Materials Science
`of Polymers
`for Engineers
`
`Page 1
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`2nd Edition
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`Tim A. Osswald /Georg Menges
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`HANSER
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`MacNeil Exhibit 2117
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`Yita v. MacNeil IP, IPR2020-01139
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`MacNeil Exhibit 2117
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`Tim A. Osswald / Georg Menges
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`Materials Science of
`Polymers for Engineers
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`2nd Edition
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`Hanser Publishers, Munich
`Hanser Gardner Publications, Inc., Cincinnati
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`MacNeil Exhibit 2117
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`Yita v. MacNeil IP, IPR2020-01139
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`MacNeil Exhibit 2117
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`The Authors:
`
`Prof. Dr. Tim A. Osswald, Polymer Engineering Center, University ofWisconsin — Madison,
`
`Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1513 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706, USA
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`Prof. Dr—Ing. Georg Menges, Am Beulardstein 19, 52072 Aachen, Germany
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`Distributed in the USA and in Canada by
`{anser Gardner Publications, Inc.
`6915 Valley Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45244-3029, USA
`Fax: (513) 527-8801
`Phone: (513) 527-8977 or 1-800-950-8977
`Internet: http://www.hansergardner.com
`Distributed in all other countries by
`Carl HanserVerlag
`Postfach 86 04 20, 81631 Miinchen, Germany
`Fax: +49 (89) 98 48 09
`Internet: http://www.hanser.de
`The use of general descriptive names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially
`identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names,as understood by the ‘Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks
`Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
`While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press,
`neither the authors northe editors nor the publisher can accept anylegal responsibility for any errors or omissions
`that may be made.The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained
`herein.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Osswald TimA.
`Materials science of polymers for engineers / Tim A. Osswald, Georg
`Menges.— 2nd ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 1-56990-348-4 (hardcover)
`1. Polymers. 2. Plastics. I. Menges, Georg, 1923- II. Title.
`TA455.P58.068 2003
`620.1°92— -de21
`
`2003007497
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`For Diane, Palitos and Rudi
`Tim A. Osswald
`
`Dedicated to my wife in gratitudefor her patience
`Georg Menges
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`Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek
`Die Deutsche Bibliothck verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie;
`detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet iiber <http://dnb,ddb.de> abrufbar.
`ISBN 3-446-22464-5
`
`All rights reserved, Nopart ofthis book may be reproducedortransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
`or mechanical, including photocopying or by anyinformation storage andretrieval system, without permission in
`writing from the publisher.
`
`©Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 2003
`Production Management: Oswald Immel
`Typeset by Angela Ospina-Garcia, USA
`Coverdesign: MCP + Susanne Kraus GbR, Holzkirchen, Germany
`Printed and bound by Késel, Kempten, Germany
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`“Wihry does this applied science, which saves work
`and nuakes life easier, bring us so 1ittle happiness?
`Thesimple answer ruins: Because we have not yet
`learned to make sensible use ofit.”
`,
`
`Albert Emstein
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`|
`Tim A. Osswald
`Georg Menges
`Madison, Wisconsin, USA
`Aachen, Germany
`
`
`Preface to the Second Edition
`
`
`Thefirst edition of this book was adopted by several universities in North and
`South America, Europe, and Asia as a textbook to introduce engineering
`students to the materials science of polymers. The book wasalso translated
`into Japanese in 1998. The professors who taught with thefirst edition as well
`as their students liked the unified approach we took. Furthermore,
`it has
`become a reference for many practicing engineers, most of whom were
`introduced to the book as students. The changes and additions that were
`introduced in this edition are based on suggestions from these professors and
`their students, as well as from our own experience usingit as a class textbook.
`One major change that we made to this edition is the introduction. of
`examples and problems at the end of each chapter. A new chapter containing
`the history of polymers replaced a few pages in the first edition. From a
`polymers course taught at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, we found that
`introducing polymers from a historical perspective not only madethe topic less
`dry, but it also gave us a chance to show the role polymers have played, for
`better and for worse, while shaping today’s industrial world. The mixing
`chapter in the first edition was replaced with a comprehensive polymer
`processing chapter. The first edition was praised because of the vast number of
`graphs and data that can be used as a reference. We havefurther strengthened
`this attribute by adding a table in the appendix that contains material property
`graphs for several polymers.
`With this edition we owe our gratitude to Dr. Christine Strohm, Dr.
`Wolfgang Glenz and Oswald Immel of Hanser Publishers for their cooperation
`during the production of this book. We are grateful to Amelia Cosgrove for
`combing through the manuscript in such detail, finding typos and making
`suggestions. We thank Lina Lopez and Paul Wilichowski for preparing DSC
`data for Chapter 3. We also thank Aaron Hade, Soenarto Hadiprajitno, Juan
`Pablo Hernandez, Juan Rodrigo Sanz-Uribe and Jarrod Schemenauerfor their
`suggestions. We are grateful
`to Angela Maria Ospina for the superb job
`preparing the camera-ready manuscript. These projects consume a large
`number of hours, which results in several months of late nights; and so, we
`must thank our families for their patience.
