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`THIS IS TO CERTIFYthat the collections of the Library of Congress contain a book
`entitled OPEN CABLE ARCHITECTURE,Michael Adams, call number TK 6679.3.A33 2000,
`Copy 1, and that the attached photocopyof the front and back cover pages, Title page,
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`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0001
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`

`

`Michael
`Adams
`
`for Cable Operators
`
`The path to cable compatibility and retail
`availability in digital television
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0002
`
`OPENCABLE
`ARCHITECTURE
`
`Cisco PRESS
`Www.ciscopress.com
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0002
`
`

`

`OpenCable™ Architecture
`
`Michael Adams
`
`Cisco Systems
`
`®
`
`Cisco PREss
`
`Cisco Press
`201 West 103rd Street
`Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0003
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0003
`
`

`

` OpenCable™Architecture
`
`
`
`Michael Adams
`
`Copyright © 2000 Cisco Press
`Cisco Press logois a trademark of Cisco Systems, Inc.
`Published by:
`Cisco Press
`201 West 103rd Street
`
`/
`
`ove
`
`a
`~<C
`
`emote
`
`|
`ces
`
`
`
`a
`
`Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
`All rights reserved. Nopart of this book may be reproducedortransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
`or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage andretrieval system, without writ-
`ten permission fromthe publisher, except for the inclusion ofbrief quotations in a review.
`Printed in the United States ofAmerica 1 234567890
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Number: 99-61715
`ISBN: 1-57870-135-X
`:
`*
`°
`Warning and Disclaimer
`This bookis designed to provide information about OpenCable™architecture. Every effort has been made to make
`this book as complete andasaccurate as possible, but no warrantyorfitness is implied.
`The informationis provided on an "as is" basis. The author, CiscoPress, and Cisco Systems, Inc. shall have neither
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`
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`

`

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`
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`

`

`
`
`Contents at a Glance nroword
`
`VICWOUIU
`
`ntinn
`nee
`VUULUU
`
`Part |
`
`Chapter 1
`
`Chapter 2
`
`Chapter 3
`
`Chapter 4
`
`cinn?
`Al Riinital Tale
`v¥
`UVivila
`Sicvicitvv
`
`Analog Cable Technologies
`
`The Analon Set-Ton Converter
`
`Digital Technologies
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Adding Dioita! Television Services to Cable Svstems
`
`\daing Digital|elevision services to Vabdie oysiems
`Chapter 5
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The Ninital Set-Ton Converer
`@ Vigital Se
`op Conve
`
`Dioital Broadcast Case Studies
`Digital Broaccast Case ofUdles
`
`Interactive and On-Demand Services
`nteractive Services
`
`a Cahle Cyctam Cace Ctidiec
`nteract
`LSlalluVvVe Wavit OYols Waot OClUUIcoS
`
`a DNameand Car AAS
`Un-Vemand services
`acs CO
`~
`na
`ann Csahisc C cts
`On-Demand Cable System Case Studies
`
`OpenCable
`Alh ran sakin>°
`VY
`VAC I auitc
`
`a!
`Mranlakhia Arrhitart
`VWAJVEIIavit AIL
`(Ulu a
`
`\haAaAs
`U
`c
`
`BR
`ag Ciincrtinna!]
`MYrantahia Noa
`Upenvapbie Vevice Functional Requirements
`
`OAnanCable Headend Inteferec
`VME Wav
`Savueitu
`Cliaves
`
`aS Ce ee
`VUUI-IN
`e NetWork
`intenace
`i\t~ f~
`Tha at Co
`~
`‘
`UU!I-U
`e Consumer
`interface
`ee i en eee
`UUI-Ge
`e€ security
`
`interface
`
`Chapter 6
`
`Chapter 7
`
`Part Il
`
`Chapter 8
`
`Chapter 9
`
`Chapter 10
`
`Chapter 11
`
`Part Ill
`
`Chapter 12
`
`Chapter 13
`
`Chapter 14
`
`Chapter 15
`
`Chapter 16
`
`Chapter 17
`
`Chapter 18
`
`Glossary
`
`
`
`
`
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`

