slot, PC Card,
`PCMCIA slot.
`expansion bus n. A group of control lines that provide a
`buffered interface to devices. These devices can be located
`
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`G
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`Godwin’s Law
`
`GPS
`
`see and access all shared files of other Gnutella users.
`Unlike Napster, Gnutella does not require a central server,
`and any file type can be exchanged. Gnutella was origi-
`nally developed by researchers at America Online’s
`Nullsoft group but the original implementation of the pro-
`tocol was never publicly released. An open-source Gnu-
`tella preview appeared that resulted in a number of
`variations becoming available. See also Napster.
`Godwin’s Law n. As originally proposed by Internet
`activist Michael Godwin, the theory that as an online dis-
`cussion grows longer, a comparison involving Nazis or
`Hitler will inevitably be made. When a participant in an
`online discussion resorts to invoking such a comparison,
`other participants might cite Godwin’s Law to indicate
`both that the person has lost the argument and that the dis-
`cussion has continued too long.
`Good Times virus n. A purported e-mail virus alluded to
`in a warning that has been propagated widely across the
`Internet, as well as by fax and standard mail. The letter
`claims that reading an e-mail message with the subject
`“Good Times” will cause damage to the user’s system. In
`fact, it is currently impossible to harm a system by reading
`an e-mail message, although it is possible to include a
`virus in a file that is attached to an e-mail message. Some
`consider the chain letter itself to be the “virus” that wastes
`Internet bandwidth and the reader’s time. Information on
`such hoaxes and on real viruses can be obtained from
`CERT (http://www.cert.org/). See also urban legend, virus.
`Gopher or gopher n. An Internet utility for finding tex-
`tual information and presenting it to the user in the form of
`hierarchical menus, from which the user selects submenus
`or files that can be downloaded and displayed. One
`Gopher client may access all available Gopher servers, so
`the user accesses a common “Gopherspace.” The name of
`the program is a three-way pun: it is designed to go for
`desired information; it tunnels through the Internet and
`digs the information up; and it was developed at the Uni-
`versity of Minnesota, whose athletic teams are named the
`Golden Gophers. Gopher is being subsumed by the World
`Wide Web.
`Gopher server n. The software that provides menus and
`files to a Gopher user. See also Gopher.
`Gopher site n. A computer on the Internet on which a
`Gopher server runs. See also Gopher, Gopher server.
`
`Gopherspace n. The total set of information on the Inter-
`net that is accessible as menus and documents through
`Gopher. See also Gopher.
`GOSIP n. Acronym for Government Open Systems Inter-
`connection Profile. A U.S. government requirement that
`all of its new network purchases comply with the ISO/OSI
`standards. GOSIP went into effect on August 15, 1990,
`but was never fully implemented and was replaced by
`POSIT.
`GOTO statement n. A control statement used in pro-
`grams to transfer execution to some other statement; the
`high-level equivalent of a branch or jump instruction. Use
`of GOTO statements is generally discouraged because
`they make it difficult not only for a programmer to trace
`the logic of a program but also for a compiler to generate
`optimized code. See also branch instruction, jump instruc-
`tion, spaghetti code.
`.gov n. In the Internet’s Domain Name System, the top-
`level domain that identifies addresses operated by govern-
`ment agencies. The domain name .gov appears as a suffix
`at the end of the address. In the United States, only non-
`military federal government agencies may use the .gov
`domain. State governments in the United States use the
`top-level domain of .state.us, with .us preceded by the
`two-letter abbreviation for the state, or just .us; other
`regional governments in the United States are registered
`under the .us domain. See also DNS (definition 1), domain
`(definition 3), .state.us, .us. Compare .com, .edu, .mil,
`.net, .org.
`Government Open Systems Interconnection
`Profile n. See GOSIP.
`GPF n. See General Protection Fault.
`GPIB n. See General-Purpose Interface Bus.
`GPL n. See General Public License.
`GPRS n. Acronym for General Packet Radio Service. A
`third-generation enhancement to the Global System for
`Mobile Communications (GSM), which supports non-
`voice applications such as Web browsing and other servic-
`ing requiring transfer of data packets without limits in
`message size. Systems using the service can be immedi-
`ately connected when needed and therefore seem to the
`users to be always on. See also GSM, TDMA.
