5/10/2018
`
`Apple Newton - Wikipedia
`
`Apple Newton
`
`The Newton is a series of personal digital assistants (PDA)
`developed and marketed by Apple Computer, Inc. An early device
`in the PDA category – the Newton originated the term "personal
`digital assistant" – it was the first to feature handwriting
`recognition. Apple started developing the platform in 1987 and
`shipped the first devices in 1993. Production officially ended on
`February 27, 1998. Newton devices run on a proprietary operating
`system, Newton OS; examples include Apple's MessagePad series
`and the eMate 300, and other companies also released devices
`running on Newton OS. Most Newton devices were based on the
`ARM 610 RISC processor and all featured handwriting-based
`input.
`
`The Newton was considered technologically innovative at its
`debut, but a combination of factors, some of which included its
`high price and early problems with its handwriting recognition
`feature, limited its sales. Apple cancelled the platform at the
`direction of Steve Jobs, after his return to Apple, in 1998.
`
`Contents
`Development
`Later history and cancellation
`Product details
`Hardware models
`Application software
`Notes
`Names
`Dates
`Operating system and programming environment
`Data storage
`Package installation, capacity planning, and disaster
`recovery
`Newton technology after cancellation
`Newton emulation
`Future
`Development
`In popular culture
`See also
`References
`External links
`Newton technical documents for programmers
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton
`
`Newton
`
`The Apple Newton MessagePad 2100, running
`Newton OS, alongside the original iPhone
`running iOS
`Apple Computer, Inc.
`Bar PDA
`1993
`February 27, 1998
`Newton OS
`Touch screen
`
`Developer
`Type
`Release date
`Discontinued
`Operating system
`Input
`
`Three Newton MessagePad devices
`with keyboard and LinearFlash
`PCMCIA memory card accessories
`
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`Apple Newton - Wikipedia
`
`General historical information on pen computing
`
`Development
`
`The Newton project was a personal digital assistant platform. The PDA
`category did not exist for most of Newton's genesis, and the phrase "personal
`digital assistant" was coined relatively late in the development cycle by Apple's
`CEO John Sculley,[1] the driving force behind the project. Larry Tesler
`determined that an advanced,
`low-power processor was needed
`for
`sophisticated graphics manipulation. He found Hermann Hauser, with the
`Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) processor, and put together Advanced RISC
`Machines (now ARM Holdings).[2] Newton was intended to be a complete
`reinvention of personal computing. For most of its design lifecycle Newton had
`a large-format screen, more internal memory, and an object-oriented graphics
`kernel. One of the original motivating use cases for the design was known as
`the "Architect Scenario", in which Newton's designers imagined a residential
`architect working quickly with a client to sketch, clean up, and interactively
`modify a simple two-dimensional home plan.
`
`There is, however, an extensive history of pen computing that predates the
`Newton, though not generally in the form of what would now be called a PDA.
`
`For a portion of the Newton's development cycle (roughly the middle third),
`the project's intended programming language was Dylan, a language Apple
`created for this platform, though in fact the language and environment never
`matured enough for any applications to be successfully written. Dylan never
`lived up to its developers' performance expectations. When the move was made
`to a smaller design (designed by Jonathan Ive),[3][4] Dylan was relegated to
`experimental status in the "Bauhaus Project" and eventually canceled outright.
`Its replacement, NewtonScript, had garbage collection and tight integration
`with the "soup" storage and user-interface toolkit, and was specifically
`designed to run in small RAM/large ROM environments. It was mostly
`developed by Walter Smith from 1992 to 1993.
`
`The project missed its original goals to reinvent personal computing, and then
`to rewrite contemporary application programming. The Newton project fell
`victim to project slippage, scope creep, and a growing fear that it would
`interfere with Macintosh sales. It was reinvented as a PDA platform which
`would be a complementary Macintosh peripheral instead of a stand-alone
`computer which might compete with the Macintosh.
