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`The Architecture
`
`of Videotex
`
`Systems
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`
`
`THE ARCHITECTURE
`
`OF VIDEOTEX
`
`SYSTEMS
`
`.:::
`E
`
`.
`.
`.:::
`E
`E
`i
`:::- :::- ::r
`
`Jan Gecsei
`
`Université de Monrréa!
`
`Prentice-Hall, Inc.
`
`Engfewood CHffs, New Jersey 0?632
`
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`

`Library at Congress Cstaioging in Publication Data
`Gusset. Jan [data]
`The archltetture of vldaotex systems.
`Bibliography: p.
`Includes index.
`1. Violante: {Data transmission system}
`TKEWBBGS 1983
`384
`63-3153
`[SEN 0-13-044Tr'fi—5
`
`I. Title
`
`Editorial iproduction supenrision
`and interior design by Kathryn Goiir‘n Marshak
`Cover design by Ben Santora
`Manufacturing buyer: Gordon Osboume
`
`Cover photograph courtesy of the Departan of Communications.
`Government of Canada
`
`(C) 1983 by PrentioeHaii. Ind. Englewood Cliffs. NJ 07632
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book
`may be reproduced in any form or by any means
`without permission in writing from the publisher.
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`10937554321
`
`ISBN EI-lB-UliLi??l:.-5
`
`Prentice-Hall International, Inn. London
`Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited. Sydney
`Editora Premiers-Hail do Brasil, Lida. Rio de Janette
`Prentioe'HaJi Canada Inc.. Toronto
`Prentice-Hail of indie Private Limited. New Delhi
`Prentice-Hall of Japan. Ino, Tokyo
`Prentioe~Hall of Southeast Asia Pte. Ltd.. Singapore
`Whitehall Books Limited, Wellington. New Zeaiand
`
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`

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`To Alice, Korynna, and Dora,
`who were patient and fed me
`
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`

`Contents
`
`‘
`
`Preface
`
`Part
`
`|
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`Chapter 1
`
`Introduction
`
`1.1 The Realm of Videotex
`
`3
`
`I .2 Components and Terminology
`User Terminals. 8
`
`7
`
`Conwuters, 8
`Service—Provider Terminais, 9
`Communication Newarks, 9
`Terrmrwtogy, 9
`
`1.3 Teletext and Viewdata
`
`I0
`
`1.4 Evolution
`
`11
`
`Key Contributions. [2
`
`xv
`
`1
`
`3
`
`vi!
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`viii
`
`Chapter 2 Aopiicarions and Compiementary Systems
`
`Contents
`
`14'
`
`2.1 Videotex Applications
`Diversity, M
`A Grass Classification, i6
`Application Areas, 16
`
`14
`
`18
`2.2 Complementary Systems
`Home Computer and Home Tenninal Newer-ks. 18
`Eiecrt'onic Mail and Teietex, 20
`
`Office Automation. 20
`Timefiharing and Oa~Litte Data Retrievai. 2 I
`Computer-Aided Instruction, 21
`Private and Videotex—Det-ivativa Systems, 21
`
`Chapter 3
`
`Videotex Architecture
`
`3.1 Computer Nelworks
`
`23
`
`3 .2 The 051 Reference Model
`
`25
`
`Standardizing the Protocols, 28
`
`3.3 Videotex in OS] Perspective
`Archite! Pt'otocois. 30
`
`Part
`
`II
`
`THE COMMUNICATIONS LEVEL
`
`Introduction, 33
`
`Ciassificatioa, 33
`Delivery Protocols; 34
`
`Chapter 4
`
`Delivery Media
`
`4.1 The Telephone Network
`Modem, 3 7
`Data Rates, 38
`
`36
`
`4.2
`
`Integrated Services Digital Networks
`Digital Carriers, .39
`Service Integration, 40
`
`39
`
`23
`
`33
`
`36
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`Contents
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`ix
`
`41
`4.3 Cable Systems
`Physical Structure, 41
`Two-Way Operation. 43
`Splitting the Bandwidth, 43
`Transmission Techniques, 44
`Characteristics of Cable—Based Videotex Delivery System. 44
`
`4.4 Fiber Optics
`
`45
`
`4.5 Data Transmission over the TV Video Signal (DOV)
`Prina'pies ofTV Transmission. 46
`Data over Video, 4 7
`
`46
`
`Data—Line Assignment, 49
`Transmission Rates, '50
`
`Error Handling in DOV, 5i
`Technicai Criteria Used to Assess Reception Qttaiifir. 52
`Error Detection and Correction. 54
`Genera! Data Format in DOV. 55
`
`Chapter 5 Teietext
`
`58
`
`5.1 History: Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Systems
`Synchronous Transm'ssion. 59
`Asynchronous Transmission.“ the Didon Concept, 60
`
`58
`
`6!
