ASA
`Rm. U. 5. Par
`5—431
`537.44%3
`uoc bBI.3 (may.
`
`[afi
`
`x3,we5
`
`fi 3',ng«M 12/
`
`American Standard Code for
`r
`Information Interchange
`
`0!:
`
`Sponsor
`
`Business Equipmenf Manufacfurers Associafion
`
`Approved June I7.
`
`I963
`
`AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION
`INCORPORATED
`
`RESTRICTED-23 3
`Msme
`
`PMC Exhibit 2021
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 1
`
`

`

`American Standard
`Rrgirtcrcd' United Starr: Patent Office
`
`An American Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with
`its scope and provisions. An American Standard is intended as a guide to aid the
`manufacturer,
`the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American
`Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the
`standard or not,
`from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products,
`processes, or proeedures not conforming to the standard. American Standards are
`subject
`to periodic review and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions.
`Producers of goods made in conformity with an American Standard are encouraged
`to state on their own responsibility in advertising, promotion material, or on tags or
`labels, that the goods are produced in conformity with parlicular American Standards.
`
`Published by
`
`AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION
`INCORPORATED
`
`10 East 4-Oth Street, New York 16. N. Y.
`
`.‘tmr‘lit'nlt thnrlnr'rls the-urialinn. Incorporated
`In‘
`I.-~p_--1i;~]:1 T‘:ti.".
`Universal Decimal (Iloxcilimtion 681.3 (Tentative)
`T‘rinlt-d in USA
`Dlomtsm
`
`PMC Exhibit 2021
`
`Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-01520
`
`Page 2
`
`
`PMC Exhibit 2021
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 2
`
`

`

`Foreword
`
`[This Foreword is not a part of American Standard Code for Information interchange. Kid-1963.)
`
`.
`
`to be used for information interchange
`This American Standard presents the standard coded character set
`among information processing systems, communication systems, and associated equipment.
`Subsequent standards will prescribe the means of implementing this standard in the principal media. such
`as perforated tape. punched cards, and magnetic tapc. Other standards will deal with collating and error con-
`trol considerations. These standards will facilitate the interchange. of digital
`information.
`The 7-hit coded character set was developed by a group of highly qualified and experienced Specialists
`in information processing and communication.‘I Past work in the field was revieWed, and a comprehensivo
`program of original research'aud code design completed. Careful consideration has been given to the several
`eonilicting code set requirements. and their resolution achieved in the standard code.
`This standard was approved as American Standard hy the American Standards Association on June 1?,
`l‘lfl3.
`
`Suggestions for improVement gained in the. Use of this standard will he “’t'lCOmt‘. They should he sent
`to the American Standards Association,
`incorporated, 10 East 410th Street, New York 16, N. Y.
`The ASA Sectional Committee on Computers and information Processing. X3, which developed this standard,
`had the following personnel at the time of approval:
`
`.
`.
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`Urnax, Sccremry
`ii.
`.
`. . . . . . .
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`. ..F. C. thtrt;
`.
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`. ..C. “a Fittit'
`
`C. A. PHILLIPS, Chairman.
`.
`. . .
`. . . . . . . . .
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`.
`\jr 'l‘ranspnrt Association oi r'.tltt:.'iC.'| . . .
`"iirierican Hauler-rs Association . .
`. . .
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`. . . . . . . . .
`.-‘trne.ricnn Catt Association and
`. ..ii. IE. llnmmuctt
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`i-Idison l‘iiectric institute (jointly? .
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`. .. .C. N. STILIAN
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`-'~.rur-rican Management Art-sociittion . . . .
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`. .
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`. ..F. A. Clrzmnanxcn
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`-\ruer‘it‘.un Petroleum Instilnte .
`. . .
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`.
`Association.
`for Computing Machinery . . . .
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`. . .SAL'L Corns
`\a-zueialion of Consulting Management Engineers . . . . . . .
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`. ..Lanster. lionnmtax
`Business Equipment Manufacturers Association .
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`. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
`. . . F‘. W.
`l'int'cn
`W. H. limocht-r
`It. 1“. CLIt-i'tnccn
`G. T. Clmrr
`H. W, CIIEES
`R. J. anLtN
`B. W. I’ot.I.Mtn
`C.
`1-1. Snow
`A. ll. STILLMM
`. . . . . . .1. M. ADAMS
`. . .
`.
`. ..ll. L. Tltnt,srnt:r
`.
`.
`. . . ..W. M. CARLSON
`. .
`. . . . .R. A. RMJF
`. . . .
`. ..R. W. Faun-"son
`G. W. PATTERSON
`. ..CM‘tL OnKth
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`':::nrnnce Accmloting and Statistical Association .
`. ..II. N. Cnurnth.
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`nan: Users Group .
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`. . . ..I-Ztmcnc Boemmntn
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`'itr Office Management Association . . . . . . . . . .
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`. ..I-lrttct. tnsnrnr
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`.umna] lielrlii Merchants Association . . . .
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`. . . .L. W. ClAltSFtZN
`- ia-phnnc Group .
`.
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`S. Department of Defense . .
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`. ..C. L. Iimrtm'
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`liatn i’rncessinc Management Association . . . .
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`"Ilr-r-trouic Industries Association . . . . . . .
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`Ilncjnecrs Joint Council...... .
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`'lvnr-ra] Services Administration. . .. . . . . . .
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`i'ilr‘
`institute. of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . . . .
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`I
`
`‘ inn-rating under ASA i’roir‘nl X3. Computers and Information Processing. The liusiness l-Iquipntent Manufacturers Asso-
`--mn serves its sponsor of the. X3 project.
`
`PMC Exhibit 2021
`
`Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-01520
`
`Page 3
`
`
`PMC Exhibit 2021
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 3
`
`