`
`The custom ASIC chip inside the
`original Apple Newton H1000
`
`Inside the Apple Newton
`Messagepad H1000, with back
`cover removed
`
`Although PDAs had been developing since the original Psion Organiser in 1984,[5][6] the Newton has left one particular
`lasting impression: the term personal digital assistant was first coined to refer to the Newton.[6]
`
`According to former Apple CEO John Sculley, the corporation invested approximately US$100M to develop Newton.[7]
`
`Later history and cancellation
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton
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`The Newton was considered innovative at its debut, but it suffered from its
`high price and problems with the handwriting recognition element, its most
`anticipated feature. The handwriting software was barely ready by 1993 and its
`tendency to misread characters was widely derided in the media. In particular,
`Garry Trudeau mocked the Newton in a weeklong arc of his comic strip
`Doonesbury, portraying it as a costly toy that served the same function as a
`cheap notepad, and using its accuracy problems to humorous effect. In one
`panel, Michael Doonesbury's Newton misreads the words "Catching on?" as
`"Egg Freckles", a phrase that became widely repeated as an emblem of the
`Newton's problems. Although the software improved substantially in Newton
`OS 2.0, it was not enough to inspire strong sales.[8]
`
`The original color Apple logo on the
`Newton
`
`The Newton became popular in some industries, notably the medical field. However, the debut of the competing Palm
`Pilot substantially reduced its market share. Apple struggled to find a new direction for the Newton, and when Steve Jobs
`returned to the company in 1997, he killed the project. He was critical of the device's weak performance, the management
`of the development team, and the stylus, which he disliked as it prevented the use of the fingers. He was likely also
`motivated by the fact that the Newton was the pet project of his old adversary John Sculley. However, Jobs saw potential
`in the technology and concept, if not the execution, and eventually led Apple to create its multi-touch devices, the iPhone
`and iPad.[8][9]
`
`Product details
`
`Hardware models
`From Apple:
`
`MessagePad (also known as the H1000, OMP or Original MessagePad)
`MessagePad 100 (same hardware as OMP, but newer system version)[10]
`MessagePad 110
`MessagePad 120
`MessagePad 130
`eMate 300
`MessagePad 2000
`MessagePad 2100
`From Motorola:
`
`Motorola Marco
`From Sharp:[11]
`
`Sharp ExpertPad PI-7000 (equivalent to OMP)
`Sharp ExpertPad PI-7100 (equivalent to MP 100)
`From Digital Ocean:
`
`Tarpon[12]
`Seahorse[13]
`From Siemens:
`
`Siemens Note Phone[14]
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton
`
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`From Harris:
`
`Harris SuperTech 2000[15]
`
`Apple Newton - Wikipedia
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`MP100
`
`MP120
`
`eMate 300
`
`MP2000
`
`Application software
`Most Newton devices were pre-loaded with a variety of software to help in personal data organization and management.
`This included such applications as Notes, Names, and Dates, as well as a variety of productivity tools such as a calculator,
`conversion calculators (metric conversions, currency conversions, etc.), time-zone maps, etc. In later/2.x versions of the
`Newton OS these applications were refined, and new ones were added, such as the Works word processor and the Newton
`Internet Enabler, as well as the inclusion of bundled 3rd party applications, such as the QuickFigure Works spreadsheet (a
`"lite" version of Pelicanware's QuickFigure Pro), Pocket Quicken, the NetHopper web browser, and the EnRoute email
`client. Various Newton applications had full import/export capabilities with popular desktop office suite and PIM
`(Personal Information Manager) application file formats, primarily by making use of Apple's bundled Newton Connection
`Utilities (or the older Newton Connection Kit, which had been sold separately for Newton devices that used the 1.x
`versions of the OS).
`
`Notes
`The Notes application allowed users to create small documents that could contain text that had been typed, or that had
`been recognized from handwriting, as well as free-hand sketches, "Shapes", and "ink text".
`
`In version 2.0 of the Newton OS, the Notes application (as well as Names) could accept what Apple termed "stationery",
`3rd-party created plug-in modules that could extend the functionality of the basic applications.
`
`One of the new types of Notes stationery added to Newton OS 2.0 was a hierarchical, bullet-ed, collapsible, multi-line
`"Checklist", an implementation of outliner software. This could be used for organizing thoughts, priorities, "to do" lists,
`planning steps and sub-tasks, etc. Each bullet point could contain as many lines of text as desired. A bullet point could be
`dragged and placed underneath another bullet point, thus forming a hierarchical outline/tree. When a bullet point was
`dragged, the entire sub-tree of child bullet points underneath it (if any) would be dragged along as well. If a bullet point
`had child bullet points, tapping the hollow parent bullet point once would "roll up" or collapse all the children
`("windowshade" effect). The parent bullet point would become a solid black circle and all the children would disappear.
`Tapping the parent bullet point again would make the children re-appear. Because this functionality arrived in Newton OS
`2.0, several third parties made similar software before for OS 1.x Newton machines, the most notable of which was Dyno
`Notepad, released in 1993.