`5.2 UK. Teletext
`Enhanced U .K. Teietea. 63
`
`Gearing, 63
`
`5.3 Didon-Antiope
`
`64
`
`5 .4 The France-CanadszBS Standard Proposal (FCSP)
`051 Layers, 66
`Channel Numbers, Page Narnbers. and Multiplexing, 68
`
`65
`
`5.5 Standardization in Teletext
`
`69
`
`5.6 Short Summary of Teletext Evolution
`
`70
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`x
`
`Chapter 6 Topology of Videotex Networks
`
`Contents
`
`71
`
`6.]
`
`Packet—Switching Networks
`Public Networks, 72
`Packer Switching. 72
`Applications ofPSN. 74
`Access 1'0 PSN. 74
`
`72
`
`6.2 Elements of Videotex Networks
`Access Machines, 76
`
`75
`
`7?
`6.3 Network Types
`Centralized and Replicared Databases. 77
`Inclusion ofPacker-Switcbing Nenvorks, 79
`Hybrld Nenvorks. 8!
`
`82
`6.4 Network Examples
`Prestel Advanced Network Design Architecture (PANDA), 82
`Bildscbirmtexi Newark, 83
`
`The Vélz'zy Field Trial. 83
`Captain Newark Architecture. 88
`INDAX Interactive Cable Network, 88
`The IDA Trial, 90
`
`Part III
`
`THE PRESENTATION LEVEL
`
`Chapter 7 Principles of Presentation Coding
`
`93
`
`95
`
`7 .1 The Television Set as Display
`The Display Area. 95
`Venical and Horizoaral Resolution; 96
`Character Cells, 98
`
`95
`
`Character Rounding, 98
`Number oj'Cbaracrers per Raw, 99
`Number quows per Page, I0!
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`xi
`
`Contents
`
`7.2
`
`7".3
`
`T4
`
`Image—Coding Options
`Mosaic Coding. 102
`Geometric Coding, N34
`Photographic Coding, [04
`
`102
`
`Code Tables and Code Extension
`Srrncmre of Code Tabies, i 07
`Code Eriension Stat-Mara. 1'08
`Contra! Set Functions. i i I
`
`107
`
`H2
`Coding of Display Attributes
`Handling of'Coarroi Codes in the Terminai. I 13
`Serial Attributes in Fixed-Format Teierext, i i 5
`Applicablity of A trribates, I i7
`Reconeiiing Seria.’ and Parallel Attributes, i i 9
`Stack Model, 120
`
`Coding of Coiors and Gray Scales, i22
`
`Chapter 8 Presentation Coding in Practice
`
`124
`
`8.1
`
`8.2
`
`8.3
`
`Major Presentation Systems: An Overview
`Mosaic Systems: Presiei and Aniiape. J24
`Picture Fresnel. 125
`
`124
`
`Captain, 125
`Tendon: The Geometric Option. 127
`Conparer Graphics, 127
`PDIs, J29
`
`Aiiernart'ves to Geometric Ceating, 130
`
`Standards and Unified Presentation Systems
`SJOO. 1'3?