`

`the time the proposal was developed and processed through ASA X32 subeommittee, the subcommittm-
`At
`membership was as follows:
`
`C. E. Macon. Chairman
`Burroughs Corporation
`
`1. Ltoccrr. Former Chairman
`
`international Business Machines Corporation
`
`R. E. Untan. Secretary
`Sperry Rand Corporation
`R. Cara
`
`1. F. Auwamnza
`Teletype Corporation
`.l. E. BARTBLT
`IBM Corporation
`l.. BLOOM
`
`National Cash Register Company
`H. E. BLUE:
`
`lllM Corporation
`
`T. H. Bonn
`Sperry littan Corporation
`J. H. Boom
`Teletype Corporation
`
`T. It. Itousounr
`Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company
`1. F. Cuesrcnmn
`Bell Telephone Lalioratories
`1.. L. Gutrrtn
`U. S. Department oI Defense
`
`American Telephone &' Telegraph Corporation
`H. KLzrnacac
`Radio Corporation of America
`
`W. .l. Lzuaazar
`
`US. Military Academy
`M. Prvovonsxr
`Monroe Calculating Machine Company
`R. W. Reacn
`
`MinneapoliavlIoneywell Regulator Company
`I]. J. 5mm. .llt
`lBM Corporation
`11. TttDLsTltUP
`Fridcn. Inc
`A. J. Uncaa
`
`International Electric Corporation
`A. L. Watt-MAN
`Bell Telephone Laboratories
`
`1: should be recognized that although X32 members are variously affiliated, work on an ASA subcommittee
`is achieved primarily on an individual competence and experience basis. The membership above has with
`-some exceptions been continuously active from the beginning of X32 work in 1960.
`
`SEc'rtoN
`
`l.
`
`2. Standard Code
`
`Contents
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`. .
`
`. .
`
`3. PositionalOrderandNotation........ .
`
`4-. Legend
`
`5. Qualifications
`
`Appendixes
`
`.
`
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`. . .
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`.. .
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`. ..
`
`Pam:
`
`5
`
`5
`
`3
`
`S
`
`(I
`
`7
`
`
`
`Appendix B RelalctlSulrscls and Adaptations
`AppendixC Specific Criteria .
`.
`.
`.
`
`Appendix A Design Considerations for the Coded Character Set... .
`
`.
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`. ..
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`.
`
`. ..
`
`O
`it:
`
`PMC Exhibit 2021
`
`Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-01520
`
`Page 4
`
`PMC Exhibit 2021
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 4
`
`