`

`vii
`
`Contents
`
`Foreword
`
`xx
`
`Introduction—xxii
`
`Part |
`
`Digital Cable Television 3
`
`Chapter1
`
`Why Digital Television?
`
`5
`
`5
`Digital Technology Evolution
`Silicon Integration and Moore's Law 5
`Analog-to-Digital Conversion
`6
`Convergence with the Personal Computer
`Internet Convergence
`8
`NewServices
`8
`New Business Models
`
`9
`
`7
`
`10
`
`Advantages of Digital Television
`Channel Expansion
`10
`On-DemandServices
`10
`Quality
`11
`Security
`11
`11
`Flexibility
`Data Transmission
`
`12
`
`Summary
`
`12
`
`Chapter 2 Analog Cable Technologies
`
`15
`
`Analog Channel Expansion
`
`15
`
`The Hybrid Fiber Coax Upgrade
`HFC Topology
`18
`Linear Optical Transmission
`Return Path Activation
`20
`
`16
`
`20
`
`Summary
`
`22
`
`References
`
`22
`
`
`
`Chapter 3.=The Analog Set-Top Converter 25
`
`The Cable Network Interface
`Cable Tuner
`29
`29
`NTSC Demodulator
`29
`Out-of-Band Receiver
`Out-of-Band Transmitter
`Media Access Control
`30
`
`27
`
`30
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`

`

`
`
`
`Conditional Access System 30
`Analog De-scrambler
`31
`
`
`
`32
`2234
`33
`
`On-Screen Display
`
`43
`
`AudioProcessing
`Volume Control
`33
`Digital Music
`BTSC Stereo and SAP Decoding
`
`34
`
`Microprocessor Subsystem
`Central Processing Unit
`Memory Subsystem 3
`Display and Keypad
`3
`
`yN
`
`35
`
`RF Modulator
`
`37
`
`RF Bypass Switch
`
`37
`
`38
`Inputs
`38
`Cable Input
`Infrared Receiver
`
`Diagnostic Port
`Data Port
`39
`
`38
`
`38
`
`39
`Outputs
`40
`RF Output
`40
`Baseband Video
`40
`Baseband Audio
`Infrared Transmitter
`
`41
`
`41]
`Software Architecture
`Operating System Software
`Device Drivers
`42
`
`42
`
`Applications
`
`43
`
`43
`43
`
`Case Studies
`CFT-2200
`8600X 44
`45
`Limitations
`Lessons Learned
`
`Summary
`
`46
`
`45
`
`46
`References
`46
`Book
`Internet Resources
`
`47
`
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`
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`

`

`
`
`Chapter 4
`
`Digital Technologies
`
`49
`
`50
`Video Compression
`51
`MPEG-2 Compression
`Other Video Compression Algorithms
`Details of MPEG-2 Video Compression
`
`55
`56
`
`61
`Audio Compression
`MPEG-1 Layer 2 (Musicam)
`Dolby AC-3
`61
`Other Audio Compression Algorithms
`Data
`62
`
`61
`
`62
`
`System Information
`
`62
`
`63
`MPEG-2 Systems Layer
`Timing and Synchronization
`Packetization
`64
`
`64
`
`65
`Multiplexing
`66
`Conditional Access
`Limitations of MPEG-2 Systems Layer
`
`67
`
`Transmission Mechanisms
`Baseband Transmission
`Broadband Transmission
`
`67
`68
`75
`
`Summary
`
`82
`
`83
`References
`83
`Books
`83
`Periodicals
`83
`Standards
`Internet Resources
`
`84
`
`Chapter 5 Adding Digital Television Services to Cable Systems
`Drivers for Digital Television
`88
`Channel Expansion
`89
`Direct Broadcast Satellite Competition
`High Definition Television
`89
`Consolidation with OtherDigital Services
`Radio Frequency Return Traffic
`91
`
`90
`
`89
`
`87
`
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`

`
`
`Business Communications
`Network Management
`91
`
`91
`
`Transmission ofDigital Television
`
`91
`
`Out-of-Band Data Communications
`Drivers
`93
`Out-of-Band Architectures
`Forward OOB Channel
`95
`Reverse OOB Channel
`96
`Out-of-Band Evolution
`100
`
`94
`
`93
`
`100
`
`Out-of-Band Channel Termination
`Hub-Level Addressing
`101
`Return Traffic Aggregation
`Shared Media Access Control
`
`101
`101
`
`Headend-—to—Distribution Hub Interconnection
`LAN Extension Products
`103
`SONETs_
`103
`ATM Networks
`IP Networks
`104
`
`103
`
`102
`
`Summary
`
`104
`
`105
`References
`105
`Books
`105
`Periodicals
`Internet Resources
`
`105
`
`The Digital Set-Top Converter
`Cable Environment
`108
`
`107
`
`Overview 109
`
`The Cable NetworkInterface
`Cable Input
`112
`Munere ae
`
`110
`
`112
`QAM Demodulator
`113
`NTSC Demodulator
`Out-of-Band Channel Termination
`Out-of-Band Transmitter
`113
`Media Access Control
`114
`Telephone Modem 114
`
`113
`
`Transport Processing
`
`114
`
`Conditional Access System 115
`
`
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`