`
`I31
`
`CEFT Recommendation. I32
`CEPT Terminai. 134
`
`The UK. Mani—Level Presentation Sysiem, 1'34
`North American PLPS, 135
`
`Compatibility and Standards
`The Nature of Compaiibiiinr, i4}
`PLPS and CEPT Standards. i42
`
`141
`
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`xii
`
`Chapter 9 Terminais
`
`Contents
`
`144
`
`9.1 Classification and Features
`
`144
`
`Types of User Tenninais, 144
`Muiristcmdard Teminais, I46
`
`inzeiiigenr TEi‘miflfliS. 146
`Componem Television, 146
`
`9.2
`
`Internal Structure of Terminals
`
`149
`
`Data Reception. 50
`Data Seieetion. .150
`Control Processor, 152
`Dispiay Memry and Generator, .i 52
`Page Memories. 153
`Bit Piane Memries, 1'54
`
`Reference Tenninai, 15 7
`151' Technoiogy in Terminals. 158
`
`9.3
`
`Service—Provider Terminals (SPT)
`Feaiures. 159
`
`159
`
`VIPS {Videotex informrion-Provider System). i6i
`
`Part IV
`
`THE APPLICATION LEVEL
`
`Chapter 10 Databases for Videotex
`
`10.1 A Brief Review
`
`167
`
`168
`10.2 Page-Oriented Databases
`Accessing the Informafien. I 70
`Problems with the Tree Structure. 17}
`
`[0.3 The User InteIfaee
`F .300. 1'73
`
`173
`
`10.4 Databases for Teletext
`
`I74
`
`Transmission SeqHEflce, 175
`Tree Srrecnires. 176
`
`Captioning, 1’77
`
`Chapter 11 Gateways and Data Distribution
`
`11.1 Database Distribution
`
`179
`
`180
`11.2 Access to External Computers
`Comparibiiit‘y with Exiemai Comptuers, i8i
`Gateway Airenmiives. 182
`
`165
`
`167
`
`179
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`xiii
`
`794
`
`211
`
`213
`
`Contents
`
`11.3 Examples
`1‘84
`The BiidschirmtexflPrestel Gateway. 185
`WET, 188
`
`Cableshare Viewdata Gateway. 192
`
`Chapter 12 Videotex Computers and Systems
`
`12.1
`
`12.2
`
`12.3
`
`12.4
`
`12.5
`
`12.6
`
`Features of Access Machines
`
`194
`
`The Telidon Computer of the DOC
`
`195
`
`The Bildschinntext Videotex Center
`
`198
`
`200
`Stefia—Videopac
`Database Mamgemem. 202
`Accessing Pages, 204
`
`The French Electmm'c Directory
`
`204
`
`207
`Teletext Computers
`Data Exchange bemeen Teletext Systems, 208
`
`Part V
`
`COMPLEMENTARYISSUES
`
`Chapter 13 The User Interface
`
`13.]
`
`13.2
`
`13.3
`
`13.4
`
`13.5
`
`13.6
`
`214
`Question-Answer Interfaces
`EnhanCements of Menu Selection System. 215
`
`217
`Keyword—Based Interaction
`Pre- and Past-Coordinate Procassring, 217
`
`Keywords in Videotex
`Design Issues, 219
`Simiiarirfes Between Menus emf Keywords. 220
`Post-Coordinate Search in Télétef, 221
`
`218
`
`21
`Query Languages
`Arn'fi'ez’a! Lcmgneges, 223
`Nemralianguage Imetfaces. 224
`
`226
`Browsing in Data Spaces
`Spatial Management ofDnm, 227
`Interface Languages for Videotex, 2310
`
`Towards a User Psychology
`
`230
`
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`xiv
`
`Chapter 14 Distributed Processing in Videotex
`
`14.1
`
`Intelligent Tenninals and Telcsoftware
`Teiesofiware Protocols and Standards. 235
`
`234
`
`14.2 The Austrian Approach to Tclesofbware
`
`238
`
`14.3 Toward Disll'ibuted Processing in Videotex Networks
`
`240
`
`Chapter 15 Efficiency and Performance in Videoiex
`
`243
`15.1 Queuing Models
`Open and Closed Modeis. 244
`Smie Calculations, 247
`
`15 .2 Access Model for Tree—Snuctured Databases
`
`252
`
`Markov Chain Mode! ofPage Access, 253
`
`15.3 Optimization of Teletext Transmission Sequences
`
`257
`
`References
`
`index
`
`Contents
`
`233
`
`243
`
`262
`
`269
`
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`

`m as: ==: == :3: =3: =m
`
`as: in: IE." ER: as” Is:= in: :53 r:
`
`Videotex is one of the recent developments combining advances in computers, telecom-
`munications technology, and consumer electronics. The ambition of videotex is no less
`than to upgrade today’s mass communication media into computerized mass information
`utilities.