`

`American Standard Code for
`
`Information Interchange
`
`1. Scope
`
`interchange of information among infor
`is to be used for the general
`This coded character set
`mation processing systems, communication systems, and BSSociatcd equipment.
`
`2. Standard Code
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`3. Positional Order and Notation
`
`Slnndurd ?-bit set codc positional order and notation are shown lJCiOW with h T the high-order, and
`the low-order, bit position.
`
`h,
`
`EXAMPLE: The code for “R” is:
`
`b,
`l
`
`ha
`0
`
`ha b.
`1
`0
`
`b, b,
`0
`1
`
`b,
`U
`
`‘1‘. Legend
`
`NULL
`$0M
`EOA
`
`Null/Idle
`Sim-'1' of message
`End of address
`
`Dill-DCa
`DCJStop)
`ERR
`
`Device conirol
`Device confroi (s’rop)
`Error
`
`Page 5
`
`
`Legend continued on following page
`
`PMC Exhibit 2021
`
`Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-01520
`
`PMC Exhibit 2021
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
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`
`

`

`/
`
`Legend Continued
`
`EOM
`
`EOT
`
`WRU
`
`RU
`BELL
`FED
`
`HT
`
`SK
`LF
`VTA];
`FF
`CR
`
`so
`
`st
`
`End of message
`
`End of fransmission
`
`"Who are You?"
`
`_ .7"
`"Are you .
`Audible signal
`Form“ aged“
`
`Horizontal tabulation
`
`Skip (punched card}
`Line feed
`Vertical tabulation
`Form feed
`Carriage return
`
`5H“ om
`
`551;“ in
`
`SYNC
`
`SYMl‘ronous idle
`
`i
`
`LEM
`
`5..—5T
`*5
`
`<
`
`>
`Aft
`4"
`
`\
`
`ACK
`
`®
`
`Logical end of media
`
`Separator (information)
`Word separaior [spasm
`normally non-printing}
`
`La“ “1’”
`
`Greaier “‘5”
`Up arrow [Exponentiation]
`Leif arrow [implias/
`Replaced bYl
`Raver” 5'5"”
`
`Acknowledge
`
`Unassigned control
`
`DCU
`
`ESC
`Device control reserved
`DEL
`for data Iinl: escape
`Nn'rm liapnnrlml lltfilllilillll‘i nl' sunnr- oi tltn :tinn'v n-rntx may ln- found in tin: apIIr-miixea,
`
`E‘CGPB
`Delete/Idle
`
`Qualifications
`
`is to be rccordcd in an)r physical
`5.1 This standard dot-s not {lt'illtfl the means by which the coded set
`Int-diam.
`'l‘ln- standard ('I‘ttll' docs not
`includn an)r rvdundancy or (ll'filll' techniques for error control.
`i"nrlln-r.
`it
`tht'S not spt'ctl)‘
`a standard collating qunvnco.
`
`from tin: standard may L'rt'flli.‘ St‘rlOUH dillicnltit-s
`5.2 l)[‘\'liillllflh‘
`Himtlltl 1n: asod only with full cognizance oi
`tin: partit-a im'olt'wl.
`
`in information intt-rclningc and
`
`for future standardization. Tlnrir use in information interchange
`5.3 Unassigntrd (:lltlt'S am rvsvrt'ml
`prior to such standardization is a tlvviation from IllL' standard.
`
`5.4 The appendixes to this standard covor coda drsign considerations and criteria.
`extensions and deviations.
`
`l'UlCllL'd subsets.
`
`Page 6
`
`
`PMC Exhibit 2021
`
`Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-01520
`
`PMC Exhibit 2021
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 6
`
`

