Marshall Kirk McKusick
`Marshall Kirk McKusick
`Keith Bostic
`Keith Bostic
`Michael J. Karels
`Michael J. Karels
`John S. Quarterman
`John S. Quarterman
`
`Ex. 2011
`Page 1 of 3
`
`

`

`This book is in the Addison-Wesley UNIX and Open Systems Series
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`Series Editors: Marshall Kirk McKusick and John S. Quarterman
`Publishing Partner: Peter S. Gordon
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`Cover Designer: Barbara Atkinson
`Troff Macro Designer: kap Akkerhuis
`Copy Editor: Lyn Dupre
`Cover Art: John Lasseter
`
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`Th
`Withoul
`tli
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`The d e s i g n a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e 4 . 4 B S D o p e r a t i n g s y s t e m /
`M a r s h a l l K i r k M c K u s i c k
`[
`e
`t a l . ]
`P. c m .
`I n c l u d e s b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l r e f e r e n c e s a n d i n d e x .
`ISBN 0 - 2 0 1 - 5 4 9 7 9 - 4
`1. U N I X ( C o m p u t e r f i l e ) 2 . O p e r a t i n g s y s t e m s ( C o m p u t e r s )
`I . M c K u s i c k , M a r s h a l l K i r k .
`Q A 7 6 . 7 6 . 0 6 3 111 7 4 3 1 9 9 6
`9
`6
`0 0 5 . 4 ' 3 - - d c 2 0
`C
`
`4
`
`3
`
`3
`
`-
`
`2
`P
`
`I
`
`Copyright © 1996 by Addison-Wesley Longman. Inc.
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys-
`tem, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
`recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in
`the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada.
`
`Text printed on recycled and acid-free paper.
`ISBN 0201549794
`7 8 9 101112 M A 0 2 01 00 99.
`7th Printing October 1999
`
`Ex. 2011
`Page 2 of 3
`
`

`

`which the processor may execute. Similarly, interrupts also occur at multiple
`interrupts to the CPU. Most machines support multiple priority levels at
`processor priority level A priority that the kernel uses to control the delivery of
`process open-file table See descriptor table.
`active process in the system.
`process identifier (PM) A nonnegative integer used to identify uniquely each
`pipeline.
`process-group identifier. This process is typically the first process in a
`process-group leader The process in a process group whose PID is used as the
`cess group with the setpriority system call.
`mand interpreter is altering the scheduling priority of all processes in a pro-
`preter is broadcasting signals with the killpg system call, and when the com-
`command interpreters in implementing job control, when the command inter-
`be the PID of the process-group leader. Process-group identifiers are used by
`process group in the system. Process-group identifiers are typically defined to
`process-group identifier A positive integer used to identify uniquely each active
`among multiple jobs contending for the same terminal.
`same process-group identifier. The kernel uses this grouping to arbitrate
`process group A collection of processes on a single machine that all have the
`diately after the hardware PCB.
`software PCB contains the software portion, and is located in memory imme-
`hardware-defined PCB contains the hardware portion of this context. The
`process control block (PCB) A data structure used to hold process context. The
`cesses are created with the fork system call.
`process In operating systems, a task or thread of execution. In UNIX, user pro-
`own technique for probing.
`on a machine. Each different type of hardware device usually requires its
`probing The operation of checking to see whether a hardware device is present
`by virtual-memory systems to reduce the number of page faults.
`prepaging The prefetching of pages of memory. Prepaging is a technique used
`instructions from memory with the time spent decoding instructions.
`prefetch machine instructions so that they can overlap the time spent fetching
`prefetching The retrieval of data before they are needed. Many machines
`1003.1, which was ratified in 1988.
`established by the IEEE. Its first established standard was the kernel interface,
`POSIX The standards group for P1003, the portable operating-system interfaces
`I/O: signal-driven I/O.
`one of the requested I/0 operations can be completed. See also nonblocking
`requested to return immediately with the information or to block until at least
`the kernel using the select system call. The select system call can be
`able. A process can determine whether an I/0 operation will block by polling
`read request has no data available or a write request has no buffering avail-
`polling I10 The normal mode for a descriptor whereby the system will block if a
`
`5
`
`3
`
`5
`
`Glossary
`
`.ystem to place pages
`
`tput of one process is
`i I
`1111 a to the standard
`with the "I" symbol.
`stream-oriented, reli-
`ts the unidirectional
`
`ccess rights, in addi-
`y-management hard-
`on and access tables
`to as the pmap struc-
`
`:h the system maps a
`v probe is sent.
`tstanding. If no win-
`but the send window
`low on a connection.
`
`the current working
`Nocess. A slash by
`qiname, and the path
`ins at the root direc-
`is with a slash, it is
`Red by slashes, and
`h an optional slash
`
`)rocess as a result of
`
`)n. See also crash
`chine, repairing any
`the kernel. 4.4BSD
`needed.
`•side in main mem-
`Ito reside in virtual
`mory when they are
`into main memory
`
`Glossary
`
`Ex. 2011
`Page 3 of 3
`
`