`
`Spring 2003
`
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`
`
`Preface to the First Edition
`eSoS
`
`
`
`This book is designed to provide a polymer materials science background to
`engineering students and practicing engineers. It is written on an intermediate
`
`
`level for students, and as an introduction to polymer materials science for
`engineers. The book presents enough information that,
`in conjunction with a
`good design background,
`it will enable the engineer to design polymer
`
`
`components.
`
`
`
`
`Materials Science of Polymers for Engineers is based on the German textbook,
`Werkstoffkunde Kunststoffe (G. Menges, Hanser Publishers, 1989), and on lecture
`
`
`notes
`from polymer materials
`science courses
`taught at
`the Technical
`
`
`University of Aachen, Germany, and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
`
`
`The chapters on thermal and electrical properties are loose translations from
`
`
`Werkstoffkunde Kunststoffe, and many figures throughout the manuscript were
`
`
`taken from this book.
`
`
`
`
`We have chosen a unified approach and have divided the book into three
`major sections: Basic Principles, Influence of Processing on Properties, and
`
`
`Engineering Design Properties. This approach is often referred to as the four
`
`
`P's: polymer, processing, product and performance. The first section covers
`
`
`general
`topics
`such as historical background, basic material properties,
`
`
`molecular structure of polymers and thermal properties of polymers. The
`
`
`second section ties processing and design by discussing the effects of processing
`
`
`on properties of the final polymer component. Here, we introduce the reader to
`
`
`the rheology of polymer melts, mixing of polymer blends, development of
`
`
`anisotropy during processing and solidification processes. In essence, in this
`
`
`section we go from the melt (rheology) to the finished product(solidification).
`
`
`The third section covers the different properties that need to be considered
`
`
`when designing a polymer component, and analyzing its performance. These
`
`
`properties
`include mechanical properties,
`failure of polymers, clectrical
`
`
`properties, optical properties,
`acoustic properties,
`and permeability of
`
`
`polymers.
`
`
`
`
`The authors cannot acknowledge everyone who helped in one wayor
`another in the preparation of this manuscript. We would like to thank the
`
`
`students of our polymer materials science courses who in the past few years
`
`
`endured our experimenting and trying out of new ideas. The authors are
`
`
`grateful to the staff and faculty of the Mechanical Engineering Department at
`
`
`
`
`
`the of|Wisconsin-Madison,University and the Institut fiir
`
`
`
`Kunststoffverarbeitung (IKV) at the Technical University of Aachen for their
`
`
`support while developing the courses which gave the base for this book. We
`are grateful to Richard Theriault for proofreading the entire manuscript. We
`
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`

`x Preface
`
`also thank the following people who helped proofread or gave suggestions
`during, the preparation of the book: Susanne Belovari, Bruce A. Davis, Jeffrey
`Giacomin, Paul J. Gramann, Matthew Kaegebein, Gwan-Wan Lai, Maria del
`Pilar Noriega E., Antoine C. Rios B, Linards U. Stradins and Ester M. Sun.
`Susanne Belovari and Andrea Jung-Mack are acknowledged for
`translating
`portions of Werkstoffkunde Kunststoffe from German to English. Wealso thank
`Tara Ruggiero for preparing the camera-ready manuscript. Many of the figures
`were taken from class notes of
`the mechanical engineering senior elective
`course Engineering Design with Polymers. Special thanks are offered to Lynda
`Litzkow, Philipp Ehrenstein and Bryan Hutchinson for the superb job of
`drawing those figures. Matthias Mahlke of Bayer AG in Leverkusen, Germany,
`Laura Dietsche, Joseph Dooley and Kevin Hughes of Dow Chemical
`in
`Midland, Michigan, and Mauricio DeGreif and Juan DiegoSierta of the ICIPC in
`Medellin, Colombia, are acknowledged for some of the figures. Thanks are due
`to Marcia Sanders for copy editing the final manuscript. Weare grateful to
`Wolfgang Glenz, Martha Kiirzl, Ed Immergut and Carol Radtke of Hanser
`Publishers for their support throughout the development of this book. Above
`all, the authors thank their wives for their patience.
`
`
`Table of Contents
`
`Part
`
`I Basic Primciples ........cccccccceesessseeseeeseecnetestecsescaneasensneaenesbenssesstannneneneens 1
`
`1
`
`
`Introduction to Polymers..,........:.ceccesccsnereetseseessteesccssesssueansnsasesssnseneensesennensens
`
`1.1. General Properties.....ccseseseerceceee
`
`Identification of Polymers...