`

`
`
`(These Appendixes are not a part at American Standard Code for
`facilitate its use.)
`
`iniornmlion interchange, X3.4A1963, but are included to
`
`Appendixes
`
`Appendix A
`Design Considerations for the Coded Character Set
`
`A I . Introduction
`
`A3. Set Size
`
`is intended
`ALI The standard coded character set
`for the interchange of information among informa-
`tion processing systems, communication systems, and
`associated equipment.
`
`AI.2 Work will continue in the following areas (not
`necessarily listed in order oi priority):
`
`in
`(1} Representation of the coded character set
`the principal media (perforated tape, magnetic tape,
`and punched cards)
`(2) Error control considerations
`(3’)) Collating conventions
`(-1-) Relation of the standard set to other sets
`(5) Assignment of meaning to presently unas-
`signed codes as required
`(0) Relationship to other standards
`
`A2. Considerations Affecting the Standard
`There were many considerations that determined
`lltc standard's set size, set structure, character selec-
`tion, and character placement. Among these were
`(not listed in order of priority):
`(1) Need for adequate number of graphics
`(2} Need for adequate number of device controls
`and torrent effectors
`(3) Desire for a non-ambiguous code, i.e., one in
`which every character has a unique meaning inde-
`pendent of other characters
`(4) Physical limitations of media and facilities
`(5} Error control
`
`(0) Special
`all-on: s codes
`
`interpretation of
`
`the ail-zeroes and
`
`(7) Ease in the identification of classes of char-
`acters
`
`(8) Data manipulation requirements
`(9} Collating conventions
`(a) Logical
`(b) Historical
`(10) Keyboard conventions
`(a) Logical
`(b) Historical
`(11) Other set sizes
`(12)
`international considerations
`(13) Programming languages
`(14) Existing coded character sets
`
`A T-hit set is the minimum size that will meet the
`requirements for graphics and control in applications
`involving general
`information interchange. Both a
`0-bit and an 8-bit set were considered and rejected-—
`the 6-bit, providing only 0-1- graphics, could not
`accommodate essential format effectors, such as “car-
`riagc return," “line feed," “horizontal tab," etc;
`the
`8-bit because it provides for more characters than
`are now needed in general applications.
`
`A-’l-. Set Structure
`
`is convenient
`A4.1 In discussing the set structure it
`to divide the set
`into 8 columns of 10 characters
`each, as indicated in the standard.
`
`to have a dense
`A42 it was considered essential
`(ti-character subset which contained only graphics.
`For ease of
`identification this graphic subset was
`placed in 4 contiguous columns.
`
`A43 Placement of the graphic subset was dictated
`by the requirement
`that
`the all-zeroes character be
`reserved for the "Null/idle” function, and the all-
`ones character for the “Delete/idle" function. Since
`the first and last columns contain these Characters,
`the next
`logical choice for the graphic subset was
`the middle four columns of the code. Although this
`placement
`compiicates
`the
`identification of
`the
`graphic subset since two hits must be examined (a
`one-bit
`test would have .iJ-t‘t‘n suiiicient had these
`graphics been placed in the “rat four or
`last
`four
`columns),
`this disadvantage is outweighed by the
`advantages of
`the dense graphic subset.
`
`A4.4 The character set was structured to enable the
`easy identification of classes oi graphics and controls.
`
`A5. Choice of Graphics
`Included in the set are the digits, a single case of
`the alphabetic letters A through Z, and those punc-
`tuation. mathematical, and business symbols con-
`sidered most useful. The set includes the characters
`commonly encountered in programming languages.
`in particular.
`the COBOL graphics are included.
`It
`is not practicable to include all of
`the ALGOL
`graphics (which number 120).
`
`PMC Exhibit 2021
`
`Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-01520
`
`Page 7
`
`
`PMC Exhibit 2021
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-01520
`Page 7
`
`