`
`It might seem that videotex is suffering from an identity crisis; indeed, there are
`numerous closely related developments, such as electronic mail, on—line information ser-
`vices, and home computing, to name only a few. But in spite of the lack of a clean
`academic definition, a number of well—established systems (such as Prestel, Telidon,
`Bildsahirmtext, and Te’létel) are operational and under development in many countries,
`backed by technical expertise and sizeable investments frorn business interests. Underly-
`ing these systems, there is a considerable amount of accumulated knowledge, experi-
`ence, and open research problems, most of which are highly technical and videotex—
`specific. HDWever, so far there are few publications attempting to explain systematically
`these issues and to relate them to the traditional disciplines of computer networks, com-
`munications, and database technology. This may be caused, at least partly, by the enor-
`mous rate of change witnessed by videoteit, and the ensuing danger of rapid obsoles-
`cence of any book on the subject. Howevm, thesc very same reasons call for such an
`undertaking in order to clarify the basic concepts behind the maze of systems.
`approaches, standards, proposals, and counter-preposals flooding the desks of videotex
`managers, designers. engineers, and students.
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`xvi
`
`Preface
`
`The emphasis of this book is thus on the technical aspects of television—based video-
`tex. The subject matter is divided into five parts. Part [provides an introduction to video-
`tex and background material about similar systems and computer networks. Parts H, 111,
`and IV are the core of the book, and they loosely follow the architectural layers of the ISO
`Open Systems Interconnection model (described in Chapter 3). Part II treats ISO layers 1
`through 5, here collectively called the communications level. The subjects involved are
`the physical media used to transmit and deliver videotex information, the underlying pro-
`tocols, and the communication structure of videotex networks. Part [[1 is concerned with
`the presentation level (ISO layer ti)° treating in detail the image-coding options in current
`use, their impact on terminal design, and the related problems of national and intema—
`tional standardization. Part IV—the application level—deals with databases for videotex
`and teletext, gateways. Service computers, and service providers‘ equipment. The three
`chapters of Part V touch upon themes important for the future of videotex: alternative
`methods of interfacing with the user, telesoftware (seen as the key to distributed process-
`ing in videotex) and methods of performance evaluation.
`Readers familiar with the basic notions involving computers, conununications, and
`databases. or having some experience in videotex, should have no difficulty in following
`the text. (Chapter 15 is a possible exception.) Most concepts used in the text are defined
`or explained, although not necessarily at their first occurrence.
`A few words are in order on what the book is not about. The limitations imposed
`by our book’s scope and extent have excluded the treatment of a number of areas closely
`related and vitally important to videotex technology. Some of these areas are: social
`impact, legal and regulatory issues, financial and marketing aspects, field trial and user
`penetration statistics,
`the dynamics of service provider activity, and the esthetic and
`psychological aspects of page creation, For an in-depth treatment of these (and other)
`issues the reader is referred to a recent book by Tydeman et al. (1982) and to the care—
`fully prepared and informative Videotex Report Series published by Butler Cox 8;
`Partners Ltd.