`1.2
`
` —___sasenusernncereetereresees
`aeiinitis
`Problems
` _—__ieenensnantaparstnensensvncanspesesaucsiassiviuavsatseebbeasaccesisitaedenstebantiand 13
`References
`
`2. Historical Background... cee cee ceseeeteeeee teens rteneeeneeeesscneeneeenennenareeenens15
`2.1 From Natural to Synthetic Rubber...........:escescssssssesescreeteeessenes 15
`
`2.2 Cellulose and the $10,000 [dea.......ce:sssseccscsserseeceseseessseneeeaeeeeseees21
`23 Galalith - The Milk Stone...ccccccccceesesssesssennssssseenssesrenearceeensseseeeareeneress24
`24 Leo Baekeland and the Plastic INndustry.........:csseeeseeeee
`van 2D
`2.5 Herman Mark and the American Polymer Education.............0.27
`2.6 Wallace Hume Carothers and Synthetic Polymers..........-..-631
`2.7 Polyethylene - A Product of Brain and Brawn...34
`
`2.8 The Super Fiber and the Woman whoInvented it...so 37
`2.9 One last Word - Plastics..cccccscssesenecteesensseeesseetenesssorenesteeneneeseeenenneas 38
`References
` —>s__sasiieanesciaanenasounseasinznereacnenasenenerecmmemreenereeetoonenener 41
`
`Summer 1995
`
`Tim A. Osswald
`Madison, Wisconsin, USA
`
`Georg Menges
`Aachen, Germany
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`3
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`43
`Structure of Polymets .......:..cccccccsssce tenesceeeeeneeey
`43
`3.1 Macromolecular Structure of Polymers.........0..-+5
`3.2 Molecular Bonds and Inter-Molecular Attraction... 45
`3.3 Molecular Weight. ..cccccccescscscsesctsesstsessecsieeesnssssiesssnssnesseessssectenenteneens 45
`3.4 Conformation and Configuration of Polymer Molecules..........51
`3.5 Arrangement of Polymer MoleculeS.........cccceeeneeen 100
`
`3.5.1 Thermoplastic Polymers... cece cereeseeeereeeseenen renee55
`3.5.2 Amorphous Thermoplastics....escsesestesnerciensesnstitsiceens56
`208
`3.5.3 Semi-Crystalline Thermoplastics....u..eeecs
`
`3.5.4 Thermosets and Cross-Linked Elastomers........::.::csesee 67
`3.6 Copolymers and Polymer Blends...cence 68
`
`sae?L
`3.7 Polymer Additves........secceeeeeeens
`
`3.7.1 Flame Retardant.........c cece eeeeseeeeseseesenseseeseceees
`we Zl
`
`wld
` Stabilizers.,..csccsrorserserercensnsssdsssvondssiiidanietadeevavieiaeieccises
`3.7.2
`
`ZA
`3.7.3 Antistatic Agents...
`
`3.7.4 Fillers ..cicccccccccccceseesseeeecereseeeeeeseeeenees
`7A
`2d
`3.7.5 Blowing Agents...ee
`
`76
`3.8 Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers.......
`3.8.1 Stress Relaxation TeSt........ccccsccssesessserereseecestesteeeesnesneneerrsseess 76
`3.8.2 Time-Temperature Superposition (WLF-Equationa).......78
`3.8.3 The Boltzmann Superposition Principle.............- imaiews 80
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`
`
`xii Table of Contents
`
`Table of Contents
`
`xiii
`
`4
`
`
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`5.B.4 Couette FlOW,...ccecccesscrsceesscenseeccseceeseensessssnessarennsenecaeeeecestes 150
`
`3.8.4 Applying Linear Viscoelasticity to Describe the
`5.4 Viscoelastic Flow Models..........--cecceserseeseceeeneecsensrestessnseseeeeeceeseetss 151
`behavior Of Polymers. ..css.cssseeessreseesesessetsennenseneneenecneneentes81
`
`5.4.1 Differential Viscoelastic Models........cccccecceseseseeeeeetens 151
`Examples
`wi 8
`
`
`
`
`5.4.2 Integral Viscoelastic Models... eeeeeseseeeeesensene 154
`
`Problems
`wa 91
`
`BB RRCOMEtTY oaeeesecsesesessestesesessneceenensanertensneaeeneecensneusssenuereeensensesenenn ty 159
`References
`94
`
`
`5.5.1 The Melt Flow Indexet......cccccccessessessereesesscseeseecsesasersteesenss 159
`
`
`5.5.2 The Capillary Viscometern.....ccccsessesesesneesneanens
`veces 159
`
`Thermal Properties of Polymers..........:s::scssseeeerseenerrenrerenseessecrtennainenenencets 97
`
`5.5.3. Computing Viscosity Using the Bagley and
`—.............
