ADSL and flavors in a nutshell
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 1
`
`
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 1
`
`
`
`ADSL overview
`
`
`
`T; 1 _ ij.
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 2
`
`
`
`Getting onto the internet – the PSTN way
`WWW
`
`TOC
`
`PSTN network
`
`modem
`
`NB Access server
`+ modem pool
`
`Modem to modem communication in POTS band through the PSTN network!
` Frequencies within the voice band are transmitted through the
`switched connection of a PSTN network
` This voice band is used for voice or modem communication
`(e.g. fax, V.32, V.90, ...)
`
`3
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 3
`
`
`
`Getting onto the internet – the DSL way
`
`TOC
`
`Service
`providers
`
`ISP
`
`Corporates
`
`Access providers
`
`End users
`
`PSTN
`
`POTS
`
`POTS
`
`ATM
`AS (BRAS)
`
`NT
`
`ADSL
`modem pool
`
`LT
`
`LT
`
`voice
`
`PS
`
`PS
`
`data
`
`ADSL modem-modem communication
`
`ATM PVC connection
`
`End-to-end data connection
`
`4
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 4
`
`
`
`ADSL
`
`TOC
`
`7300
`ASAM
`
`upstream : up to 800 kbps
`
`
`downstream : up to 8,1 Mpbs
`
`
`Residential
`
`POTS,ISDN
`
`unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
`
`ANT
`
`max 5,4 km
`
`
`
`ADSL : Digital Subscriber LineAsymmetrical
`
`5
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 5
`
`
`
`Spectrum
`
`TOC
`
`UP
`
`DOWN
`
`G.dmt Annex A
`
`30kHz
`
`138kHz
`
`1,1MHz
`
`UP
`
`DOWN
`
`G.lite
`
`POTS
`
`POTS
`
`548kHz
`
`UP
`
`DOWN
`
`G.dmt Annex B
`
`1,1MHz
`
`30kHz
`
`ISDN
`
`138kHz
`
`6
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 6
`
`
`
`POTS splitter
`
`TOC
`
`UTP to LEX
`
`SPLITTER
`
`&
`
`FILTER
`
` The lower frequencies used by ADSL can disturb the audible
`spectrum and need to be filtered out towards the telephone set
` With on-hook / off-hook situations, the line impedance changes
`and this will impact the ADSL modem communication (re-sync)
`
`7
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 7
`
`
`
`Crosstalk AoP & AoI
`
`TOC
`
`DOWN
`
`G.dmt Annex A
`
`138kHz
`
`NEXT
`
`1,1MHz
`
`UP
`
`DOWN
`
`G.dmt Annex B
`
`138kHz
`
`1,1MHz
`
`UP
`
`POTS
`
`30kHz
`
`ISDN
`
` When AoP (ADSL over POTS) and AoI (ADSL over ISDN)
`reside in the same binder there is NEXT
` Some frequencies of the downstream transmitter of an AoP line
`overlap with the receiver frequencies of an AoI line.
`
`8
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 8
`
`
`
`DMT and ADSL
`
`TOC
`
` The spectrum used for ADSL is divided into 255 carriers.
` each carrier is situated at n x 4,3125 kHz
`
` For the upstream direction, carriers 7 to 29 are used
` For the downstream direction, carriers 38 to 255 are used
`
` On each carrier the SNR is measured and the QAM
`determined.
` minimum
` maximum
`
`2 bits/symbol
`14 bits/symbol
`
`:
`:
`
`QAM-4
`QAM-16384
`
` Symbol period for each carrier : 250 s
`
`9
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 9
`
`
`
`Discrete Multi Tone example
`
`TOC
`
`QAM-4 f1
`
`QAM-16 f2
`
`QAM-4 f3
`
` = DMT
`
`Ts (Symbol Time)
`
`1 DMT Symbol
`
`10
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 10
`
`
`
`DMT vs. Line characteristics
`
`attenuation
`
`Bits / carrier
`
`Frequency
`interference
`
`TOC
`
`Line characteristics
`
`ADSL filter
`characteristics
`
`frequency
`
`
`
`
`
`7
`4 30
`
`29
`125
`
`38
`
`165
`
`11
`
`255
`1100
`
`carrier
`frequency (kHz)
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 11
`
`
`
`ADSL superframe
`
`TOC
`
`DMT Symbol
`
`DS 1
`
`DS 2
`
`DS 3
`
`DS 4
`
`. . . . .