`in London.
`
`ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
`
`The author is indebted to many persons for their assistance in the preparation of this text.
`Dr. Mike Sablatash, the owner of probably the best collection of literature on videotex in
`Canada, kindly opened up his files and provided invaluable help in documentation. Dr.
`Walter Ciciora. Professor Herman Maurer, Professor Frank Tompa, Andy TenneSens,
`Bob Baser, Professor Stan Selkow, Professor Gregor von Bechmann and Dr. Mike
`Sablatash read the manuscript and suggested a large number of significant improvements
`in both style and substance. Many people from many organizations in many countries
`contributed their valuable time to intentiows with the author. Special thanks go to Denise
`St—Michel for her expert work on the preparation of the numerous versions of the
`manuscript. The author gratefully acknowledges the support of Université de Montreal
`and of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada during a sab-
`batical leave that permitted the writing of this book.
`
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`

`Preface
`
`xvii
`
`Figures 5.1 and 7.4, and Plates 1, 2, and 3 were provided by Dr. W. Ciciora of
`Zenith Corporation; PlaIeS 4, 5, 8 by CCETT Rennes; Figure 7.2 by W. C. Treurniet and
`Figure 7.7 by S. Shlien, both of the Government of Canada Department of Communica-
`tions (DOC); and Figure 9.10 by Bell-Norman Research. Plate 7 is reproduced courtesy
`of the DOC. Copyright permissions for materials included in Chapters 6, 10, 12 and 13
`are acknowledged to IEEE, Press Porcépic. and DOC.
`The specific sequences in all lists of people, countries, systems, etc., in this book
`should be considered as arbitrary in terms of relative siglufieance. The word “he” used
`in a nonspecific sense should be interpreted throughout the text as “she or he.“
`
`Jan Gecsei
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`The Architecture
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`of Videotex
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`Systems
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`

`Part I
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`The purpose of the chapters in Part I is tWofold. Chapters 1 and 2 give a “first pass"
`assessment of the nature, structure, tenninoiogy, and applicability of videotex systems.
`Chapters 2 and 3 provide background information on related topics. such as complemen-
`tary videotex-ljke informtion systems, computer networks, and the Open Systems Inter-
`connection reference model.
`
`P
`
`EpmCAPMI
`
`
`
`hb11XD.0
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`.thVnoP
`
`H..n_Ua
`9M21
`5C08
`158
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`1
`
`Introduction
`
`1.1 THE REALM OF VIDEOTEX
`
`Costs of mass—produccd digital devices declined in the mid-19705 to the critical level at
`which forms of this technology came within the reach of the average consumer. Digital
`watches and pocket calculators (a “mass-computation medium") were among the first
`manifestations of this new situation.
`
`Videotex, a new digital mass-communication medium based on a blend of televi—
`sion, communications, and computer technologies, is another development driVen by the
`same cost trend. Just as calculators continue to evolve towards models with more com—
`
`plex features and towards home computers. so is videotex moving rapidly from its initial
`scope (as a simple Incans of information retrieval for use in the home), to incorporate
`advanced applications known so far only in systems designed for specialized users.
`Therefore, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ask—or rather to answer—the ques—
`tion: What is videotex?
`_
`Numerous authors haVe offered definitions ranging from crisp, factual technical
`description to almcst philosophical statements (that in effect amount to a refusal to
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`
`
`4
`
`Background
`
`Part I
`
`define) in which they argue that the technology is not yet mature and stable enough to
`support a durable definition.
`'
`To illustrate the first type of definition, we include three formal definitions of
`videotex:
`
`1. Videotex consists of “systems for the widespread dissemination of textual and
`graphic information by wholly electronic means for display on low-cost terminals
`(often suitably equipped television receivers) under the selective control of the
`recipient, using control procedures easily understood by untrained users" (see
`Tyler, 1979, in the reference section at the back of the book).