`Al Material Properties... ceeeenereseeseseenecneeenesrenneenteneencsereececs100
`
`
`Weissenberg-Rabinowitsch Equations...162
`41.1 Thermal Conductivity...ceceeetereneeisneseeneneenenene100
`
`5.5.4 Viscosity Approximation Using the Representative....
`41.2 Specific Heatt.,..eccecssecneernerereccieecssecseneeenecsnecneannneceaaneneess107
`
`Viscosity Methodcssaivicesnsersncssconsensvonscnaes ssceresteavennecensionienss 163
`ALS Densitysiceccccscssccccsecssceeesnesneeneenenneeseanensesnnaneenannersnennnnntensenresss 109
`
`5.5.5 The Cone-Plate Rheometet.........cecccesceccseeeeeereeereeeeeeeeeees 164
`
`
`414A Thermal Diffusivity........e cee eee een eeeereentereteneetes 112
`
`
`5.5.6 The Couette Rheometer.........
`
`41.5 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion..........cccee113
`5.5.7 Extensional RHCOMEHY........ccccccseeteeceeesteeceenseenseeeeeenenteees167
`4.1.6 Thermal Penctration....cccccsccssesceeeceeesrrneneeeessseneeeetenetereees115
`
`
`5.6 Surface Tensionr....ccccccccescssscscssscssssessessccessecsececsscsessesseseseeuesseteneees170
`avaaneanenvnennarkerenpreneetness 115
`4.1.7 Glass Transition Tempcrature......
`
`Examples
`4.1.8 Melting Temperature...sees teneessteenesenennees 116
`
`Problems
`4.2 Measuring Thermal Data...csessesesssscetieesesseesnenransanenscens 116
`References
`
`4.2.1 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)....ssssscsseseseeesessee 117
`
`
`422 Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)... 118
`
`
`4.2.3 Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA)....cs1:-::ssestesessneeenes 120
`
`
`cise 121
`4.24 Thermogravimetry (TGA)...
`
`
`Introduction to ProcessinG......cecssrecssecsererrsseensseseensscsrecrensenerseneneensseeneessere eLOD
`4.2.5 Density Measurement...icsesreeeeenesnesineneanense122
`6.1 Extrusion
`san dg ceagicaaasi seslaimeavaneap
`seer 185
`
`———ssecossssnessetsansrnersnsesneennesnsrsnrecesceacsesiannsansssnaneestanesneceneeases 123
`Examples
`
`
`
`
`6.1.1 The Plasticating Extruder.........
`88
`veneverveavarsanenssnqeseessssendeldabdasadisansansteadiecnsavestonusuuaaneaniessce 124
`Problems
`
`
`6.1.1.1 The Solids Conveying Zome......cccccsescseeeececeices191
`———_saesessesaesrentnnnerseeeesesessersestensusnencnsaneuauusnsnebeuerstesensentuananeey 128
`References
`
`
`6.1.1.2 The Melting Zome...cccccsscseessssesserereseesesseesseses195
`
`6.1.1.3 The Metering Zone. 0.0.0... cece tence ces 197
`5 Rheology of Polymer Melts...........cscsccsessesesceeeeieennteicescenes secanans teats129
`
`
`6.1.2 Extrusion Dies... cece ceccneeeeeeesecesseseneeesespeneseenenenenets199
`BD Introductions oe. cece ccsceeeseeeceseseeneeseneeseeceneeeeeseneneneseeneneegnneenetirs 129
`
`
`6.1.2.1 Sheeting Dies...cececessessenescent 199
`
`
`
`5.1.1 Continuum Mechanics...
`.ccccccceceeeceeeeeseeeneeeeenesnenenens 129
`6.1.2.2 Tubular Dies... ee eee eee eseeetesseemeaseeneeeneees201
`5.1.2 The Generalized Newtonian Fluid...cee 131
`
`
`6.2 Mixing Processes.cusssrrensnssauseniecenmrerenenemomenenenernneteemnennerenteteecrenert 202
`5.1.3 Normal Stresses in Shear FlOW.....: cesses
`cence:133
`
`6.2.1 Distributive MIxinng........ecccccecccsecsseseerecnsseeneesessenensenenentens 204
`5.1.4 Deborah Numbet.....cscccccsecescnssccctesseserenensnenenreanennensnenenetees 134
`
`
`6.2.1.1 Effect Of Orientation.....cccceccccceesercesesceeeeenensnenssesens 205
`5.2 Viscous Flow Models.....cccsscseceesecscereeeesesseesrerssssescenennenenenanents 137
`
`
`6.2.2 Dispersive Mixing... ccc scenensceecceseseeeseeneneeetes208
`5.2.1 The Power Law Model....cccccccsenieeserecesceressnrrenentes 137
`
`
`6.2.2.1 Break-Up of Particulate Agglomerates.............. 208
`5.2.2 The Bird-Carreau-Yasuda Model.....cseeessseceescsesencineees 139
`
`
`
`6.2.2.2 Break-Up of Fluid Droplets.....cccsscssenssecsaeessnernens 211
`5.2.3 The Bingham Fluide... cece eee ieseeeesseneersnereaseaes 140
`
`
`
`wee 214
`6.2.3 Mixing DeviceS...........08
`veces LAO
`5.24 Elongational Viscosity...