`~
`
`xi
`
`
`116
`Digital Decryption
`Analog De-scrambling
`
`117
`
`Video and Graphics Processing
`MPEG-2 Video Decoding
`Analog Video Processing
`On-Screen Display
`120
`Digital-to-Analog Conversion
`NTSC Encoding
`121
`
`118
`118
`119
`
`121
`
`123
`
`122
`AudioProcessing
`Dolby AC-3 Audio Decoding
`BTSC Stereo Decoding
`123
`Audio Synthesis
`123
`
`Microprocessor Subsystem 124
`Central Processing Unit
`125
`Memory Subsystem 125
`Display and Keypad
`127
`
`RF Modulator
`
`127
`
`RF Bypass Switch
`
`128
`
`Inputs
`
`128
`
`129
`130
`
`129
`Outputs
`129
`RF Output
`Baseband Video
`Baseband Audio
`S-Video
`130
`Component Video
`TEE ESS 94ee
`ss 0)
`Digital Audio
`131
`Infrared Transmitter
`
`130
`
`131
`
`131
`Software
`132
`Device Drivers
`Operating System 132
`Applications
`132
`Limitations
`133
`
`Summary
`
`133
`
`133
`References
`133
`Books
`133
`Standards
`Internet Resource
`
`134
`
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`

`
`
`asas
`
`oO Ww
`
`tidLuu oO ”
`
`oO
`
`
`
`
`+fUY
`Uaot
`
`Chapter 7
`
`137
`Architectural Comparison
`Satellite Distribution to Headends
`Headend-to-Subscriber Distribution
`Split Security Model
`141
`Out-of-Band Channel
`142
`Central Versus Local Subscriber Management
`
`138
`140
`
`7}
`142
`
`143
`DigiCable
`Head-End In The Sky Model
`Local Subscriber Management
`DigiCable Summary
`150
`
`145
`148
`
`150
`Pegasus
`151
`Pegasus Phase 1.0 Goals
`Pegasus Request for Proposal
`Pegasus Architecture
`153
`Digital Broadband Delivery System 1
`
`152
`
`tn 6
`
`Summary
`
`160
`
`160
`References
`160
`Book
`Periodical
`
`160
`
`PartIl
`
`Interactive and On-Demand Services
`
`163
`
`Chapter 8
`
`nteract
`ClauUutv
`
`oO WY
`
`r
`
`RO
`VIG
`
`wo
`
`4
`
`Ol6
`
`Internet Convergence
`
`166
`
`Goals ofInteractive Services
`
`167
`
`Interactive Versus On-DemandServices
`
`16
`
`168
`
`Interactive Services
`Navigation
`169
`169
`Information Services
`170
`Communications Services
`Electronic Commerce Services
`Video Games
`170
`EnhancedTelevision Services
`
`170
`
`171
`
`172
`Applications Model
`172
`Client Applications
`173
`Server Applications
`Distributed Applications
`
`174
`
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`

`
`
`xiii
`
`175
`176
`
`Application Requirements
`Software Download
`Activation
`176
`Communications
`Streaming Media
`
`177
`178
`
`179
`Application Resources
`179
`Set-Top Resources
`181
`Software Download Mechanisms
`Activation and Synchronization Mechanisms
`Communication Mechanisms
`183
`
`182
`
`Summary
`
`184
`
`184
`References
`184
`Books
`185
`Periodicals
`185
`Standards
`Internet Resources
`
`185
`
`Chapter9=Interactive Cable System Case Studies 187
`
`
`Time WarnerFull Service Network
`187
`FSN Network Architecture Goals
`187
`Network Overview 189
`Services
`194
`
`196
`Applications Model
`Application Requirements
`Applications Resources
`Lessons Learned
`199
`
`197
`198
`
`200
`
`200
`Pegasus
`Pegasus Phase 1.1 Goals
`Network Overview 201
`Services
`201
`202
`Applications Model
`Application Portability
`203
`Applications Resources
`204
`Lessons Learned
`211
`
`Summary
`
`211
`
`212
`References
`212
`Standards
`Internet Resources
`
`212
`
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`