`2. “Videotex is a medium for transmitting text and simple graphics. The usual
`display is a color TV receiver. The information is digitally encoded for transmis-
`sion. The information is organized into pages" (see Ciciora et al., 1979).
`3. “Videotex is the genetic name used for electronic systems that use a modified TV
`set to display computer-based information. Interactive systems using, typically, the
`TV set and the telephone line, are called telephone—based or interactive videotex.
`Broadcast services are called broadcast videotex (teletext)" (see Winsbury, 1979).
`
`As an example of the more cautious approach to definition we quote Plummer
`(1979):
`“Given this prenatal stage in the evolution of the field, we think it most appropri-
`ate to consider teletext and videotex as a phenomenon—not just technologies." He goes
`on to define seven basic dimeusions of the “phenomenon”: technology, system design,
`content, users, service providers, economics of system operation, and regulatory and
`policy environment.
`The early date of this observation does little harm to its timeliness. 0n the con-
`trary: today, when the potential for new applications and technology alternatives is more
`fully appreciated, and with the emergence of parallel home information systems,
`videotex becomes increasingly harder to characterize than it was in 1919.
`Instead of trying to draw a sharp boundary between videotex and the rest of the
`world, it is more realistic to imagine videotex as a fuzzy set represented by a number of
`conCentric circles, as in Figure 1.1. Besides serving as illustration and reference, defini-
`tions 1—3 above reflect well what is at the hard core of the set: low-cost and simpler-
`use information services for the general public, employing the television as display. The
`degree of membership in the fuzzy set (or “videotex-ness”) is highest in the center and
`decreases toWards the periphery as videotex blends into similar and related systems and
`applications (present and planned for the future).
`The fuzziness of the set has been accentuated by the advent of gateways that
`enable links to be made between videotex and virtually any information or computing
`service. It might, after all, be less frustrating and more useful to think of videotex in an
`application—independent manner, as,
`for example, a new communication medium,
`value-added television, value-added telephone. or simply a milestone on the way
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`Chap. 1
`
`Introduction
`
`5
`
`mforma‘tion
`
`
`
`
`
`swig
`1'
`
`WWW
`ed,
`
`
`
`
`
`information
`retrieVal
`
`TV set as
`
` Pflmte systems
`Electronic oifi‘fi'
`
` COW“ bins for all, wired new“
`
`Figure 1 .l Videotex as a fuzzy set; ' ‘videotex—ness" decreases toward the Inflphery.
`
`towards creating the “wired nation.” One can even hear descriptions of videotex as “the
`cheap computer network,” “friendly time-shining with pictures,” or “just another
`termina .”
`
`However, the above observations apply mostly to tWO—way videotex, which tends
`to converge with other forms of data processing. Teletext, due to its unique oneway
`transmission scheme, is less prone to such loss of identity.
`As a communication channel, videotex can be roughly characterized in terms of
`the size of the audience and the time to disseminate information (see Tanabe, 1981).
`
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`
`
`6
`
`Dissemination
`Lime
`
`Background
`
`Part I
`
`
`
`3m
`
`1m
`
`iw
`
`3d
`
`24h
`
`12]]
`
`6h
`
`lh
`
`Monthly and
`
`weekly journals
`
`
`
`Daily
`newspapers
`
`Radio,
`TV
`
`
`
`Interactive
`videotex
`
`100
`
`J—
`lCIEIG
`
`_|_ _|_ ___ Size of audience
`10,000
`105
`persons
`
`Figure 1.2 Comparison of comrtmnication media.
`
`This is shown in Figure 1.2, in which several communication media are plotted. Interac-
`tive videotex fills a gap, as indicated.
`From a technical point of View, videotex is a special case of cornputer networks. It
`is not a brand~new procedure based on some glamorous breakthrough; its originality is
`rather in its combination of existing technologies. Perhaps the most unique aspect of
`videotex is that the display characteristics available on television sets (namely color
`capabilities and limited resolution) are fully taken into account and anchored in a number
`of presentation standards.