`GPS n. Acronym for Global Positioning System. A radio
`navigation system developed by the U.S. Department of
`
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`G
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`GPS receiver
`
`graph
`
`Defense that uses a constellation of 24 earth satellites,
`which are monitored by ground-based control stations, to
`provide precise, continuous worldwide positioning and
`timing information. GPS offers two services: a public
`Standard Positioning Service that provides positioning
`data accurate to within 100 meters horizontally and 156
`meters vertically and time accurate to within 340 nanosec-
`onds; and a Precise Positioning Service, principally for
`government and military use, with positioning data accu-
`rate to within 22 meters horizontally and 27.7 meters ver-
`tically and time accurate to within 100 nanoseconds. See
`also GPS receiver.
`GPS receiver n. A device that includes an antenna, a
`radio receiver, and a processor for use with the worldwide
`GPS (Global Positioning System). A GPS receiver uses
`position and time information from four GPS satellites to
`calculate precise information about its current location, its
`speed of travel, and the current time. A portable GPS
`receiver may be a stand-alone device or a plug-in unit for
`use with a portable computer. GPS receivers are used for
`scientific work, such as surveying, mapping, and studies
`of volcanoes, as well as for land, sea, and air navigation.
`On the consumer front, they are used in outdoor activities
`such as hiking and sailing and in cars to provide location,
`destination, and traffic information. See also GPS.
`grabber n. 1. A device for capturing graphical image data
`from a video camera or another full-motion video source
`and putting it into memory. Also called: frame grabber,
`video digitizer. 2. Any device for capturing data.
`3. Software that takes a snapshot of the currently dis-
`played screen image by transferring a portion of video
`memory to a file on disk. 4. In some graphics-based appli-
`cations, a special type of mouse pointer.
`graceful exit n. The methodical termination of a process,
`even under error conditions, that allows the operating sys-
`tem or parent process to regain normal control, leaving the
`system in a state of equilibrium. This is expected behavior.
`See also fail-soft system.
`grade n. In communications, the range of frequencies
`available for transmission on a single channel. For exam-
`ple, voice-grade telephone frequencies range from about
`300 hertz (Hz) through 3400 Hz.
`grade of service n. The probability that a user of a shared
`communications network, such as a public telephone sys-
`tem, will receive an “all channels busy” signal. The grade
`of service is used as a measure of the traffic-handling abil-
`
`ity of the network and is usually applied to a specific
`period, such as the peak traffic hour. A grade of service of
`0.002, for example, assumes that a user has a 99.8 percent
`chance that a call made during the specified period will
`reach its intended destination.
`gradient n. A smooth progression of colors and shades,
`usually from one color to another color, or from one shade
`to another shade of the same color.
`Graffiti n. A software application developed by Palm to
`allow handwriting recognition on personal digital assis-
`tants (PDAs). Graffiti contains preprogrammed shapes for
`each letter, which users of the application must match as
`closely as possible when writing. Text is written directly
`onto the PDA’s display screen using a stylus. The Graffiti
`application then passes the translated letter to the PDA’s
`application.
`grafPort n. A structure used on the Apple Macintosh to
`define a graphics environment with its own pen size, font,
`fill patterns, and so on. Each window has a grafPort, and
`grafPorts can be used to send graphics to off-screen win-
`dows or files.
`graftal n. One of a family of geometric forms, similar to
`fractals but easier to compute. Graftals are often used in
`the special-effects industry to create synthetic images of
`structures such as trees and plants. See also fractal.
`grammar checker n. A software accessory that checks
`text for errors in grammatical construction.
`Grammar Specification Language n. See GSL.
`grandfather n. See generation (definition 1).
`grandfather/father/son adj. See generation (defini-
`tion 1).
`grandparent n. See generation (definition 2).
`granularity n. A description, from “coarse” to “fine,” of a
`computer activity or feature (such as screen resolution,
`searching and sorting, or time slice allocation) in terms of
`the size of the units it handles (pixels, sets of data, or time
`slices). The larger the pieces, the coarser the granularity.