`
`Names
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton
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`
`Photograph of screen displaying
`Checklist, some bullet points
`checked and/or "collapsed"
`
`synchronized to each other.
`
`Apple Newton - Wikipedia
`The Names application was used for storing contacts. Contacts created either
`on the Newton device or on a Windows or Macintosh desktop PIM could be
`synchronized to each other.[16][17] Entering a date in Names for fields such as
`birthday or anniversary automatically created corresponding repeating events
`in the Dates application. Each contact had an attached free-form notes field
`available to it, that could contain any mix of interleaved text, ink text, Shapes,
`or Sketches. Like Notes, Names could be extended by developers, to create
`special new categories of contacts with specialized pre-defined fields. Names
`shipped with 3 types of contacts, "people", "companies", and "groups", but a
`developer could define new types, for instance "client", "patient", etc. Stand
`Alone Software, Inc. also created a Newton software package called the
`Stationery Construction Kit, which allowed users to make stationery
`themselves without aid of any other tools.
`
`Dates
`Dates supplied calendar, events, meeting, and alarms functions, including an
`integrated "to do" list manager. It offered many different display and
`navigation styles, including a list view, graphical day "time blocking" view, or a
`week, month, or year grid. As with Names and Notes, Dates items created
`either on the Newton or on a Windows or Macintosh desktop PIM could be
`
`Operating system and programming environment
`The Newton OS consists of three layers. At the lowest level, a microkernel handles resources like tasks and memory. On
`top of the microkernel, the bulk of the operating system is implemented in C++, including the communications layer,
`handwriting recognition, and the NewtonScript environment. The top layer consists of built-in and user installed
`applications written in NewtonScript.
`
`NewtonScript is an advanced object-oriented programming language, developed by Apple employee Walter Smith.[18]
`Some programmers complained at the $1000 cost of the Toolbox programming environment. Additionally, it required
`learning a new way of programming.
`
`The Newton Toolkit (NTK), an integrated environment tailored to the graphical nature of the Newton platform, was
`developed specifically for developing applications for the Newton platform and included a graphical view editor, a
`template browser, and an interactive inspector window for debugging. Initially, it was only available for Macintosh
`computers, and later a Microsoft Windows version was developed. The Technical Lead for the Newton Toolkit was
`Norberto Menendez; other engineers on the team were Ben Sharpe and Peter Potrebic.
`
`Data storage
`Data in Newton is stored in object-oriented databases known as soups. One of the innovative aspects of Newton is that
`soups are available to all programs; and programs can operate cross-soup; meaning that the calendar can refer to names
`in the address book; a note in the notepad can be converted to an appointment, and so forth; and the soups can be
`programmer-extended—a new address book enhancement can be built on the data from the existing address book. The
`
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`soup system also made it easy to synchronize data, and the Newton Connection tools could be used for importing and
`exporting data. Among many file formats are the Rich Text Format, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Works,
`and many more.
`
`Another consequence of the data-object soup is that objects can extend built-in applications such as the address book so
`seamlessly that Newton users can sometimes not distinguish which program or add-on object is responsible for the
`various features on their own system, because the advanced nature of Newton devices makes it easy to accept such add-
`ons. A user rebuilding their system after extended usage might find themselves unable to manually restore their system to
`the same functionality because some long-forgotten downloaded extension was missing. Data owned and used by
`applications and extensions themselves is tossed in the "Storage" area of the "Extras" drawer in 2.x Newton devices; on 1.x
`systems, they can only be found or removed in the Memory section of the built-in Prefs application, in the Card slip (also
`built-in), or with third-party tools such as NewtCase. There is no built-in distinction between types of data in that area.
`For example, an installed application's icon could be sitting right next to a database of addresses used by another installed
`extension further down the list.
`
`Finally, the data soup concept works well for data like addresses, which benefit from being shared cross-functionally, but it
`works poorly for discrete data sets like files and documents. Later, the 2.0 release of the Newton OS introduced Virtual
`Binary Objects to alleviate the problem of handling large data objects.
`
`Package installation, capacity planning, and disaster recovery
`Several software utilities which accommodate data transfer to and from a host system exist for the following platforms:
`
`Mac OS
`OS X
`UNIX
`Linux
`Microsoft Windows
`
`Newton technology after cancellation
`
`Before the Newton project was canceled, it was "spun off" into an Apple wholly owned subsidiary company, Newton Inc.,
`but was reabsorbed several months later when Apple CEO Gil Amelio was fired by the board and Steve Jobs took over as
`then interim CEO. Two ex-Apple Newton developers founded Pixo, the company that created the operating system for the
`original iPod.