`A seldom-mentioned but important consequence of the fact that videotex is largely
`aimed at the general public and at computer—naive professiOnals is the prospect (or hope)
`of planting into the minds of these people practical notions of information technology,
`disguised as additional functions of the familiar television technology. This strategy, if it
`Works, can lead to tremendous user penetration, proportional to the number of TV sets in
`use (about 160 million in the US. in 1982). Ptedictions for the percentage of US. TV
`households subscribing to some form of videotex service in 1990 vary between 5% and
`90%. A similar strategy aims at gradually supplementing every telephone set in France
`with an electronic directory terminal. It is such psychological strategy factors. and not
`the various particularities of coding, display, and possible Services,
`that distinquish
`Videotex from similar information systems.
`The prospective user of an information network such as The Source has to make a
`major decision in becoming a subscriber. In order to make this decision to subscribe, he
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`Chap. 1
`
`Introduction
`
`7
`
`has to be well-informed about the benefits of the available services, and will probably be
`sufficiently motivated to subscribe (and buy a tel-mine] or home computer) only if the
`offered applications match his needs. With videotex, the decision is less dramatic; it is
`rather like adding a cable converter or a remote ccmtrol unit to one’s television. or buy-
`ing a more expensive model with new built—in features. This is especially the case with
`teletext. which requires neither the additional manipulation of a telephone nor an ongo-
`ing charge.
`
`1.2 COMPONENTS AND TERMINOLOGY
`
`A typical two—way videoth system (if such a thing exists) is outlined in Figure 1.3. It
`has four (groups of) main physical components:
`
`a user terminals
`
`. computers
`
`0 service—provider terminals and systems
`- conununication networks to interconnect with other components.
`
`User terminal
`
`(telephone)
`
`Communication
`network
`
`Communication
`network
`
`AM: Access machine [service computer)
`DB: Database
`EC:
`External computer
`SPT: Service-provider terminal
`P'SN: Packet switclfing network
`
`Figure 1.3 Typical two-way videotex system.
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`
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`B
`
`_ Background
`
`Part I
`
`Roughly speaking, these components are administered andlor owned by the fol-
`lowing organizational entities: users (service consumers), who are often the owners of
`terminal equipment; videorex system operators. who run some of the service computers;
`service providers, who supply and maintain the contents of databases and other applica-
`tions; and cormnon carriers, who operate the communication networks. The actual situa—
`tion is often more cumplex than this. For example, some computers are owed and
`operated by independent (“third-party” or “external") organizations, and can also be
`used for purposes other than videotex. (This would be true in the case of a department
`store's inventory ccmputer that can process teleshopping transactions initiated by
`videotex users.) Further. communication networks are often under the mixed jurisdiction
`of the system operators and the carriers.
`From a functional point of view, a basic videotex system can be seen either as a
`data retrieval system or as a communication medium among users .and service providers.
`Esperience shows that, on the whole, the latter view is more appropriate because of the
`increasing importance of transactional applications and user-tduser messaging, and
`because the largest demand in database applications is for fast—changing, “hot” data
`pages, and not for seldom- or never-updated encyclopedic information.
`
`User Terminals
`
`As already mentioned, most user terminals are ordinary TV sets upgraded with addi-
`tional components: a decoder (controller) and a keypad or keyboard. The controller
`serves to receive pages of digitally encoded data (text or graphics) and to generate a syn—
`thetic image to be displayed on the screen. The user interacts with the system (e.g., to
`select an appropriate page) via commands entered through the keypad. Most transac—
`tional applications require the use of alphanumeric keyboards.
`
`Computers
`
`The computers found in contemporary systems are used in a great variety of ways.
`Among them, access meltines (also called service computers) are of central impedance.
`An access machine can best be seen as an intelligent interface placed between users and
`the rest of the network. Its main functions are handling of dialogs with users and
`supervising interactions. with other computers. Access machines are usually owned and
`operated by the videotex operator. They may contain local databases and other applica-
`tions, as well as control functions, such as password verification and billing, that enable
`them to operate in stand—alone mode (typical for smaller systems).