`graph n. 1. In programming, a data structure consisting of
`zero or more nodes and zero or more edges, which connect
`pairs of nodes. If any two nodes in a graph can be con-
`nected by a path along edges, the graph is said to be con-
`nected. A subgraph is a subset of the nodes and edges
`within a graph. A graph is directed (a digraph) if each
`edge links two nodes together only in one direction. A
`
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`micro-electromechanical systems
`
`microprocessor
`
`computers and special-purpose devices such as digital
`cameras and cellular telephones.
`micro-electromechanical systems n. See MEMS.
`microelectronics n. The technology of constructing
`electronic circuits and devices in very small packages. The
`most significant advance in microelectronics technology
`has been the integrated circuit. Circuits that 40 years ago
`required a roomful of power-hungry vacuum tubes can
`now be fabricated on a silicon chip smaller than a postage
`stamp and require only a few milliwatts of power. See also
`integrated circuit.
`microfiche n. A small sheet of film, about 4 by 6 inches,
`used for recording photographically reduced images, such
`as document pages, in rows and columns forming a grid
`pattern. The resulting images are too small to read with the
`naked eye, and a microfiche reader is required to view the
`documents. Compare microfilm.
`microfilm n. A thin strip of film stored on a roll and used
`to record sequential data images. As with microfiche, a
`special device magnifies the images so that they can be
`read. See also CIM (definition 2), COM (definition 4).
`Compare microfiche.
`microfloppy disk n. A 3.5-inch floppy disk of the type
`used with the Macintosh and with IBM and compatible
`microcomputers. A microfloppy disk is a round piece of
`polyester film coated with ferric oxide and encased in a
`rigid plastic shell equipped with a sliding metal cover. On
`the Macintosh, a single-sided microfloppy disk can hold
`400 kilobytes (KB); a double-sided (standard) disk can
`hold 800 KB; and a double-sided high-density disk can
`hold 1.44 megabytes (MB). On IBM and compatible
`machines, a microfloppy can hold either 720 KB or 1.44
`MB of information. See also floppy disk.
`microfluidics n. Technology for control and manipulation
`of fluids on a microscopic scale using microscopic pumps
`and valves placed on a chip. Microfluidics devices have
`implications for a number of medical, pharmaceutical,
`genomics, and other biotechnology applications.
`microform n. The medium, such as microfilm or micro-
`fiche, on which a photographically reduced image, called
`a microimage, is stored. A microimage usually represents
`text, such as archived documents. See also microfiche,
`microfilm, micrographics.
`
`micrographics n. The techniques and methods for
`recording data on microfilm. See also microform.
`microimage n. A photographically reduced image, usu-
`ally stored on microfilm or microfiche, that is too small to
`be read without magnification. See also microform, micro-
`graphics.
`microinstruction n. An instruction that is part of the
`microcode. See also microcode.
`microjustification n. See microspace justification.
`microkernel n. 1. In programming, the strictly hardware-
`dependent part of an operating system that is intended to
`be portable from one type of computer to another. The
`microkernel provides a hardware-independent interface to
`the rest of the operating system, so only the microkernel
`needs to be rewritten to port the operating system to a dif-
`ferent platform. See also kernel, operating system. 2. A
`kernel that has been designed with only the basic features
`and typically in a modular fashion.
`micrologic n. A set of instructions, stored in binary form,
`or a set of electronic logic circuits that defines and governs
`the operation within a microprocessor.
`microminiature n. An extremely small circuit or other
`electronic component, especially one that is a refinement
`of an already miniaturized element.
`microphone n. 1. A device that converts sound waves
`into analog electrical signals. Additional hardware can
`convert the microphone’s output into digital data that a
`computer can process; for example, to record multimedia
`documents or analyze the sound signal. 2. A communica-
`tions program that runs on the Macintosh computer.
`microphotonics n. Technology for directing light on a
`microscopic scale. Microphotonics employs tiny mirrors
`or photonic crystals to reflect and transmit specific wave-
`lengths of light, which can carry digital signals. Micro-
`photonics technology has implications for optical
`networks under development for the telecommunications
`industry. See also MEMS, optical switching.
