`
`by Preston Gralla
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`f
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`DUE
`
`EN N i u M EDITI
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`Illustrated by SARAH ISHIDA.
`MINA REIMER. 8: STEPHEN flDAMS
`
`IPR2020-00677
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`Vudu EX. 1010, Pae 1
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`IPR2020-00677
`Vudu Ex. 1010, Page 1
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`

`

` Works
`
`A division of Macmillan Computer Publishing, USA
`20| W. l03rd Street
`Indianapolis, IN 46290
`
`QUE®
`
`Millennium Edition
`
`Preston Gralla
`
`IPR2020-00677
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`Vudu EX. 1010, Page 2
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`

`

`How the Internet Works, Millennium Edition
`Copyright© I999 by Que®
`
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`tronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is
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`International Standard Book Number: 0-7897-2 | 32-5
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`Library 'of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-630l |
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`Printed in the United States of America
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`First Printing: August I999
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`cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of
`any trademark or service mark.
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`Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied.
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`
`IPR2020-00677
`
`Vudu EX. 1010, Page 3
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`IPR2020-00677
`Vudu Ex. 1010, Page 3
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`

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`Vudu EX. 1010, Page 4
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`IPR2020-00677
`Vudu Ex. 1010, Page 4
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`IPR2020-00677
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`Vudu EX. 1010, Pae 5
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`IPR2020-00677
`Vudu Ex. 1010, Page 5
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`

`

` j
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`The Internet’s
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`Client/Server
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`IPR2020-00677
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`Vudu EX. 1010, Page 6
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`IPR2020-00677
`Vudu Ex. 1010, Page 6
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`

`

`
`
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`E WEW»
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`TH [; Internet works on the client/server model of information delivery. In this model, a client computer
`connects to a server computer on which information resides; the client depends on the server to deliver
`information. In effect, the client requests the services of the larger computer. These services may involve
`searching for information and sending it back to the client, such as when a database on the’ Web is queried.
`Other examples of these services are delivering Web pages, and handling incoming and outgoing email.
`Whenever you use the Internet, you’re connected to a server computer and requesting the use of that
`
`server’s resources.
`Typically, the client is a local personal computer and the server (also known as the host) is usually a
`more powerful computer that houses the data. These computers can be of many different kinds: powerful
`Windows—based PCs, Macintoshes, and a wide variety of hardware that runs the UNIX operating system,
`
`such as computers made by the Digital Equipment Corporation.
`The connection to the server is made via a LAN (local area network), a phone line, or a TCP/IP-based
`
`WAN (wide area network) on the Internet. A primary reason to set up a client/server network is to allow
`
`many clients to access the same applications and files that are stored on a server.
`In the case of the Internet’s World Wide Web, the client is actually the browser on your PC and the server is
`
`a host computer located somewhere on the Internet. Typically, the browser sends the server a request for a spe—
`cific Web page. The server processes that request and sends an answer back to the browser (again, most often
`
`in the form of a Web page).
`The connection between the client and server is maintained only during the actual exchange of informa-
`
`tion. Thus, after a Web page is transferred from the host (or server) computer, the HTTP connection
`between that computer and the client is broken. (HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol; it’s the pro-
`tocol used by the World Wide Web.) Even though the HTTP connection is closed, the ISP maintains the
`
`TCP/IP connection to the Internet.
`
`The client/server model enables the desktop PC to run the browser software to search the Web, yet still
`
`access host servers around the Internet to execute search and retrieVal functions. In essence, this architecture
`
`enables the Web to be conceived of as a limitless file storage medium and database, distributed among thou-
`
`sands of host computers, all accessible by any individual PC.
`The following illustration shows how the Web runs on a client/server architecture. Keep in mind that all
`other resources on the Internet run on the client/server model as well. For example, in email transactions
`
`the client would be the email software on your computer while the server would be the email server into
`
`which you connect.
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`IPR2020-00677
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`

`

`2 Piiii'f‘ifz 'T'H'E INTERN—rat‘s Hummus"iiR'Eulj-fE'ET'uiiEzj-j:"-_ '
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`The PC-based browser software controls the
`
`
`
`client end of the Web application. Using TCP/IP,
`the browser issues HTTP requests to the host
`server; The browser can request a specific
`Web page or it canask the host server to
`perform a database query. In either in-
`stance, the request is broken into
`HTTP_ packets that are sent across
`the Internet’s TCP/lP communi—
`cations infrastructure to the
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`host computer.
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`search and sending back to
`
`the client the result in the form
`of a Web page.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`IPR2020-00677
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`