`
`Speculation continued for several years that Apple might release a new PDA with some Newton technology or collaborate
`with Palm. Feeding a bit of speculation, Apple put the "Print Recognizer" part of the Newton 2.1 handwriting recognition
`system into Mac OS X v10.2 (known as "Jaguar"). It can be used with graphics tablets to seamlessly input handwritten
`printed text anywhere there was an insertion point on the screen. This technology, known as "Inkwell", appears in the
`System Preferences whenever a tablet input device is plugged in. An Easter egg in Print Recognizer on the Newton (write
`"ROSETTA! ROSETTA! ROSETTA!", and the Newton will insert "ROSETTA! ROSETTA! Hey, that's me!" instead) was
`present in Inkwell in Mac OS 10.2 and 10.3, but seems to have been removed in 10.4. Larry Yaeger was the author of the
`original Rosetta recognizer on the Newton, and was also responsible for porting it to Mac OS X.[19] The Rosetta name was
`later used for Apple's PowerPC software translation layer for Intel-based Macs.
`
`Some of the handwriting recognition technology from the Newton later found its way into Windows CE. The letter
`preferences menus showing the different ways that people write cursive characters were pixel identical on Windows CE to
`those previously used on the MessagePad..
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton
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`At an All Things Digital conference in 2004, Steve Jobs made reference to a new "Apple PDA" (perhaps a successor to the
`Newton) which the company had developed but had decided not to bring to market.[20] The tablet likely eventually evolved
`into the iPhone or iPad..
`
`Newton emulation
`Since 2004, the Einstein Project[21] has been working on emulating the Newton for use as an alternate OS on other
`platforms. It is currently available for the Sharp Zaurus, Apple's Mac OS X, Nokia Maemo, Microsoft Windows, and the
`Pepper Pad 3. The emulator is an open source project, but requires an original Newton ROM to be installed in order to
`function. Since September 2010, Einstein also runs on iPhones, iPads, and the Android operating system since March
`2011.[22]
`
`Future
`A possible Newton revival was at one time a common source of speculation among the Macintosh user base; when patents
`for a tablet based Macintosh were applied for,[23] rumor sites jumped at the possibility of a new tablet PC-style Macintosh.
`This later turned out to be the iPad, which currently runs Apple's proprietary iOS System Software.
`
`In September 2009, Michael Tchao, who pitched the original Newton concept to John Sculley[24], returned to Apple.[25]
`Michael Tchao is now the VP of iPad Product Marketing.
`
`Development
`Programs have been written for the Newton since its cancellation,[26] including an RSS reader.[27]
`
`In popular culture
`
`The MessagePad was featured in an August 1993 installment of Garry Trudeau's popular political cartoon Doonesbury,
`where its handwriting recognition was mocked. The fifth of six panels of the strip[28] showed the Newton producing the
`text "egg freckles" in response to input. This phrase was subsequently included as a trigger for an easter egg in later
`editions of the MessagePad, producing a panel from the strip when it was entered on the device. Apple subsequently
`donated a MessagePad to Trudeau.[29]
`
`During the Simpsons episode "Lisa on Ice", first broadcast in 1994, a scene also makes fun of the Newton's handwriting
`recognition. Bully Kearney has Dolph take a memo on an Apple Newton to beat up class nerd Martin Prince. When Dolph
`writes "Beat up Martin" on the screen, the handwriting recognition turns it into "Eat up Martha". Kearney then just throws
`the Newton at the back of Martin's head. This scene is referred to in the 2015 movie Steve Jobs.
`
`In Serial Experiments Lain, a common portable computing device, known as a HandiNavi (named after the Apple product
`concept, The Knowledge Navigator), is heavily influenced by the Newton.
`
`During Apple's March 21, 2016 keynote conference, a celebration video called "40 Years in 40 Seconds" was unveiled. The
`video featured flashing text of names from Apple's most notable products and taglines in their forty-year history, including
`Newton. However, in Newton's case, it was the only name depicted in the video being explicitly scratched out, referencing
`the full cancellation of the product line.[30]
`
`See also
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton
`
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`iPhone
`Pocket-sized computer
`iPad
`
`References
`
`Apple Newton - Wikipedia
`
`1. Hormby, Tom (February 7, 2006). "The Story Behind Apple's Newton" (http://lowendmac.com/2013/the-story-behind-a
`pples-newton/). Low End Mac.