`microprocessor n. A central processing unit (CPU) on a
`single chip. A modern microprocessor can have several
`million transistors in an integrated-circuit package that
`can easily fit into the palm of one’s hand. Microprocessors
`are at the heart of all personal computers. When memory
`and power are added to a microprocessor, all the pieces,
`excluding peripherals, required for a computer are present.
`
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`microprogramming
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`Microsoft Project
`
`The most popular lines of microprocessors today are the
`680x0 family from Motorola, which powers the Apple
`Macintosh line, and the 80x86 family from Intel, which is
`at the core of all IBM PC–compatible computers. See also
`6502, 65816, 6800, 68000, 68020, 68030, 68040, 80286,
`80386DX, 80386SX, 8080, 8086
`microprogramming n. The writing of microcode for a
`processor. Some systems, chiefly minicomputers and
`mainframes, allow modification of microcode for an
`installed processor. See also microcode.
`microsecond n. One millionth (10–6) of a second.
`Abbreviation: s.
`microsite n. 1. A small Web site targeted to a single mes-
`sage or topic and nested within a larger site. Microsites
`geared to promotional and sales of specific products and
`services may be integrated into popular Web sites by
`advertisers. 2. A small Web site with a single focus. Also
`called: minisite.
`Microsoft Access n. See Access.
`Microsoft Active Accessibility n. See Active Accessi-
`bility.
`Microsoft DOS n. See MS-DOS.
`Microsoft Excel n. See Excel.
`Microsoft Foundation Classes n. A C++ class library
`developed by Microsoft. The Microsoft Foundation Class
`library, or MFC, provides the framework and classes that
`make it easier and faster for programmers to build Win-
`dows applications. MFC supports ActiveX and is bundled
`with several C++ compilers, including Microsoft Visual
`C++, Borland C++, and Symantec C++. Acronym: MFC.
`See also ActiveX, C++. Compare Application Foundation
`Classes.
`Microsoft FrontPage n. A program you can use to create
`and manage Internet and intranet sites without program-
`ming; FrontPage is available as part of one of the
`Microsoft Office suites or as a stand-alone product.
`Microsoft intermediate language n. The CPU-
`independent instruction set into which .NET Framework
`programs are compiled. It contains instructions for load-
`ing, storing, initializing, and calling methods on objects.
`
`Combined with metadata and the common type system,
`Microsoft intermediate language allows for true cross-lan-
`guage integration. Prior to execution, MSIL is converted
`to machine code. It is not interpreted. Acronym: MSIL.
`Microsoft Internet Explorer n. See Internet Explorer.
`Microsoft Knowledge Base n. See KB (definition 2).
`Microsoft Management Console n. See MMC.
`Microsoft MapPoint n. See MapPoint.
`Microsoft Money n. See Money.
`Microsoft MSN Explorer n. See MSN Explorer.
`Microsoft MSN Messenger Service n. See .NET Mes-
`senger Service.
`Microsoft .NET Messenger Service n. See .NET Mes-
`senger Service.
`Microsoft Network n. See MSN.
`Microsoft Office n. See Office.
`Microsoft Operations Manager n. A server and appli-
`cation management solution developed by Microsoft Cor-
`poration to deliver event and performance management for
`the Windows 2000–based environment and .NET Enter-
`prise Server applications. Operations management fea-
`tures include enterprise event log reports from across the
`corporate network, proactive monitoring and alert messag-
`ing, and reporting and trend analysis for problem tracking.
`Microsoft Operations Manager provides flexibility
`through sophisticated management rules, which can be
`customized to meet the needs of individual businesses.
`Microsoft Operations Manager support for management
`technology standards permits easy integration with other
`enterprise management systems.
`Microsoft Outlook n. See Outlook.
`Microsoft PowerPoint n. See PowerPoint.
`Microsoft Project n. A software application developed
`by Microsoft Corporation to simplify the planning and
`management of projects. Microsoft Project includes fea-
`tures that help you build and manage projects, set sched-
`ules and milestones, and communicate and share ideas
`with team members.