`CHAPTER 9
`
`THE INTERNET’S CLIENT/SERVER ARCHITECTURE
`
`. 43__
`
`
` B The host computer houses the Web
`
`site. Web server software enables
`the host to locate a requested page
`and return it to the client.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`El Database and other similar applications
`on the host computer are accessed and
`controlled through a common gateway
`interface (CGI). When the server receives
`the request for the database query, it
`forwards the request to a separate,
`dedicated database server or application
`
`for processing via the CGI.
`
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`

`

`I126
`
`pHH-‘T '5 HOW THE WGRLD meWEnwonKs
`
`CHAPTER Howweb
`
`Pages Work
`
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`

`

`”fill '11:: World Wide Web is the fastest growing, and in many ways, the most exciting and intriguing part
`of the Internet. When people refer to “surfing the Net,” more often than not they’re talking about using
`the World Wide Web.
`As its name implies, the World Wide Web is a globally connected network. The Web contains many
`things, but what makes it so fascinating to so many are the Web “pages” that incorporate text, graphics,
`sound, animation, and other multimedia elements. In essence, each page is an interactive multimedia
`publication that can include videos and music as well as graphics and text.
`Pages are connected to one another using hypertext that allows you to move from any page to any
`other page, and to graphics, binary files, multimedia files, as well as any Internet resource. To jump
`from one page to another, click on a hypertext link.
`The Web operates on a client/server model. You run Web client browser software such as Netscape
`Navigator or Microsoft’s Internet Explorer on your computer. That client contacts a Web server and
`requests information or resources. The Web server locates and then sends the information to the Web
`browser, which displays the results.
`Pages on the Web are built using a markup language called HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).
`The language contains commands that tell your browser how to display text, graphics, and multimedia
`files. It also contains commands for linking the page to other pages, and to other Internet resources.
`The term “home page” is often used to refer to the first, or top, page in a collection of pages that
`make up a Web site. This is to distinguish it from the many pages collected together as a single “pack—
`age” of sorts that often make up Web sites. The home page is like a magazine cover or the front page of
`a newspaper. Usually, it acts as an introduction to the site, explaining its purpose and describing the in-
`formation found on other pages throughout the site. In this way, the home page often acts as the table
`of contents for the rest of the site.
`In general, Web sites use three kinds of organizational structures to organize their pages. In a tree
`structure, a pyramid or outline format makes it easy for users to navigate through the site and find the
`information they want. In a linear structure, one page leads to the next, which then leads to the next,
`and so on, in a straight line. Finally, in a random structure, pages are connected to one another, seem-
`
`ingly at random.
`The last illustration in this chapter shows how someone might build his or her own pages using an
`HTML editor. After you create your pages, you use FTP software to post them onto a small portion of
`a Web server. You can either rent the server space from a local ISP or set up your own Web server.
`
`IPR2020-00677
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`Vudu EX. 1010, Page 11
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`

`

`
`
`How the World Wide Web
`
`Works
`
`
`
`
`
`
`' Tl'i‘é‘WO‘i‘id‘EWIrdb‘ Wéb‘ls"‘lfh'é‘”fh§t'e‘éf Qi‘fiWi’i’i‘Q 'éifi’d" mO'éf'ih'F1'0'i7§fiV§Dp§Wdf'fiTéfilfif§'rfifitf‘;I’ ’21—“: " ‘
`When you browse the Web, you view multimedia pages composed of text, graphics,
`sound, and video. The Web uses hypertext links that allow you to jump from one place
`to another on the Web. The language that allows you to use hypertext links and to view
`,___.... 5.1.- —..._____,_..—.
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`dwnloads lint. Hora waive harvested in crop of mum
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`Klimt-SWIicfi'i-nrétsource
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`sends the URL request using
`HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
`Protocol), which defines the
`way the Web browser and the
`-Web-server-communicatexwith-
`each other.
`
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`