`
`DS 67
`
`DS 68
`
`SS 69
`
`SUPERFRAME
`17 ms
`
` DMT symbol
` a DMT symbol is the sum of all symbols on each individual carrier
` Data Symbol (DS)
` a data symbol is used to transmit payload information
` Synchronization Symbol (SS)
` a synchronization symbol is transmitted after 68 data symbols to assure
`synchronization and to detect possible loss of frame
` ADSL symbol period
` Ts=17ms/69
`= 246,377 s
` Ts=17ms/68 = 250 s (symbol period for the data plane)
`
`12
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 12
`
`
`
`Bitswapping explained
`
`TOC
`
`Bits/carrier
`
`Current max. bits/carrier
`
`Current used bits/carrier
`
`Carriers
`
`13
`
`14
`13
`12
`11
`10
`
`23456789
`
`1
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 13
`
`
`
`Bit swapping
`
`TOC
`
` After start-up we will use a lower QAM then possible on most of
`the carriers
` the measured SNR at startup determines the maximum possible
`QAM at start-up
` Example : QAM-4096 corresponding with 12 bits per symbol
`used QAM on that carrier : QAM-1024 (10 bits per symbol). This
`results in extra bits that could be allocated on that carrier
` During showtime (modem operation), the SNR is measured on
`all carriers at regular intervals (default 1 sec)
` if the SNR on a certain carrier degrades resulting at a lower QAM
`that can be used on that carrier, the bits of that carrier will be
`reallocated to other carriers where the maximum QAM is higher
`than the actual used QAM.
` the modems will try to spread out the reallocated bits over
`numerous carriers.
`
`14
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 14
`
`
`
`Reed-Solomon correction mode
`
`TOC
`
`Code RS(255,239)
`
`Distance : n-k+1
`d= 255-239+1
`d=17
`
`Correction: (d-1)/2
`c=(17-1)/2
`c = 8
`
`n byte code
`vector
`
`With 16 check bytes, the RS code
`can correct up to 8 erroneous bytes
`per code vector
`
`Error correction overhead = 16/255 = 6.3 %
`
`k byte
`message
`vector
`
`n - k
`check
`bytes
`
`15
`
`Byte
`
`1234
`
`239
`240
`
`254
`255
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 15
`
`
`
`ADSL & Reed Solomon
`
`TOC
`
`DMT Symbol
`
`DS 1
`
`DS 2
`
`DS 3
`
`DS 4
`
`. . . . .
`
`DS 67
`
`DS 68
`
`SS 69
`
`SUPERFRAME
`17 ms
`
` Assume Trellis coding is NOT used !
` 1 data symbol corresponds to a 255 RS word. Some bytes in
`the RS word are framing overhead used for modem to modem
`communication (EOC, AOC, IB, CRC)
` If RS is not used, our data still runs through the RS decoder.
` The maximum downstream ADSL speed for our data :
` with RS
`(255-16-1)*8bits/byte*4000 symb/sec = 7,616
`Mbps
` without RS
`
`(255-1)*8bits/byte*4000 symb/sec
`
`= 8,128 Mbps
`
`16
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 16
`
`
`
`Trellis coding
`
`TOC
`
` Trellis coding is another error detection and correction
`mechanism which is optional for ADSL.
` Trellis principle
` looking at the complete data, you’re able to detect and correct
`errors, similar to detection and correction is spoken language.
` Example :
`transmitted data
`received data
`
`the water is wet and cold
`the water is let and cold
`
`– by looking at the word “let” only, we can not decide that the sentence
`is wrong.
`– by looking at the information before and after the word (context), we
`can safely say that it should be “wet” instead of “let”.
`
`17
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 17
`
`
`
`Interleaving
`
`Ctrl
`
`Message
`vector
`Bloc 0
`
`TOC
`
`Bloc 1
`
`Bloc 2
`
`Data to be transmitted
`Bloc 3
`Bloc 4
`
`Burst errors
`
`6 lost bytes
`
`Transmitted Data
`
`Bloc 0
`
`Bloc 1
`
`Bloc 2
`
`Bloc 3
`
`Received Data
`
`1 Byte error
`per bloc!
`
`Correction
`
`Ctrl
`
`Correction
`
`Ctrl
`
`Correction
`
`Ctrl
`
`Correction
`
`Ctrl
`
`Correction
`
`Ctrl
`
`18
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 18
`
`
`
`ADSL flavors
`
`ADSL2, ADSL2+, READSL2
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 19
`
`
`
`ADSL the next steps
`
`TOC
`
` With ADSL, unable to provide consistent performance over
`longer distances.
` Several potential improvements defined in the last years in
`areas as:
` Data rate versus loop reach performance
` Loop diagnostics
` Deployment from remote cabinets
` Spectrum control
` Power control
` Robustness against loop impairments and RFI, operations and
`maintenance.