`
`
`easgsx 21D
`6.2.3.1 Static Mixers.........
`
`5.2.5 Rheology of Curing Thermosets....
`v142
`
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`6.2.3.2 Banbury Mixer... ccc ceescceescseseescseeeessseeesceenenets 216
`
`5.2.6 Suspension Rheology.........:ce--eereeeeeeseeneeeereeeeeens 146
`6.2.3.3 Mixing in Single Screw Extruders.....csseesesereens 218
`5.3 Simplified Flow Models Commonin Polymer Processing..... 147
`
`6.2.3.4 Cokneader... cece eeeeneecseneteseeeneeneneneseats 220
`
`5.3.1 Simple Shear FlOW.....cree csseeeesneeee ieee etrttc cece 148
`
`6.2.3.5 Twin Screw Extruders..c.ccccccceessseeeseseeseeserereenenenees221
`
`
`5.3.2 Pressure Flow Through a Slit.c.ccccceesescsssesessenenssenrennens148
`
`6.2.4 Energy Consumption During Mixing... 224
`5.3.3. Pressure Flow Through a Tube - Hagen-Poiseuille
`6.2.5 Mixing Quality and Efficiency. ......ccccccieeccteeseceneees 225
`FLOW cecccssesescsesececreneseeessenevesessseseeneneeecsneeeesiseceesessnasaesceseataceas 149
`
`
`
`Part
`
`II
`
`Influence of Processing on Properties........0......ccccceceeseeeeeenes183
`
`6
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`xiv Table of Contents
`
`Table of Contents
`
`xv
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`6.3
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`|
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`|
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`Solidification of Polymets..........::sccccsssessssesssesssesriecsereseersarenenesineetsstees 321
`6.2.6
`Plasticization......cccccsssessescsnesseessssesesnssseserecseseessensessesnenseneeee227
`8.1 Solidification of Thermoplastics...0..ences 321
`Injection MONding....crescent
`veie233
`
`
`8.1.1 Thermodynamics During Cooling...
`cee 321
`siigieunimcncmamanZod
`6.3.1 The Injection Molding Cycle...
`
`
`8.1.2 Morphological Structure...eects reeensenenericenenese325
`6.3.2 The Injection Molding Machine...
`SpiaaiannnNs.238
`
`B13 Crystallization...ceeeecseeseneeesaseesesserenesesesennys326
`6.3.2.1 The Plasticating and InjectionUnit.
`2:22238
`
`
`
`8.1.4 Heat Transfer During Solidification...
`ccc 329
`6.3.2.2 The Clamping Umit. ....esscesecrecscsessesesseesesenseneeneens 239
`
`8.2 Solidification of Thermosets...........cc:ccccccsssesnesseenssnvsiesresseeness 334
`6.3.2.3 The Mold Cavitysereseccsesversccnsseesesriennrencsnicensnsenstneey 241
`
`8.2.1 Curing Reaction... cccssecssessseecseesssvecssnseerseersesssneesanves 334
`6.3.3 Related Injection Molding Processes... eeee 243
`
`seve GOO
`8.2.2 Cure Kinetics....ccccseececccenesies
`6.4 Secondary Shaping... eeveeeee
`245
`
`
`
`8.2.3 Heat Transfer During Cure...eccentric 340
`6.4.1 Fiber Spinminng......scecsceseeecccseseccsececeeseeceesteeseareneeneceneeny 245
`
`
`
`8.3 Residual Stresses and Warpage of Polymeric Parts... 343
`6.4.2 Filtry Production... ceeee esses reese reese cseeneseentes 246
`
`8.3.1 Residual Stress Models... ieee sce eeeeeensenteares346
`6.4.2.1 Cast Film Extrusion...
`sures 246
`
`
`8.3.1.1 Residual Stress Model Without Phase Change
`6.5.2.2 Film BlOWiNg...ccseeccece seeeeee eeeeeesseseenneaeanennenennennenenns 247
`
`Effectssjwiiiiinaaiiihntted aiciRennie 349
`GAS Blow MOlding.......cccccccee eee ieenseceaeeneteneatans 249
`
`8.3.1.2 Model to Predict Residual Stresses with Phase..
`6.4.3.1 Extrusion Blow Molding...
`etree eee:249
`
`Change Effects....c.cseccscsecccscsetsssessesesseeeeseessssesesssceee 350
`6.4.3.2 Injection Blow Molding........---.-ssseeeseteeneenres 251
`
`8.3.2 Other Simple Models to Predict Residual Stresses and
`6.4.3.3eecaveseseoseesebuiaseetsheincteeetaneansemenpeenentes253
`
`Warpage....