`
`
`217
`Internet Comparisons
`Goals of On-Demand Services
`
`218
`
`216
`
`
`Chapter 10 On-Demand Services
`215
`Interactive Versus On-Demand Services
`
`
`
`
`
`219
`On-Demand Services
`219
`Movies-on-Demand
`219
`Music-on-Demand
`Post-Broadcast On-Demand
`Special Interest Programming
`Distance Learning
`220
`Library Access
`220
`Video Mail
`220
`
`219
`220
`
`221
`
`On-Demand Reference Architecture
`Provisioning Network
`222
`Distribution Network
`222
`Media Servers
`225
`Conditional Access
`Server Placement
`Switching Matrix
`Set-Top
`235
`
`226
`226
`228
`
`Summary
`
`235
`
`References
`
`235
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`23
`Time WarnerFull Service Network
`Full Service Network Overview 23
`Basic Star Architecture
`238
`240
`LogicalATM Connectivity
`MPEG Mapping intoATM 241
`MPEG DeliveryfromServer to Set-Top
`Lessons Learned
`245
`FSN Summary
`245
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Chapter 11. On-Demand Cable System Case Studies
`
`237
`
`243
`
`246
`
`245
`Pegasus Phase 2.0
`FSN Learning Experience
`On-Demand Services
`247
`NewChannels
`248
`Server Location
`249
`Fiber Transport
`250
`Transport Protocol
`25]
`
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`

`XV
`
`
`251
`Switching Matrix
`Pegasus Phase 2 Summary
`
`253
`
`Summary
`
`253
`
`253
`References
`253
`Standards
`Internet Resources
`
`253
`
`PartIll
`
`OpenCable
`
`255
`
`Chapter 12 Why OpenCable?
`
`257
`
`Goals of OpenCable
`New Suppliers
`NewServices
`
`258
`258
`258
`
`Retail Availability
`
`258
`
`Market Forces
`Competition
`Technology
`
`259
`259
`261
`
`Government Regulation
`1992 Cable Act
`261
`
`261
`
`1994 FCC Report and Order
`262
`1996 Telecommunications Act
`262
`1998 Report and Order on Competitive Availability of Navigation Devices
`Digital Carriage
`264
`Emergency Alert Systems
`
`265
`
`263
`
`Retail Issues
`265
`Cable Service Management
`New Services
`266
`Existing Suppliers
`Signal Theft
`268
`
`267
`
`266
`
`269
`OpenCable Solutions
`269
`The OpenCable Process
`The OpenCable Architecture
`The OpenCable Specifications
`Retail Availability
`271
`
`270
`271
`
`Summary
`
`272
`
`273
`References
`273
`Books
`273
`Periodicals
`Internet Resources
`
`273
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0015
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`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`275
`
`Chapter 13 OpenCable Architectural Model
`OpenCable History
`276
`OpenCable Process
`278
`Specification Development
`Interoperability
`279
`OpenCable Reference Diagram 280
`Specified Interfaces
`281
`Specified Components
`286
`
`278
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`287
`Standards
`Relevant Standards Bodies
`
`287
`
`Summary
`
`290
`
`291
`References
`291
`Books
`Internet Resources
`
`291
`
`Chapter 14 OpenCable Device Functional Requirements
`Goals
`296
`Provide for Integrated Service Environments
`Open and Interoperable
`297
`Portability
`297
`Renewable Security
`User Interface
`298
`Scaleable
`299
`Efficient Application and Network Design
`Operational Compatibility
`299
`Backward Compatibility
`299
`
`298
`
`295
`
`296
`
`299
`
`Goals for the OpenCable Set-Top Terminal
`
`300
`
`OpenCable Device Models
`Leased
`301
`Retail
`302
`304
`Core Services
`304
`Core Functions and Features
`306
`The Cable Network Interface
`Conditional Access System 310
`Video and Graphics Processing
`Audio Processing
`311
`:
`Microprocessor Subsystem 311]
`Remote Control
`311
`
`300
`
`310
`
`
`
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0016
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`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0016
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`