`

`A6. Graphic Subset Structure
`
`conform to the prevalent collating convention.
`
`APPENUIXES
`
`A6.1 The basic structure of the dense graphic sub-
`set was influenced by logical collating considerations,
`the requirements of simply related 6~bit sets, and the
`needs of
`typewriter-like devices. For
`information
`procesaing,
`it
`is desirable that
`the characters be
`arranged in such a way as to minimize both the
`operating time and the hardware components re-
`quired for ordering and sequencing operations. This
`requires that the relative order of characters, within
`classes, be such that a simple comparison of the
`binary codes will result in information being ordered
`in a desired sequence.
`
`the word
`316.2 Conventional usage requires that
`separator (space) be ahead of any other symbol
`in
`a collatable set. This permits a name such as “Johns”
`to collate ahead of a name such as “Johnson.” The
`requirement
`that punctuation symbols also collate
`ahead of the alphabet ("Jolins, A” should also col-
`late bcfore “Johnson"} established the special symbol
`locations, including space, in the first column of the
`graphic subset.
`
`A63 To simplify the design of typewriter-like de-
`vices, it is desirable that there be only a common 1-bit
`dillcrence between characters normally paired on
`l-(eytops. This,
`together with the requirement for a
`contiguous alphabet,
`the collating requirements out-
`lined above, and international considerations, resulted
`in the placement of the alphabet in the last two col-
`umns of the graphic subset. This left
`the second
`column of the graphic subset for the numerals.
`
`AGA Although the resultant structure of “specials”
`{5), “digits” (D), and “alphabeLECs” (A) does not
`conform to the most prevalent collating convention
`(SAD),
`it must he recognized that simple binary
`rules for collation do not necessarily apply bctvveen
`classes of characters.
`
`.165 The need for a simple transformation from
`the set sequence to the prevalent collating convention
`was recognized, and dictated the placement of some
`of the "specials" within the set. Specifically,
`those
`special symbols, viz, ampersand (fit), asterisk f”),
`comma (,l, hyphen (-), period {.l. and slant (/l,
`which are most often used as identifiers for ordering
`information and which normally collate ahead of
`both the alphabet and the numerals, were not placed
`in the column containing the numbers, so that
`the
`entire numeric column could be rotated via relatively
`simple computer logic to a position higher than the
`alphabet. The sequence of the aforementioned “spe—
`(:ials" was also established to the extent practical to
`
`A6.6 The need to adapt it useful d~bit numeric set
`from the 6-bit graphic subset also played a role in
`the placement of characters. Such a 4-bit set, includ-
`ing the digits, asterisk, plus [+), comma, hyphen,
`period, and slant, can easily be derived from the
`standard.
`
`as.
`
`A6.7 To further international standardization, and
`provide the 4-bit set mentioned in A6.6, the structure
`of the graphic subset precludes (logically)
`the his-
`toric keyboard association of colon (:} with semi-
`colon (;). However, the dual character key assign-
`ment of the question mark f?) with the slant was
`maintained, as it was with a majority of
`the nu-
`merals and commonly associated symbols.
`
`A6.8 Considerations of other domestic code sets,
`including the Department of Defense Standard 8-bit
`data transmission code (1961) as well as interna-
`tional requirements, played an important role in de-
`liberations that resulted in the standard. The selec-
`tion and grouping of the symbols dollar sign [5},
`percent sign (%), ampersand, and apostrophe ('J
`and the symbols less than (<), equal (2), and
`greater than (>) permit contraction to either a busi-
`ness {5 % 8;) or scientific {< = > ') 6-bit subset.
`The sequence of these latter symbols and of the sym-
`bols comma, hyphen, period, and slant permitted an
`advantageous pairing on the keyboard. The historic
`pairing of question mark and slant is preserved and
`the less than and greater than symbols, which have
`comparatively low usage, are paired with period and
`comma so that in dual-case keyboard devices where
`it is desired to have period and comma in both cases
`the less than and greater than symbols are the ones
`displaced. Provision was made for the accommoda-
`tion of alphabets containing more than 26 letters
`and for 6-bit contraction by the loeation of low-usage
`characters in the area following the alphabet.
`In
`addition,
`the requirement for the digits 10 and 11
`used in sterling monetary areas was considered in
`the placement of the asterisk, plus, semicolon, and
`colon.
`
`A7. Choice of Controls
`
`All The control characters included in the set are
`
`thOse required for the control of terminal devices.
`input and output devices, format, or transmission and
`switching on a general enough basis to justify inclu-
`sion in a standard set.
`
`A12 A group of eight codes has been rescn'ed for
`information separators which when implemented in
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`APPENDIX £5
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`X14
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`9
`
`a system shall bear a hierarchical relationship. They
`identify boundaries of various elements of informa-
`tion.
`
`A73 Information separators arc machine-oriented
`controls having two characteristics that differentiate
`them from human-oriented separators [word sepa-
`rator, punctuation,
`etc). First, machine-oriented
`separators are hierarchical in nature, whereas human-