`sees
`iceTAR
`2053
`6.5 Calorering ssccecceccceecsiecesestisessnenssnseanvessnessssnsnanensinennnerensenercesesssssens255
`
`8.3.2.1 UnevenMoldTemperature.re354
`—casescsssessteensrssbessncsnansstvsseesiuneesieasennssntone
`sennnasenneenDO?
`6.6 COATS
`
`
`8.3.2.2 Residual Stress in a Thin ThermosetPavrt............ 355
`6.7 Compression MOIding......stssessesresnesrseenniceneesrsterorsnscenccanesnnnts 260
`8.3.2.3 Anisotropy Induced Curvature Change............ Bo7
`eevee 262
`6.8 Foaming
`veces
`
`
`6.9 Rotational neevececsaveeesvoesassceaececseeeesceceasersiusnasessanssesenenedestaeeavaes 264
`8.3.3 Predicting Warpage in Actual Parts...........:cc 2GOS
`
`
`
`Examples Examples(cecsesesssesessessesessissecareneenerecaneenseteussonsasenssseseensseseneeneesenecess 362sanengnenzenneneadasavneluiagblsaliestatGiavesanediacsivawd esuanecteausntetoanad 266
`
`
`
`
`
`Problems arevtanepensanaesnnddishulusliilariararsinbaidianitaniansaanecestanaeTsD 275 Problems —__ceeaesssesessscetecnssreensnacscanntnenensusnevenensnegenasessessanstecansaucenesenes 364
`
`
`—_seesesecenassrparevsencecucrevensesssseseesssssesssveneansonsananscentnsteeerantss 279
`ReferenceS
`References
`——aesessssseansustneassensenssneennnsuenssensnsseneneassenssessennecscarseanenseneones 366
`
`
`
`
`7 Anisotropy Development During ProcesSing.........ccecceceirenee ieee 283
`III Engineering Design Properties..........ccsscsesessceseseeeceeeeseesseeseteetseenenees369
`7.1 Orientation in the Final Part......ccsessereeseese
`283
`
`7.1.1 Processing Thermoplastic Polyme!S......c.cee ie 283
`Mechanical Behavior of Polymetrs..........0..0.0.0.ccc cseescceseseseseeeseseeesenees 371
`
`
`7.1.2 Processing Thermoset Polymers.........c.ccceeeeenesien 292 9.1 Basic Concepts of Stress and Strain...ceeceereece 371
`
`
`
`9.1.1 Plane Stress.ssvscsanssenaseauspranveuetvnnansesanscrenncainasevannimmsnerineneies+372
`sun 297
`7.2 Predicting Orientation in the Final Part...
`
`
`
`veeeee 373
`72.1 Planar Orientation Distribution Function.......ccseere 298
`91.2 Plane Strain...cccecceeeceee
`
`
`
`9.2 The Short-Term Tensile Test......ccccccccceseccssssstscesssssennseesesenesasenseesens 373
`7.2.2 Single Particle Motion, .....-.-:-reeersten
`300
`
`002
`7.2.3
`Jeffery’s Model........00
`9.2.1 Rubber Elasticityssssssanussnsannsssnssenatsiansensavensisavenensarsisancetinets 373
`
`
`7.24 Folgar-Tucker Model... erie
`..303
`9.2.2. The Tensile Test and Thermoplastic Polymers.............. 379
`
`
`7.2.5 Tensor Representation of Fiber Orientation.........600-+ 304
`9.3 Long-Term Test... neceee eeeeee nesresneeeenesieeneeteeeneesceneeseees388
`
`7.2.5.1 Predicting Orientation in ComplexParts Using
`9.3.1
`Isochronous and Isometric Creep Plots........cccccserereees 391
`
`Computer Simulation...essserecrrecrerercseeetttneerntee 306
`9.4 Dynamic Mechanical Tests.....ccccccesecesseneeeseenseeneresceeeesreneate 393
`
`
`7.3 Fiber Darmage.....secssessssserscesssssneenesseesssecseeseueeennersanensatennassneeesssntas 312
`YA1 Torsion Pendulum.e.icccceecccccctccteteeceseneestetevesscaenentieeeutacventes 393
`
`9.4.2 Sinusoidal OscillatoryTest..._SiinHIREED.397
`sues
`veeld
`Examples
`
`
`ses
`9.5 Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers...
`weve 99S
`Problems
`316
`
`
`z
`wee 9D
`References
`———_sasssessssesussssasisvsessensnovassassunausennesersengeneuegensarensenrersneneectets 318
`9.5.1 Kelvin Model...