`_
` home page,
`
`web browser client. The Information is then
`displayed on the computer screen in the
`
`Web browser. When the page is sent from
`
`the server. the HTTP connection is closed
`and can be reopened.
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`E The request is sent to the Internet. Internet routers
`examine the request to determine which server to
`send therequest to. The'information just to the right
`of the httpsz in the .URLtells the Internet on which
`Web server the requested information can be found.
`Routers send the request to that Web server.
`
`I] URLs contain several parts. The first part—the httpzz'E—details which lnternet protocol to
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`'t—-sometimes tells what kind
`tacted. The third part—flsuoh as zdnet.com-—can vary in
`of Internet resource is being eon
`Web server to be contacted. The final part identifies a specific
`length and identifies the
`d a home page, document, or other Internet object.
`directory on the server an
`
`IPR2020-00677
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`Vudu EX. 1010, Page 13
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`IPR2020-00677
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`

`

`_ _
`
`I
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`l-liow Webii'agég Me'
`Organid9“ a Web Site
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`The home page is the first or top—1,
`page of any Web site. A site can be."
`just one page, or can comprise
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`dozens or even hundreds of pages-g '.
`In the latter case, the home page _'
`acts as a table of contents to orga.
`nize the site and help users findIn-
`formation available on the site.
`
`
`
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`
`
`a Underllined.(‘J’I‘Ihighlighted hyperlink
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`
`text isfiff’en embedded In the home
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`pagnghe hyperlinksfisegmv-e tocon—
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`act the top page with other pages
`
`throughoutthe site.
`
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` Hegelated documents residing together'
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`on-da Web host computer makeupa-
`Web si'tehHowever. a sjng‘le segyercan;
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`host multigl‘eWlambsiteseach con-
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`tainedIn a separate area or directory“,
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`much like a hard d’riv can accommo—T-
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`date multiple directories Some Web i'
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`sites are so large and h“ -l.y trafficked
`that they cannot fit on aesir‘fiieh-servel
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`and require multiple servers.
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`viafl- 7. r 13-.99L.
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`to the home page
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`lows users to always find their way'
`
`back. to the top of a site to navigate in
`other cli recti 0 HS.
`
`
`
`IPR2020-00677
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`Vudu EX. 1010, Page 14
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`IPR2020-00677
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`

`

`'HILI‘I-e-II;
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`IPR2020-00677
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`Vudu EX. 1010, Pae 15
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`IPR2020-00677
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`

`

`
`
`How Web Sites Work
`
`First, the raw materials are collected
`for the Web page. Content may be
`any number of things—family pho-
`tos, poems, personal opinions, text
`of any kind, even sound clips and
`movies. Text can be easily compiled
`with any word processor, such as
`Microsoft Word.
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`
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`Web Fagin wink l
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`IPR2020-00677
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`Vudu EX. 1010, Page 16
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`IPR2020-00677
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`