`
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`Prodigy Information Service
`
`program file
`
`nications. The addition of SBC’s Internet customer base
`made Prodigy the third largest ISP in the United States.
`Prodigy Information Service n. An online information
`service founded by IBM and Sears. Like its competitors
`America Online and CompuServe, Prodigy offers access
`to databases and file libraries, online chat, special interest
`groups, e-mail, and Internet connectivity. Also called:
`Prodigy.
`product n. 1. An operator in the relational algebra used in
`database management that, when applied to two existing
`relations (tables), results in the creation of a new table
`containing all possible ordered concatenations (combina-
`tions) of tuples (rows) from the first relation with tuples
`from the second. The number of rows in the resulting rela-
`tion is the product of the number of rows in the two source
`relations. Also called: Cartesian product. Compare inner
`join. 2. In mathematics, the result of multiplying two or
`more numbers. 3. In the most general sense, an entity con-
`ceived and developed for the purpose of competing in a
`commercial market. Although computers are products, the
`term is more commonly applied to software, peripherals,
`and accessories in the computing arena.
`production system n. In expert systems, an approach to
`problem solving based on an “IF this, THEN that”
`approach that uses a set of rules, a database of informa-
`tion, and a “rule interpreter” to match premises with facts
`and form a conclusion. Production systems are also known
`as rule-based systems or inference systems. See also
`expert system.
`Professional Graphics Adapter n. A video adapter
`introduced by IBM, primarily for CAD applications. The
`Professional Graphics Adapter is capable of displaying
`256 colors, with a horizontal resolution of 640 pixels and a
`vertical resolution of 480 pixels. Acronym: PGA.
`Professional Graphics Display n. An analog display
`introduced by IBM, intended for use with their Profes-
`sional Graphics Adapter. See also Professional Graphics
`Adapter.
`profile1 n. See user profile.
`profile2 vb. To analyze a program to determine how
`much time is spent in different parts of the program dur-
`ing execution.
`profiler n. A diagnostic tool for analyzing the run-time
`behavior of programs.
`
`Profiles for Open Systems Internetworking
`Technology n. See POSIT.
`program1 n. A sequence of instructions that can be exe-
`cuted by a computer. The term can refer to the original
`source code or to the executable (machine language) ver-
`sion. Also called: software. See also program creation,
`routine, statement.
`program2 vb. To create a computer program, a set of
`instructions that a computer or other device executes to
`perform a series of actions or a particular type of work.
`program button n. On a handheld device, a navigation
`control that is pressed to launch an application. Also
`called: application button.
`program card n. See PC Card, ROM card.
`program cartridge n. See ROM cartridge.
`program comprehension tool n. A software engineer-
`ing tool that facilitates the process of understanding the
`structure and/or functionality of computer applications.
`Acronym: PCT. Also called: software exploration tool.
`program counter n. A register (small, high-speed mem-
`ory circuit within a microprocessor) that contains the
`address (location) of the instruction to be executed next in
`the program sequence.
`program creation n. The process of producing an exe-
`cutable file. Traditionally, program creation comprises
`three steps: (1) compiling the high-level source code into
`assembly language source code; (2) assembling the
`assembly language source code into machine-code object
`files; and (3) linking the machine-code object files with
`various data files, run-time files, and library files into an
`executable file. Some compilers go directly from high-
`level source to machine-code object, and some integrated
`development environments compress all three steps into a
`single command. See also assembler, compiler (definition
`2), linker, program.
`program encapsulation n. A method of dealing with
`programs with Year 2000 problems that entailed modify-
`ing the data with which a program worked. The input data
`is modified to reflect a parallel date in the past that the
`program can handle. When output is generated, that data is
`changed again, to reflect the correct date. The program
`itself remains unchanged.
`program file n. A disk file that contains the executable
`portions of a computer program. Depending on its size and
`
`P
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`soft patch
`
`software piracy
`
`soft patch n. A fix or modification performed only while
`the code being patched is loaded into memory, so that the
`executable or object file is not modified in any way. See
`also patch1.
`soft return n. A line break inserted in a document by