`

`xvii
`
`Extension Requirements
`
`311
`
`Performance
`
`311
`
`Summary
`
`312
`
`312
`References
`312
`Book
`312
`Standards
`Internet Resources
`
`313
`
`Chapter 15 OpenCable Headend Interfaces
`OCI-H1
`316
`Goals
`317
`Issues
`317
`Reference Architecture
`
`318
`
`315
`
`Development Status
`
`323
`
`323
`OCI-H2
`323
`Goals
`324
`Issues
`Reference Architecture
`
`324
`
`Development Status
`
`325
`
`OCI-H3
`Goals
`Issues
`
`326
`326
`326
`
`Development Status
`
`327
`
`Summary
`
`327
`
`References
`Book
`
`327
`327
`
`328
`Papers
`Standards
`328
`Internet Resources
`
`328
`
`Chapter 16 OCI-N: The Network Interface
`
`331
`
`Scope of OCI-N 332
`
`Issues
`
`332
`
`The Frequency-Domain View 334
`
`Channel Types
`
`335
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0017
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`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0017
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`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`
`Chapter 17
`
`
`
`Chapter 18
`
`
`
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0018
`
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0018
`
`

`

`xix
`
`
`One-Way Operation
`DOCSIS Operation
`
`378
`379
`
`380
`The POD Module
`380
`POD Module Variants
`POD Module Architecture
`PCMCIA Compliance
`382
`MPEG-2 Transport StreamInterface
`Out-of-BandInterface
`382
`CPU Interface
`384
`
`381
`
`385
`Content Protection
`WhyIs Content Protection Required?
`The Content Protection System 385
`Content Protection System Integrity
`PODInterface CopyProtection
`387
`Host Revocation
`388
`
`382
`
`385
`
`387
`
`389
`Applications
`389
`Digital Set-Top
`Digital Set-Top with DOCSIS Cable Modem 391
`Cable ReadyDigital Television
`393
`Issues for Cable Ready Devices
`398
`
`Summary
`
`399
`
`399
`References
`399
`Standards
`Internet Resources
`
`400
`
`Glossary 402
`
`
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0019
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0019
`
`

`

`WEENLE’
`TIMI|CTURE
`aos
`° 006 oe 189 3 6.d for broadcast television
`ane bein called on to support a host of new applications
`and services which require upgrading those cable systems to
`high-speed, two-way communications networks. Consumers,
`industry analysts, and policy observers are asking: Where
`is digital TV headed? Will I be able to get it on cable? Is
`interactive TV for real? What newservices will be offered?
`OpenCable Architecture is the first book to focus on this new
`technology, answering these questions and describing how the
`components of an OpenCable network interconnect.
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0020
`
`LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
`
`6|MII|5
`
`$50.00 USA
`=e
`$74.95 CAN
`lel
`ISBN 1-57870-135-X
`
`95000
`
`9°781578°701353
`
`lution. E
`
`Written by one of the primary architects of the OpenCable
`initiative, this book explains key concepts in practical terms.
`It describes the digital headend, optical transport, distribution
`hub, hybrid-fiber coax, and set-top terminal equipment and
`how these componentsare interconnected.
`
`Whether you’re a television, data communications, or
`telecommunications professional, or an interested layperson,
`OpenCable Architecture will help you understand the technical
`and business issues surrounding interactive television services.
`It will provide you with aninside look at the combined efforts
`of the cable, data, and consumerelectronics industries to
`develop those new services.
`
`Michael Adamsis the principal network architect for Time
`Warner Cable, responsible for all aspects of networking in
`the Pegasus Digital Program. He hasserved as the co-chair
`of the JEC Digital Standards Sub-Committee and as chair of
`the Working Group 3 for the SCTE Digital Video Standards
`Committee. Heis one of the primary architects of the
`OpenCableinitiative, the co-author of the point-of-deployment
`module interface (OCI-C2) specification, and he is the primary
`author of the network interface (OCI-N) specification. Heis
`a founding member of the OpenCable Technical Team.
`
`@ Examine the new architec-
`tures being developed by the
`cable industry as part of the
`OpenCable initiative
`
`@ Review the recenthistory of
`interactive TV, including the
`Time Warner Full Service
`Network and Pegasus program
`
`@ Understand the concepts of
`hybrid fiber coax architecture
`
`ll Learn how the cable TV
`industry is evolving and
`converging with the data
`networking industry
`
`Foreword by Jim Chiddix,
`Chief Technology Officer of
`Time Warner Cable
`
`This bookis a part ofthe
`Cisco Press Core Series that offers
`networking professionals valuable
`information for constructing
`efficient networks, understanding
`new technologies, and building
`successful careers.
`
`Category: Networking
`Covers: OpenCable and Digital TV
`
`Cisco Systems
`
`®
`
`Cisco PREss
`
`www.ciscopress.com
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0020
`
`