`2. Kuehl Julie; Martellaro, John; Greelish, David (January 13, 2012). "John Sculley: The Truth About Me, Apple, and
`Steve Jobs Part 2" (http://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/john_sculley_the_full_transcript_part2/). The Mac
`Observer. Retrieved January 20, 2012. "[...] Larry [Tesler] realized that if you’re going to do very sophisticated
`graphics manipulation on a handheld product, that no processor existed at that time that was both powerful and low
`powered enough to be able to even attempt that. Larry Tesler found a man in the UK named Hermann Hauser who
`had founded the Acorn computer company. [...] a new company that we had to put together that was 47 percent
`owned by Apple, it was 47 percent owned by Olivetti, a name from the past, and the rest of it was owned by Hermann
`Hauser. And this company we called ARM."
`3. "Who Is Jonathan Ive? An in-depth look at the man behind Apple's design magic" (http://www.businessweek.com/mag
`azine/content/06_39/b4002414.htm). BusinessWeek. September 25, 2006.
`4. "Cyber Elite: Jonathan Ive" (https://web.archive.org/web/20000819145006/http://www.time.com/time/digital/cyberelite/
`44.html). Time Digital. 2000. Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/digital/cyberelite/44.html) on August
`19, 2000.
`5. "PDA" (http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/aSGuest22971-219207-pda-enter-tags-rohith-girish-shyamprasad-
`entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/). authorSTREAM. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
`6. History of PDAs blog (http://www.bloggersbase.com/gadgets-and-Mobile/history-of-pdas-part-1/) Archived (https://we
`b.archive.org/web/20110708015619/http://www.bloggersbase.com/gadgets-and-Mobile/history-of-pdas-part-1/) July 8,
`2011, at the Wayback Machine.
`7. Kawamoto, Dawn (October 2, 2003). "Riding the next technology wave" (https://web.archive.org/web/2012020520121
`9/http://news.cnet.com/2008-7351-5085423.html). Newsmaker. CNET. Archived from the original (http://news.cnet.co
`m/2008-7351-5085423.html) on February 5, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
`8. Evans, David S.; Hagiu, Andrei; Schmalensee, Richard (2008). Invisible Engines: How Software Platforms Drive
`Innovation and Transform Industries (https://books.google.com/books?id=5Wx6-uv-DSkC&pg=PA397&dq=Evans,+Ha
`giu,+and+Schmalensee&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMIu_zm_v6XyQIVS5IeCh1q2gh7#v=onepage&q=
`Newton&f=false). MIT Press. pp. 160–161. ISBN 0262262649.
`9. Honan, Matt (August 5, 2013). "Remembering the Apple Newton's Prophetic Failure and Lasting Impact" (https://www.
`wired.com/2013/08/remembering-the-apple-newtons-prophetic-failure-and-lasting-ideals/). WIRED. Retrieved
`November 17, 2015.
`10. Luckie, Douglas. "Newton MessagePad" (https://www.msu.edu/~luckie/gallery/mp100.htm). Luckie's Homepage.
`Retrieved 18 July 2015.
`11. Luckie, Douglas. "Sharp's Newton ExpertPad" (https://www.msu.edu/~luckie/gallery/epad.htm). Luckie's Homepage.
`Retrieved 18 July 2015.