`sii
`
`9.5.1.1 Kelvin ModelCreep‘Response.SeleyrnTONnTrOPINESTEOSTS400
`
`9.5.1.2 Kelvin Model Stress Relaxation... 400
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`9.5.2
`
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`xvi Table of ContentsEntersveTOF
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`9.5.1.3 Kelvin Model Strain Recovery......c-:-seeereeeeres 401
`10.4 Creep Rupture...ceceeeeeseeteesesiesseereeneeicsseeatsseenseeseenenty 483
`9.5.1.4 Kelvin Model Dynamic Respomnse.....---:-.--1401
`10.4.1 Creep Rupture Tests........ssccssreersrensireereesnnennseets 484
`
`10.4.2 Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Creep Rupture............. 487
`vee 401
`Jeffrey Moclel........ccssecccceecrsteessesesseeseeeneneensenees
`
`
`csesssssesstsessncenneesnersennseenessanssrenecasuennsanevennuacqnecnuensaenasensets488
`9.5.2.1 Jeffrey Model Creep Response.......-seerrecre 402
`10.5 Fatigue
`
`10.5.1 Fatigue Test Methods.......2.-.:c:csssseseessecsnessenssessenecens 488
`9.5.2.2 Jeffrey Model Stress Relaxation...403
`
`
`
`10.5.2 Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Fatigue Failure............498
`9.5.2.3 Jeffrey Model Strain Recovery...creer403
`
`10.6 Friction and Weat......ccccccsesereseeesessessesesessseanenarsesenssensnenenereenents 499
`95.3 Standard Linear Solid Model...........2.1:cssesceeneensenenneereees 403
`
`10.7 Stability of Polymer Structures............scee
`weDOB
`9.5.3.1 Standard Linear Solid Model Creep Response... 404
`
`
`10.8 Environmental Effects on Polymer Failure...........0eeeeee505
`9.5.3.2 Standard Linear Solid Model Stress Relaxation..405
`
`
`1-505
`10.8.1 Weatheringsisccissssssniisssinmscsssseciesneereene
`9.5.4 Maxwell-Wiechert Model.......cssoc:sssssiissssessunesssssnnneecees405
`
`
`10.8.2 Chemical Degradation..........ceeeens
`wesDL1
`9.5.4.1 Maxwell-Wiechert Model Stress Relaxation....... 406
`
`
`10.8.3 Thermal Degradation of PolymetS.........ee513
`9.5.4.2 Maxwell-Wiechert Model Dynamic Response....407
`
`
`cescessessssecceesssessusseereessneenssssunenvesanenssssaeenserssennnesnarenecsenss 515
`9.6 Effects of Structure and Composition on Mechanical
`Examples
`
`
`————_seccsesecesevevevececseasseseescseseacscseseaeseesenseeevesseesenenaesssssceesenene517
`PrOperties
`—....csesssneeessseecsssteeceneesrarersentenenerrersaescecanets
`cecsteveeee OF
`Problems
`
`
`9.6.1 Amorphous Thermoplastics....s..sersecseesserrccretetteneeniees409«=«—dasaseme518References
`
`
`
`ies410
`9.6.2 Semi-Crystalline Thermoplastics..........0esseseecer
`9.6.3 Oriented Thermoplastics........-cierercesses vives 412.
`11 Electrical Properties of Polymer.........0-::0::-scc:sssessseesssnesses 2M
`
`
`
`9.64 Cross-Linked POLYTTETS.ssecssccecsseececsessenceeeeeeeeseenessenensecesssss 418
`11.1 Dielectric Behavior...
`
`9.7 Mechanical Behaviorof Filled and Reinforced Polymers.......... 420
`11.1.1 Dielectric Coefficient........:cccccceceseeeessreereesesteesecterensrerentes521
`
`9.7.1 Anisotropic Strain-Stress Relation.......sccceeersceeseeeererrecesAD?
`11.1.2 Mechanismsof Dielectrical Polarization... 524
`9.7.2 Aligned Fiber Reinforced Composite Laminates.......... 423
`11.1.3 Dielectric Dissipation Factor...esetieeee528
`
`973 Transformation of Fiber Reinforced Composite
`11.1.4 Implications of Electrical and Thermal Loss in a
`
`Dielectric.....ececcccccccccescecceseseeceeeeeneseecarscsasssesseenessnaneensenenensens532
`Laminate Properties...---.-:.csssesssessesseneeennennnecnentneerensenecs 426
`EAS532
`9.7.4 Reinforced Composite Laminates with a Fiber
`11.2 Electric Conductivity...........