` So, after 3 years of field expierence with ADSL, the next steps
`are ADSL2, ADSL2+ and READSL
`
`20
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 20
`
`
`
`ITU-T
`
`TOC
`
`G.dmt.bis = G.992.3
`= second generation ADSL2
`
`G.dmt = G.992.1
`= current ADSL
`
`Overview of the new standards
`• G.dmt = G.992.1 = ADSL
`• G.dmt.bis = G.992.3 = ADSL2
`– Main improvements:
`– performance: raising the bar;
`– loop diagnostics tools;
`– improved initialization & fast start-up ;
`– power management;
`• G.adslplus = G.992.5 = ADSL2+
`– ADSL2+ is defined as delta to ADSL2
`– Downstream bandwidth increase
`(frequency spectrum up until 2.2 MHz)
`– At least 16 Mbit/s should be supported (up to 24 Mbit/s)
`• READSL =Annex L G.992.3
`– Reach Extended ADSL2
`– Targets 192 kbit/s DS – 96 kbit/s US on 6km 0.4mm
`loops
`
`G.adslplus = on G.992.3
`= ADSL2+
`
`READSL= G.992.3 annex L
`= Reach Extended DSL
`
`21
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 21
`
`
`
`ADSL2
`
`
`
`T; 1 _ ij.
`
`G.992.3
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 22
`
`
`
`ADSL2 improvements
`
`TOC
`
` ADSL2 will improve the ADSL rate and reach on long lines.
` ADSL2 is more robust in the presence of narrow band interference on
`long lines.
` This is done via improvements on:
` Modulation efficiency
` Mandatory trellis coding
` Enabling enhanced signal processing algorithm
` Reducing framing overhead
` Enabling achieving higher RS coding gain.
` Initialization state machine
` Existing ITU G.992.1 & 2 ADSL standards remain in force.
` New ADSL chipset should support ADSL2 and be backwards
`compatibility with G.992.1 & 2
`
`23
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 23
`
`
`
`Differences in ADSL and ADSL2 datarates
` Standard mandatory and upperlimit downstream datarates.
`Mandatory downstream
`Standard architecture upper limit
`downstream datarate
`datarate
`
`Recommendation
`
`TOC
`
`ADSL (G.992.1)
`
`6.144 Mbps
`
`8 Mbps (15Mbps for optional S=1/2)
`
`ADSL2 (G.992.3)
`
`8 Mbps
`
`15 Mbps
`
` Standard mandatory and upperlimit upstream datarates.
`Mandatory upstream
`Standard architecture upper limit
`upstream datarate
`datarate
`
`Recommendation
`
`ADSL (G.992.1)
`
`ADSL2 (G.992.3)
`
`640 Kbps
`
`800 Kbps
`
`1.5 Mbps
`
`1,5 Mbps
`
`24
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 24
`
`
`
`Improvements
`
`TOC
`
` Better modulation efficiency by mandatory trellis-coding. Was
`optional for ADSL (G.992.1).
` The 1-bit QAM constellation provide higher data rates on long
`lines where the SNR is low.
` In ADSL (G.992.1) the overhead bits per frame consume min.
`32Kbps of the payload data. By a low data rate of 128Kbps this
`is 25% overhead.
` In ADSL2 the overhead bits can be programmed from 4 to 32Kbps.
`This provides an additional 28Kbps for payload data.
` Improved performance by allowing data modulation on the pilot
`tone.
`
`25
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 25
`
`
`
`Power Management (Power consumption)
`
`TOC
`
` Current ADSL operates always in full-power mode, even when
`no user data is transmited.
` ADSL2 brings in two power management modes, which reduce
`the overall power mode, while maintaining the “ADSL always
`on” functionality and reduce the overall power consumption.
` L0 = full power mode, used during high data traffic.
` L2 low-power mode: is based on the internet traffic over the ADSL
`connection. For example when there is only background traffic to
`keep sessions alive.
` L3 low-power mode: is a sleep mode when the user is not on-line.
`When user returns on-line, ADSL transceiver use a FAST
`STARTUP (duration 3 sec), to reinitialise and enter into showtime.
`
`26
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 26
`
`
`
`Power Management diagram
`
`TOC
`
`Normal operations
`
`“keep alive”
`
`Sleep
`
`27
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 27
`
`
`
`IMA Bonding for higher data rates
`
`TOC
`
` With bonding multiple phone lines together, data rates to homes
`and businesses can be significantly increased.
` ADSL2 uses as bonding mechansime, the IMA (inverse
`multiplexing for ATM) standard.
` Through IMA, ADSL2 chipset can bind two or more copper
`pairs in an ADSL link, which results in higher downstream data
`rates.