`Application commas are machines dedicated to particular applications (database,
`banking, etc .). Frequently these applications are designed, owned, and operated by
`enterprises independent of videotex. In such cases they are called enema! computers.
`There is much current interest in interfacing with extents] computers through gateways.
`Other types of computers in a videctex network may be dedicated to system control and
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`Part 1
`
`Background
`
`9
`
`monitoring, service provider support, gateways, or traffic concentration. More details on
`network components are found in Chapter 6.
`
`Service-Provider Terminals
`
`These terminals serve mainly for the editing of information pages to be attached to
`videotcx databases. The equipment varies in functionality from simple text-editing intel—
`ligent terminals to image composition and filing facilities often implemented as stand—
`alone computer systems.
`Service providers (also called information providers) can be divided into two large
`groups. In the first are those individuals or firms marketing their ovvn information and
`services (e.g., a travel agency advertising various package tours). The second group con—
`sists of specialised information brokers acting as middlemen between clients and the
`database.
`
`Communication Networks
`
`Virtually all types of links and networks can be employed to build a videotex system. A
`fundamental distinction can be made according to whether the network delivering infor—
`mation to the users is a one-way or a rim-way system. In one—way systems, also called
`broadcast videorex, or teletext, the data base is continuously and cyclically transmitted
`and available to all users, much like radio or television programs. Selected pages are
`captured (“grabbed”) by the decoder, locally stored, and presented on the display. The
`user has the impression of interacting with the system (by issuing commands); however,
`the interaction is on the same level as the selection of a TV channel—that is, it does not
`
`exceed the limits of the user’s local equipment. Hence the term pseudo—interactive is
`often used to describe this type of system. Television transmission (over the air or cable)
`is the typical communication medium.
`In min-way systems, also termed interactive videotex or viewdara, the user's com-
`mands are actually forwarded to the service computer. There, the desired information is
`retrieved and sent back to the tennina].
`
`Tenninology
`
`It is important to remember some idiosyncrasies of terminology. First. videotex generally
`(and in this book) has two connotations: it is used as a generic term for both oneway and
`two-way "TV-based systems, and also as a specific term for twoway systems. This dou-
`ble usage is unfortunate, but the specific meaning is usually clear frorn the context. The
`term viewdatn is commonly used for two-way videotex in Europe.
`A second idiosyncrasy of terminology involves the words reletext and telerex.
`Teletex, although dangerously close in spelling to teletext, is definitely different from it,
`and involves an enhanced form of text communication (and is a succesor of telex). We
`should also mention videography as a general term covering all digital techniques for text
`
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`

`
`
`10
`
`Background
`
`Partl
`
`and image transmission. A related term is the French télématique (from the words tét‘é—
`communications and informatique), often used even in English for videotex—like systems.
`In addition to being referred to by the above generic terms, particular systems and
`implementations also have brand names. Here are a few examples, including mostly
`European names that are often used with definitional connotation (that is, to denote par-
`ticular transmission or coding schemes):
`
`Antique: Image coding system used in teletext and viewdata in France; also used to
`designate the French teletext service
`DidOn: French system for broadcast of teletext and other data over the TV channel
`Télétel: Interactive videotex system in France
`Presrel: British interactive videotex system, sometimes also designating the image
`coding scheme uscd in the U.K.
`Ceefax, Oracle: Teletext systems in the United Kingdom
`Tendon: Image coding scheme used in both teletext and viewdata in Canada
`Btldscht‘maext: Interactive videotex system in West Germany
`
`Captain: Interactive videotex in Japan.
`
`1.3 TELETEXT AND WEWDATA
`
`Broadcast and interactive videotext offer differing and cemplernentary system charac—
`teristics and application potential. The major areas of difference are the database size,
`the number of simultaneously active users, and the transactional capabilities.
`As in other broadcast systems, the number of terminals that can simultaneously
`receive teletext is virtually unli