`orientcd separators have no fixed hierarchy. Second,
`machine-oriented separators must serve rigidly defined
`functions in a system. whereas proper interpretation
`of human-oriented separators requires knowledge of
`the context in which they are used.
`
`A8. Control Subset Structure
`
`two columns were chosen for most
`ABJ The first
`of the assigned controls because there are more codes
`in the last
`two columns with a high probability of
`being inadvertently generated during an idle line
`condition than there are in the first
`two columns.
`
`“Acknowledge” was placed Where its code could be
`generated by simple means. The “Escape” was placed
`so as to conform with the “special” function of the
`DOD standard 8-bit code and to facilitate the 6-bit
`contraction.
`
`A82 The controls that were selected logically fall
`into four groups:
`
`(1) Transmission controls
`(2) Format effectors
`
`(3) Device controls
`
`Information separators
`(4-)
`Within each group the controls are ordered so that
`the binary and hierarchical order are directly re.—
`fated. This structure facilitates the contraction of
`the standard to related 6-bit sets and permits logical
`comparisons of related controls in the ordering of
`information.
`In particular,
`the placement of
`the
`format effectors and information separators facili-
`tates their dual usage when contracting to a related
`6—bit set.
`
`Appendix B
`
`Related Subsets and Adaptations
`
`B1. Introduction
`
`[31.1 The standard code was developed to provide
`for information interchange among information proc-
`essing systems, communications systems, and asso-
`ciated equipment.
`its structure facilitates conversion
`from the standard code to adaptations usable inter-
`nally in a variety of equipments.
`In a system consist-
`ing of several equipments each with its local or native
`code, maximum flexibility will be achieved if each of
`the native codes is translated to the standard when-
`ever information interchange is desired.
`
`131.2 Within any particular equipment or closed
`system it may be necessary to substitute characters.
`For example,
`some systems may require special
`graphic symbols and some devices may require spe-
`cial control codes. Design efforts on the standard
`corle included consideration of these types of adap-
`tations and the possibility that the parties employing
`them may develop a need to interchange information
`with others.
`if certain simple rules are followed in
`melting such adaptations, minimum difficulty will
`he encountered in conversion to the standard code.
`
`31.3 The material below describes possible adap-
`tations and logically related sets.
`
`B2. Character Substitutions
`
`82.1 When a nonstandard character is introduced.
`only the code position where the substitution is made
`shall be affected.
`
`is recommended that graphic substitutions
`32.2 It
`be made only in the graphic area and control sult-
`stitutions only in the control area. Any substitu-
`tion involving a control should be made only with
`full cognizance of all possible operational effects.
`
`132.3 Any such substitution will
`standard coded character set.
`
`result
`
`in a non-
`
`B3. Unassigned Codes
`
`A meaning was not assigned to a code unless
`that meaning was of sufficiently general use to war-
`rant standardization. This resulted in some codes
`being nnaSsigned. These codes are subject to future
`standardization. Where an unassigned code is given
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`XJJ
`it}
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`Al’l‘ENDIXES
`
`meaning iii a particular system, such meaning is
`nonstandard and use of
`this code in information
`interchange is hazardous.
`
`B4. Illustrative Nonstandard Codes
`
`Code sets obtained by modifying the standard as
`shown below, or by other
`replacements, are non-
`standard.
`
`cases, only three additional letters will be required.
`
`[34.2 Base 12 Numeric Digits. For those appli-
`cations requiring use of the sterling monetary system
`or duodccima] arithmetic,
`the digits 10 and 11 can
`replace the two graphics immediately following the
`digit 9.
`
`BS. Related Larger and Smaller Sets
`
`B4.1 European Alphabets. Tlte five graphics im-
`mediately following the letter 7. can be replaced by
`the additional
`letters required for complete expres-
`sion of ct-rlain European alphabets. Further.
`the.
`single position preceding the letter A can be used
`for those alphabets requiring 32 characters.
`fit most
`
`Consideration has been given to the relationship
`between the standard set and sets of other sizes. A
`number of straightforward logical
`transforms are
`possible which result in a variety of sets related to
`the. standard. None of the transformed sets should
`he considered standard.
`
`Appendix C
`
`Specific Criteria
`
`Cl. Introduction
`
`CLI Tltis Appendix contains the criteria on which
`the. design of the code was based. Not all criteria
`have been entirely satisfied. Some are conflicting,
`and the characteristics of the set represent acceptable
`compromises of these divergent criteria.
`
`(31.2 The. standard has been designated a code for
`information interchange and not necessarily for in-
`ternal
`use
`in
`information processing equipment.
`However. many of the criteria used in establishing
`the set are. processor-oriented since simplicity in
`deriving logical and consistent processing sets was
`considered mandatory.
`
`C2. Criteria
`
`C2.1 All codes in the set shall consist of the same
`number of binary positions (bits).
`
`C22 The standard set shall be so structured as to