`

`
`
`E The Web page can typically be posted
`by means of a dial-up connection to
`the Internet (via a local ISPI. Many ISPs
`provide the spec for doing this free of
`
`
`"= charge as part of ' monthly fee.
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`to the ISP’s Web server; many
`good ones are available as share-
`ware on the Internet. The ISP is—
`sues a username and password at
`sign-up time, which are used to log
`on to the directory where the
`HTML page, graphics, and other
`media will be placed. After the var-
`ious elements are put in the right
`folder, the "live" pages can be
`checked on the Web using the URL
`provided by the ISP.
`
`
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`_-.¥.'I;Iiasna'rrows or-pointe'rs let a user move logically around the site. A whole range of
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`‘ girl. :fisr‘ia'relvi/are’im'age edit'ors is available on the Internet. The most full-featured commer—
`_ia|§ifi1ége:éditor=is Photosh‘op by Adobe. Photoshop is a professional-grade program
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`tized sound, music, or video—you will need acc‘ese-te‘--tl1je'
`digital files, or you can digitize them yourself with additional
`computer hardware. When you are dealing with media with
`large file sizesHsuch as a 4MB movie—it will take users a' very
`long time to download the file. During editing, try to trim all the .
`fat out of video and audio clips. Also try to scale batik the
`length and resolution of audio and video to decreasa file size.
`
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`
`Ll KE much of the Internet, the World Wide Web operates on a client/server model. You run a Web
`client on your computer—called a Web browser—such as Netscape Communicator, or Microsoft’s
`Internet Explorer. That client contacts a Web server and requests information or resources. The Web
`server locates and then sends the information to the Web browser, which displays the results.
`When Web browsers contact servers, they’re asking to view pages built with Hypertext Markup
`Language (HTML). They interpret those pages and display them on your computer. They also can dis—
`play applications, programs, animations, and similar material created with programming languages
`such as Java and ActiveX, and scripting languages such as IavaScript.
`Sometimes, home pages contain links to files that the Web browser can’t play or display, such as
`sound or animation files. In that case, you’ll need a plug-in or a helper application. You configure your
`Web browser to use the helper application or plug-in whenever it encounters a sound or animation file
`that the browser can’t run or play.
`Over the years, Web browsers have become increasingly sophisticated. Browsers have now become
`full-blown software suites that can do everything from videoconferencing to letting you create and
`publish HTML pages. They have also begun to blur the line between your lOCal computer and the
`Internet—in essence, they can make your computer and the Internet function as a single computer
`
`system.
`Toward this end of bringing the Internet more directly into computers, Microsoft has integrated
`Web browsing and the Internet directly into the operating system. For example, with Internet Explorer
`4.0 and later, and with Windows 98, the Windows desktop can be HTML—based. This means Web links
`can be directly embedded into the desktop. So, for example, you can have links to your favorite Web
`pages right on the desktop. And even applications such as word processors now have Web capabilities
`built into them, such as being able to browse the Web, or build home pages. Even more significantly,
`using technology that Microsoft calls Active Desktop, Internet-based desktop components can live on the
`desktop. These components can be things such as stock tickers, which deliver live Web content directly
`to the desktop. You don’t need to go fire up your Web browser to get the information; it’s delivered I
`straight to your Windows desktop without your having to do anything.
`Both Microsoft and Netscape have also built entire suites of software around their browsers.
`Netscape, for example, calls its suite Netscape Communicator. Communicator includes modules for
`reading newsgroups; for reading, sending and managing Internet mail; for audio conferencing; for col-
`laborative work on whiteboard applications in which people can View and mark up the same documents
`simultaneously; and more. These enhancements will help usher in an era of collaborative computing.
`Not only will the Internet be used to transmit and receive information, but it will also alter the way we
`do business and help us communicate more effectively.
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`WGb browsers COHSISt 0f client SOfl' E A Web browser displays information on your computer by inter-
`were that runs on your computer and
`preting the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) that is used to
`displays home pages on the Web.
`build home pages on the Web. Home pages usually display graph.
`There are clients for PC, Macrntosh,
`ics, sound, and multimedia files, as well as links to other pages,
`and UNIX COanUterS-
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`Have you thought abbut creating your own Web site, but iust Eigelt‘f
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`
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`concert with other components.
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`Communicator is
`Netscape Navigator,
`the Web browser
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`that allows you to edit,
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`E The Netcaster component of
`Communicator allows for push
`technology to send information to
`you over the Internet, and for ”sub-
`scriptions” to Web sites. This saves
`time and allows information to be
`
`read offline while you’re not con—
`nected to the Internet.
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`H Netscape Conference is the workgroup and multimedia
`communications component of Communicator, used
`primarily on intranets. It allows people to hold group
`conference calls from their computers, as well as View
`and use shared files and documents together. This is
`called a whiteboard application.
`
`Conference