`12. Quinlan, Tom (9 January 1995). "Newton-based PDA announced" (https://books.google.com.br/books?id=nToEAAAA
`MBAJ&pg=PA39). InfoWorld (Vol. 17, No. 2). InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
`13. Ortiz, Kedesh. "Back before iPhones and Androids, we had these..." (http://www.hypeorlando.com/tech-under-the-su
`n/2014/03/11/the-history-of-the-first-smarphones/) Tech Under The Sun. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
`14. Genghis7777. "Siemens NotePhone" (http://myapplenewton.blogspot.com.br/2012/04/siemens-notephone.html). My
`Apple Newton. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
`15. Schmidt, Tim (19 February 1996). "Discord in hardwareland" (https://books.google.com.br/books?id=cw4EAAAAMBA
`J&pg=PA47). Network World (Vol. 13, No. 8). IDG Network World Inc. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
`16. Apple Computer. "Newton Connection Utilities ReadMe" (http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=38006),
`Apple, July 24, 1997
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton
`
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`5/10/2018
`17. Apple Computer. "Newton Connection Utilities Features" (http://www.oldschool.net/newton/papers/ncu.html#NCU),
`Newton Source
`18. "Walter Smith, software guy" (http://waltersmith.us/). waltersmith.us. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
`19. Handwriting Recognition Technology in the Newton's Second Generation “Print Recognizer” (The One That Worked)
`(http://wwnc.newtontalk.net/2004/program/larryyaeger/slides-larryyaeger.pdf), By Larry Yaeger - Apple Computer,
`World Wide Newton Conference, September 4–5, 2004, Slides
`20. Jobs: Apple developed, but did not ship Apple PDA (http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/04/06/07/jobs_apple_develo
`ped_but_did_not_ship_apple_pda.html), By Kasper Jade, June 7, 2004, AppleInsider
`21. "pguyot/Einstein" (https://code.google.com/p/einstein/). GitHub. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
`22. Apple Newton on Android (http://myapplenewton.blogspot.com/2011/03/apple-newton-on-android.html), March 13,
`2011, My Apple Newton
`23. Appleinsider, Euro filing reveals Apple handheld design images, August 13, 2004 (http://www.appleinsider.com/article.
`php?id=600)
`24. Remembering the Apple Newton's Prophetic Failure and Lasting Impact, Wired, August 2013,
`https://www.wired.com/2013/08/remembering-the-apple-newtons-prophetic-failure-and-lasting-ideals/
`25. Stone, Brad (September 28, 2009). "Apple Rehires a Developer of Its Newton Tablet" (http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2
`009/09/28/apple-rehires-newton-and-nike-marketing-whiz/). Bits. New York Times. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
`26. "United Network of Newton Archives" (http://www.unna.org/recent/). www.unna.org. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
`27. "40Hz" (http://40hz.org/Pages/40Hz). 40hz.org. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
`28. "Doonesbury Comic Strips by Garry Trudeau" (http://doonesbury.washingtonpost.com/strip/set/24).
`doonesbury.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
`29. Markoff, John (December 18, 1995). "Doonesbury' and Apple Hatch a Comic Surprise" (https://www.nytimes.com/199
`5/12/18/business/doonesbury-and-apple-hatch-a-comic-surprise.html). New York Times. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
`30. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtY0K2fiFOA
`
`External links
`
`Newton technical documents for programmers
`NewtonScript Programming: NewtonScript is the native programming language for all MessagePads
`
`The Newton Application Architecture (https://web.archive.org/web/20080724074742/http://newton.vyx.net/documentat
`ion/COMPCON-Arch.pdf)
`Newton Tool Kit (NTK) Integrated Development Environment Manual (https://web.archive.org/web/20080528081216/h
`ttp://newton.tek-ed.com/NewtonToolKit_win/NTK/Winntk16.pdf)
`The Newton Application Architecture (http://beepdf.com/doc/122155/newton_archi.html)
`A quick introduction to programming in NewtonScript using NTK (https://web.archive.org/web/20081014160506/http://
`home.satx.rr.com/dumbstart/tutorial/tutorial1.htm)
`The NewtonScript Programming Language (Apple Manual). (http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonScript
`ProgramLanguage.pdf)
`Newton Programmer's Guide, OS 2.0 (http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonProgrammerGuide20.pdf)
`Newton Programmer's Guide, OS 2.1 Addendum (http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonProgrammerGuid
`e21Add.pdf)
`Newton Programmer's Reference, OS 2.0 (http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonProgrammerRef20.pdf)
`Newton OS 2.1 Engineering Documents (http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/NewtonOS21EngDoc.pdf)
`Explanation of NewtonScript Prototyping (http://waltersmith.us/wp-content/uploads/2005/12/OOPSLA95.pdf)
`Newton User Interface Specification Guide (http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/Newton20UIGuide.pdf)
`
`General historical information on pen computing
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton
`
`9/10
`
`Petitioners Exhibit 1016 - Page 9
`
`

`

`Apple Newton - Wikipedia
`5/10/2018
`Notes on the (relatively unknown) History of Pen-based Computing (http://ruetersward.com/pens/penhist.html)
`Notes on the History of Pen-based Computing (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xnqKdWMa_8) on YouTube
`Annotated Bibliography in Pen Computing (http://ruetersward.com/biblio.html)
`
`Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_Newton&oldid=833535192"
`
`This page was last edited on 1 April 2018, at 04:50.
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`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton
`
`10/10
`
`Petitioners Exhibit 1016 - Page 10
`
`