`se
`
`
`
`
`11.2.1 Electric ReSiStanCe.....ceeeesessssseeeeeeeceerceesesstaseereeennetesenanies 532
`Orientation Distribution FUnction........eererececeeeenilt429
`
`|
`11.2.2 Physical Causes of Volume Conductivity..ecrserseerrscrse534
`9,8 Strength Stability Under Heat............-1ss0-
`429
`
`
`
`Examples90seesssssssnssssssssssssssnsssssnnnnennssnnecceesateseccsessunannunnnnnnnncnnegarae431 11.3 Application Problems...ectteseetsaneesneesnenenennsnaes 537
`
`
`
`Problerissseveseacssenssssucsevscsesecseessectescennaneneensaseatesnnensneassrsunenenserenenses440 11.3.1 Electric Breakdown.....cccccccssssccecessecsseneeeeeetereesseesseecsseeeenea®537
`
`
`
`References 11.3.2 Electrostatic Charge..c.sccsccssseseseceseeeereneerenereerssmeaseeserensnees540—sasesesennssnsusnersessbbesctesesisniosasecneunanassnsenscrscensreseecessennnnens?444
`
`
`
`11.3.3 Electretsocc cee ccceeecceresessesesaeessensesseeesnessesaseesnsenseenens542
`
`11.3.4 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
`40 Failure and Damage of Polymers........-..ccsssssssesseeeersssesseeesercenetteneecannnanes 447
`
`Peeeeeereeeeeeeeee542
`10.1 Fracture Mechatiics...........cccccceesessensessicaneseeseneesanessseeeanecenerennes 447
`(EMIShielding)...
`
`11.4 Magnetic Properties.......-ccccccecsessissesssecsessstssnesnensnensenneennsennersirens543
`10.1.1 Fracture Predictions Based on the Stress Intensity
`
`
`
`FACHOL cocscceccecceceeceececsescseessereneeusessesessrsesnsessssenenseesestesseeasnenerenes448 11.4.1 Magnetizabilitycececesseecieeseeneereeneenneanenneens 543
`
`
`11.4.2 Magnetic Resonannce....cssscececcericeeensetseeneiesnesceacects 543
`10.1.2 Fracture Predictions Based on an Energy Balance..........450
`
`40.1.3 Linear Viscoelastic Fracture Predictions Based on
`References
`——_-ssaisisecusisutussavdeisarsessensenvsinsnvcanatavvavetiassacenensnneantarnesnenseeney544
`
`J-Urtegrals......secesscsceesseercennsessssssssennnnececonnssceenniceessnssequenaesssety 453
`
`10.2 Short-Term, Tensile Stremgth.........cscsesessceccseesteseeneenetestensentenenss455
`12 Optical Properties of Polytimers.......::+--.--:ccecseseseessessssesiceesssseonsenecreenenette545
`
`10.2.1 Brittle Failure..........cccccceecessscssceseneeesseneeeeestesssetenesnensssesenen456
`12.1 Index of Refraction....ccccccccsceseeerseesscsescnessceessecseseserssensecisceeeeessestes545
`
`
`10.2.2 Ductile Pailure...c.ce.cccecsescccccecccccessesessesveesesnenesneensensnnsiernensaees459
`12.2 Photoelasticity and Birefringence...ccceseeseeesieeeeeseereens548
`
`
`12.3 Transparency, Reflection, Absorption, and Transmittance...... 553
`10.2.3 Failure of Highly Filled Systems or Composites.......... 464
`
`——sacsesssensesenesnseceeceeenenenssneanscscesnesesenensecseestessneneneeeretersceees559
`10.3 Tmpact Strength....cssssecessssecsssreerceceserssnnnenensnnenerresssscecunnesenseniaeseetts 467
`TDA GIOSS
`
`
`
`veaananbinttusisnasestytos.wirvecersseanieHeEO10.3.1 Impact Test Methods..........-. SSLESERatnachivaseaeerenceeee56012.5 Color
`
`
`
`
`12.6 Infrared Spectroscopy...csessscecsssseesseseeesstteeeeecetieetessnaassnsnnansnnsersssOD
`10.3.2 Fracture Mechanics Analysis of ImpactFailure...........478
`
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`MacNeil Exhibit 2117
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`Page 10
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`xviii Table af Contents ee
`12.7 Infrared PyrOMmetry.....ccsesssesceeeeiseeeeeecenenenntatsnnesseneensrscenticcesenenens565
`12.8 Heating with Infrared Radiation........... sss
`nennenetieeneenes567
`
`sescurerenpurengorsenepnngenenenntgoersitcsrestinnas ianimeasenaemaera maa OOF
`References
`
`Part I
`
`13 Permeability Properties of Polymers.......-.--:ccsecscsrecreseess resetseeennesnneenneees 571
`so71
`13.1 Sorption cesses
`
`
`13.2 Diffusion and Permeation...erccrrerccceeseenesrssnsenreesrirsesnsstecssereessees 573
`13.4 Corrosion of Polymers and Cracking......sessereescrnsrrerreerereenensees580
`Basic Principles
`13.3 Measuring S, D and Priscesescseseenrenneesseees
`siege79
`7
`:
`2
`
`13.5 Diffusion of Polymer Molecules and Self-Diffusion.......e.02083
`References
`———_aasas