`
`
`
`
` E] Communicator in‘fi '9 "Soil component
`
`
`called Netscape Messenger. Unlike some
`other email packages, Messenger can read
`HTML documents so you can receive entire
`ell a
`
`Messenger
`
`E Two other Communicator components allow for reading newsgroups
`and online discussions on the Internet. A Usenet newsgroup reader
`gives access to Usenet, whereas software called Collabra allows for
`intranet—based discussions.
`
`
`
`
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`—..-.-.---.. -.'
`
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`How Internet Explorer
`Integrates into Windows
`
`Internet Explorer 4.0 and Iatar—and Windows 98—blur
`the distinction between your computer and the Internet.
`This change has a great impact on Web browsing. The
`Active Desktop is primariiy responsible for this en-
`
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`a You can then launch any document by double—clicking
`it, just as you would normally do in Windows. You’ll
`read the document in your normal application, not
`within Internet Explorer.
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`Messages Mean
`
`One of the most frustrating experiences in browsing the Web is the error messages that browsers display when
`they're having trouble contacting a Web site. Depending on what browser you use, and what version of the
`browser you're using, those messages might be different. Version 5.0 and later of Internet Explorer, for example,
`sometimes displays error messages in plain English. But most browsers don‘t. Here’s a list of the most common
`browser error messages—and what they mean.
`
`DNS Server
`
`Server Does Not Have a DNS Entry
`When you type a URL in your browser to visit a
`site, your computer contacts a server called a
`
`) DNS (Domain Name System) server. The DNS
`
`server translates the URL into the IP number that
`computers can understand—and after it does
`that, yoUr browser can go to the site. (For more
`information about DNS servers, see Chapter 7,
`”How the Domain Name System Works.”) If you
`get an error message telling you the server
`
` What Common Browser Error
`
`with the DNS server. Check the URL and retype it.
`
`
`.
`
`7 doesn’t have a DNS entry, it means that the
`, server doesn’t have a listing for the URL you
`. typed. This usually either means that you typed
`the URL incorrectly. or there‘is something wrong
`
`.
`
`a 503 Service Unavailable
`This is a catch—all error message for a va-
`riety of problems, but all of them mean
`that the Web site hasn’t been able to be
`contacted by your browser. The problem
`might be that the site’s server has
`crashed because of too much traffic, or
`that there's network congestion.
`
`Web Server
`
`a 403.9 Access Forbidden. Too Many Users Are Connected.
`Some Web sites recognize that if they get too much traffic at once,
`Web Server
`the entire site can be brought down, and no one will
`
`be able to visit. Those sites put a’ limit on the
`number of people who can come to the
`site at once—in that way, the site will
`always be available, even if everyone I
`who wants to Wait can’t get in. If you
`get this l‘Too Many Users Are
`Connected” message, it usually
`means that the Web site is up and
`running, but you can't get in be-
`cause the maximum number of peo-
`ple are already on the site. Keep
`trying—when one persbn leaves, an-
`other can come in, and it might be you.
`
`'
`
`
`
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`El 404 Not Found
`When you get this message. it means that
`you've arrived at the right Web site, but the
`specific page you‘re looking for can't be
`found. That specific page might haVe been
`deleted from the site or moved—or you
`might have typed the location incorrectly.
`
`Web Server
`
`E 401 Unauthorized and 403 Forbidden
`if you get either of these error messages, it means that you’re trying to enter
`a Web site that allows only certain people in—and it’s not allowing you to
`enter. Typically, these kinds of Web sites are password protected, and might
`also allow people to visit who are only from certain domains, such as
`zd.com. If you've entered a password, you might have entered it improperly,
`or you might not be in a domain that’s
`allowed to enter the Web site.
`
`Web Server
`
`
`
`a Spinning Hourglass
`This isn’t an error message that your browser displays—instead, your
`Windows cursor turns into a spinning hourglass. The spinning hourglass
`tells you that your browser is trying to make a connection to a Web site. If it
`keeps spinning and a connection is never made, it can mean that an Internet
`router someplace between where you are and where you're trying to visit
`has crashed and you can't make the connection.
`
`Web Server
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`;
`’i
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` CHAPTER How Markup
`
`Languages
`Work
`
`
`
`
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`M ARK U P languages are the road signs of a Web page. They are sets of directions that tell the
`
`browser software how to display and manage a Web document, much like written music scores are in—
`
`structions that tell a musician how to play a particular song. These instructions (called tags or markups)
`
`are embedded in the source document that creates the Web page.
`
`Tags reference graphic images located in separate files, and they instruct the browser to retrieve and
`
`display these images within the page. Tags can also tell a browser to connect a user to another file or
`
`URL when he or she clicks an active hyperlink. So each Web page has everything it needs to be dis-
`
`played on any computer with a browser that can interpret the markup language.
`
`Your original text will probably have headings, multiple paragraphs, and some simple formatting.
`
`A Web browser will not understand all these layout instructions because the original text isn’t format-
`
`ted with HTML, the language of the Web (discussed later in this chapter). Paragraphs, carriage returns,
`
`indents, and multiple spaces will be shown instead as a single spate if no HTML markup is added.
`
`Markup languages should not be confused with programming languages, such as C+ or Pascal.
`
`Programming languages are used to write complex applications, such as word processors or spread-
`
`sheets. Markup languages, in contrast, are much simpl