`facilitate derivation of larger or smaller sets.
`
`C2.3 Each character code shall consist of it binary
`bits. All possible 2" combinations of ones and zeroes
`will be permitted and considered valid.
`
`to
`(32.4 The number of hits, a, shall be suliicient
`provide for the alphabetic and numeric characters.
`commonly encountered punctuation marks. and other
`
`special syntbols, along with those controls required
`for interchange of information.
`
`C2.5 The numerals 0 through 9 shall be included in
`a 4—bit subset.
`
`(32.6 The numerals 0 through 9 shall be so coded
`that the four low-order hits shall be the binary-coded-
`dccimal form of the particular numeral that the code
`represents.
`In the selection of
`the two characters
`immediately succeeding the numeral 9, consideration
`shall be. given to their replacement by the graphics
`if) and l] to facilitate the adoption of the eerie in
`the sterling monetary area.
`
`C2.7 The interspersiott of control codes among the
`graphic codes shall be avoided. The codes devoted
`to controls shall be easily separable from these de»
`voted to graphics.
`
`(32.8 Within the standard set, each character and
`its corresponding code shall stand by itself and not
`depend on surrounding characters for interpretation.
`The “mode shift" characters {50. SI, or Escape) in
`an information stream shall signal a departure from
`the standard set.
`
`(32.9 The alphabet A through Z shall be included
`in a 5-bit subset. Consideration shall be given to the
`need for as many as 32 characters in some alphabets.
`_C2.10 With the letters of the alphabet in their con-
`ventional order, A through Z,
`the codes shall be
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`APPENDIXES
`
`assigned in continuous increasing binary order. This
`criterion prevents
`interspersion of non-alphabetic
`characters within the alphabet.
`
`C2.ll Suitable control codes required for communi-
`cation and information processing shall be included.
`
`(2.1:! Escape functions that provide for departures
`from the standard set shall be incorporated.
`
`€2.13 A simple binary comparison shall be will.
`cient
`to determine the order within each class of
`characters.
`(For the purpose of this standard,
`the
`special graphics,
`the numerals, and the alphabet are
`t‘tlt‘lt defined as distinct classes.) Simple binary rules
`do not necessarily apply between classes when order-
`ing information.
`
`the space be-
`(12.14 The "word separator” (i.e.,
`tween words) must collate ahead of all other graphics.
`(22.15 Special symbols used in the ordering of in-
`formation must collate ahead of both the alphabet
`and the numerals.
`
`X14
`
`11
`
`(12.16 Insofar as pessible the special symbols shall
`be grouped according to their functions; for exam-
`ple, punctuation, mathematical symbols, and short-
`hand abbreviations. Further,
`the set shall be so
`organized that
`the simplest possible test shall be
`adequate to distinguish and identify the basic alpha-
`bet, numeric, and special symbol subsets.
`
`(32.17 Special symbols shall be placed in the set
`so as to simplify their generation by typewriters and
`similar keyboard devices.
`in effect, that the codes for
`This criterion means,
`pairs of characters that normally appear on the same
`keytops on a typewriter shall differ only in a com—
`mon single-bit position.
`
`(32.18 The act shall contain the graphic characters
`of the principal programming languages.
`
`The codes for all control characters shall
`€2.19
`contain a common, easily recognizable, bit pattern.
`
`(32.20 The null,
`shall be provided.
`
`idle, and delete control functions
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`American Standards
`
`The standard in this booklet is one of over 2000 standards approved to date
`by the American Standards Association, Incorporated.
`
`The ASA provides the machinery for creating voluntary standards. it serves to
`eliminate duplication of standards activities and to weld conflicting standards
`into single, nationally accepted standards under the designation "American
`Standard."
`
`Each standard represents general agreement among maker, seller, and user
`groups as to the best current practice with regard to some specific problem. Thus
`the completed standards cut across the whole fabric of production, distribution,
`and consumption of goods and services. Manufacturers, consumers,
`technical
`organizations, and governmental agencies -— all substantially interested and
`affected groups —-are represented on the committees which develop and regu-
`larly revise American Standards. The completed standards are used widely by
`industry and commerce and often by municipal, state, and federal governments.
`The ASA, under whose auspices this work is being done, is the American clear-
`inghouse for standards activity on the national level. Founded in i918, it is a
`federation of more than 100 trade associations, technical societies, professional
`groups, and consumer organizations. Some 2200 companies are afiiliated with
`the ASA as company members.
`
`ASA is the United States member of the International Organization for Stand-
`ardization (ISO). Through this channel American industry makes its position felt
`on the international level. American Standards are on file in the libraries of the
`national standards bodies of more than 40 countries.
`
`For a free list of all American Standards or information about membership in
`the ASA write:
`
`AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION
`INCORPORATED
`
`to EAST doth STREET
`
`NEW YORK 16, NEW YORK
`
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`