`
`…
`
`ADSL2
`
`ADSL 1
`
`…
`
`ADSL x
`
`ATM IMA
`
`ATM
`
`28
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 28
`
`
`
`ADSL2: Fast Start-up
`
`TOC
`
` Reduction of initialization time from 10 sec (ADSL) to 3 sec.
`
` Allow ATU’s to quickly enter Showtime:
` From a L3 power management state
` In case of error during Showtime
`
` Data Rate fine tuning in Showtime.
` Following a Fast Start-up, Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA) is
`used, to optimise the ATU settings. This because the fast startup
`makes estimations during the short training phase which will be
`most of the times not optimal.
`
`29
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 29
`
`
`
`All Digital Mode ADSL (no underlying service)
`
`TOC
`
` All Digital Loop: extend the upstream bandwidth.
` ADSL2 Annex I:
`Upstream tones 1-31 instead of 6-31 for ADSL over POTS
`e.g. 100 kbps extra upstream
`
` ADSL2 Annex J:
`Upstream tones 1-63 instead of 28-63 for ADSL over ISDN
`e.g. 750 kbps extra upstream
`
`POTS/
`ISDN
`
`UP
`
`UP
`
`30
`
`DOWN
`
`DOWN
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 30
`
`
`
`ADSL2+
`
`
`
`T; 1 _ ij.
`
`G.992.5
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 31
`
`
`
`ADSL2+ doubles the frequency spectrum
`
`TOC
`
`32
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 32
`
`
`
`ADSL2+ characteristics
`
`TOC
`
` ADSL2+ : downstream frequencies up to 2.2 MHz (512 carriers)
`
` Increased downstream data rates on shorter lines (in Mbps):
`
`distance
`0.5 km
`1.0 km
`
`ADSL
`8
`
`7.4
`
`ADSL2+
`14.5
`
`13
`
`remote
`ADSL2+
`12.0
`
`10.0
`
`2.0 km
`3.0 km
`4.0 km
`5.0 km
`1.0
`1.0
`0
` Improved spectral compatibility between CO and remote cabinet
`
`7.2
`
`3.5
`
`1.0
`
`6.2
`
`5.5
`
`3.0
`
`10
`
`5.9
`
`3.0
`
`33
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 33
`
`
`
`ADSL2+ doubles the max. data rate
`
`TOC
`
`34
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 34
`
`
`
`Overview of downstream data rates (ADSL2+ added)
`
`TOC
`
`Recommendation Mandatory downstream
`datarate
`
`Standard architecture upper limit
`downstream datarate
`
`ADSL (G.992.1)
`
`6.144 Mbps
`
`8 Mbps (15Mbps for optional S=1/2)
`
`ADSL2 (G.992.3)
`
`ADSL2+ (G.992.5)
`
`8 Mbps
`
`16 Mbps
`
`15 Mbps
`
`24,5 Mbps
`
`35
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 35
`
`
`
`ADSL2+ used to improve spectral compatibility
`
`TOC
`
`36
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 36
`
`
`
`Reach Extended ADSL2 (READSL2)
`
`G.992.3 Annex L
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 37
`
`
`
`Reach Extended ADSL2 concept
`
`TOC
`
` A new ITU project studies Long Reach DSL (LDSL)
` Targets operation on long loops (e.g. up to 18 kft 26 AWG)
` Introduction of Reach Extended ADSL2 (READSL2)
` Not to much expected in long reach anyway (Shannon’s limit!!)
` New ADSL2 PSD mask with reduced crosstalk to existing services.
` Leads to a small reach increase on the longest loop of about 0,5 kft
`relative to ADSL2, if SHDSL is a dominating upstream killer.
` However, in self-crosstalk the length increases up to 2kft.
` Defined by ITU-T in Annex L of G.992.3 (2003)
` For a DS data rate of 500 Kbps, READSL2 results in an
`increase of coverage area of about 18%.
` Longer reach achieved by using a higher power level (PSD) but in
`a smaller band so that the total PSD remains the same as for
`ADSL2
`
`38
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 38
`
`
`
`Reach Improvement by READSL2
`
`Performance ADSL and READSL
`
`TOC
`
`READSL DS
`
`ADSL DS
`
`ADSL US
`
`READSL US
`
`0
`
`14
`=±4,3km
`
`39
`
`15
`
`16
`Kfeet 26 AWG loop
`
`17
`=±5,2km
`
`18
`=±5,5km
`
`2500
`
`2000
`
`1500
`
`1000
`
`500
`
`bitrate (kbps)
`
`Dish
`Exhibit 1031, Page 39
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